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1

Investigating Calcareous and Silica Sand Behavior at Material Interfaces: A Comprehensive Study

Ahmadi Abolghasem, Nozari Mohammad Amin, Bayat Meysam, Delavari Ehsan

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

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2024

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Vol. 46, nr 4

315--327

EN

This study centers on the crucial determination of the mobilized friction angle between soil and various materials, including steel and concrete, to enhance the modeling of soil-structure interaction. The primary objective of the current investigation was to assess the interfacial friction between calcareous and silica sands when interacting with concrete or steel surfaces. To achieve this, direct shear tests were conducted to examine the impacts of relative density (Dr), surface roughness (Rn), and shearing direction. The test results reveal that the shear strength of calcareous sand surpasses that of silica sand when considering a specific Rn. Furthermore, the interface friction of both sand types escalates with an increase in normal stress and Rn, with higher values observed in interactions with steel plates. Notably, the friction angle ratio (the interaction friction angle over the pure sand friction angle) demonstrates minimal dependence on the sand type. The most pronounced divergence in the friction angle ratio is evident at the maximum Rn value, which increases alongside Rn values for both calcareous and siliceous sands. With increasing Rn values, the maximum shear strength, contingent on normal stress and relative density, also rises. The influence of relative density on the interaction friction angle diminishes with escalating surface roughness.

2

Developing an electronic archive of geophysical survey results from underground gas storage wells

Volovetskyi V. B., Romanyshyn Y. L., Altukhov S. O., Bugai A. O., Doroshenko Ya. V., Shchyrba O. M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 122, nr 1

14--30

EN

Purpose: The study aims to analyse and systematise the data from geophysical surveys of wells (GSW) of underground gas storage (UGS) facilities. In order to minimise the time required for a detailed analysis of the paper-based GSW data for the entire period of gas storage facility operation, it is advisable to transfer it to electronic form as much as possible. Design/methodology/approach: The software "Electronic archive of GSW" was developed. The software makes it possible to store the results of the GSW in various formats in the developed centralised database, sort them by various parameters, and provide prompt access to it with appropriate access rights for different configurations for individual users. Based on the developed database structure, modules were developed that ensure the export and synchronisation of cartographic materials with the data of the electronic archive of the results of geophysical surveys of UGS wells, namely: "Directory of well types", "Directory of horizons", "Status of well stock", "Export of surveys". The developed modules have a user-friendly interface and provide the user with the possibility of comprehensive use of geophysical survey data for viewing and exporting them directly to the user's terminal using mapping materials. Findings: With the help of the software "Electronic Archive of GSW", it is possible to increase the efficiency of processing geological and geophysical information on wells and productive horizons to analyse their condition and timely resolve problematic issues. To view the location of wells and improve the convenience of working with the electronic archive data, an interface has been developed that allows the user to process the electronic archive data using structural maps of UGS productive horizons. Research limitations/implications: To improve the efficiency of solving various problems at gas storage facilities, it is advisable to introduce new approaches to timely forecasting of complications, including prompt analysis of information from geophysical surveys of wells and the implementation of various measures. Practical implications: The implementation of the developed software "Electronic Archive of GSW" at underground gas storage facilities will significantly reduce the time for analysing information in paper form, facilitate the work of specialists and increase their efficiency in obtaining the necessary information in a timely manner. Originality/value: The use of an electronic archive (EA) of the results of geophysical surveys of underground gas storage facility wells is proposed. The application of this approach and the functioning of the software as a whole ensures the efficiency of information analysis and the decision-making process.

3

Betonowe konstrukcje zespolone w świetle Eurokodu 2 z lat 2008 i 2023

Urban Tadeusz

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2024

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R. 80, nr 7

479--489

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problem zmian wprowadzonych w ostatnim czasie do Eurokodu 2 w zakresie projektowania betonowych konstrukcji zespolonych. Uwypuklono różnicę pomiędzy dotychczasową normą z 2008 r. i nową normą z 2023 r., która uzyskała już status Polskiej Normy. Wykazano, że wprowadzone zmiany odzwierciedlają wyniki badań eksperymentalnych ostatnich dwudziestu lat. Różnice podejść zostały zilustrowane przykładem obliczeniowym.

EN

The article presents the problem of recently introduced changes to Eurocode 2 in the field of designing concrete composite structures. The difference between the current standard from 2008 and the new standard from 2023, which has already obtained the status of a Polish Standard, was highlighted. It has been shown that the changes introduced reflect the results of experimental research over the last twenty years. The differences in approaches are illustrated with a working example.

4

Interface Diffusion Behavior of Co40Al-X (X = Ni, Cr, Ti) System by Diffusion Multiple

Shang Hang, Gao Qiuzhi, Jiang Yujiao, Ma Qingshuang, Li Huijun, Zhang Hailian

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 1

275--286

EN

Diffusion multiple method was applied to investigate the alloying elements distribution and interface diffusion reactions in Co-Al-X system, in order to accelerate the alloy development. The diffusion regions of Co-Al-X system at 1173 K were investigated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and nanoindentation. SEM images show that phases of Co-Al-Ni diffusion interface consisted of β-CoAl + γ Co, γ Co, γ + γ'-(Co, Ni)3Al and γ Ni, while Co-Al-Cr diffusion interface is shaped with δ + γ + β, γ and σ region. TiNiX diffusion layer with high Ni-content was formed in Co-Al-Ti diffusion interface. The diffusion layers during diffusion multiple play an important role in mechanical properties in these alloying systems. The γ + γ' diffusion layer in Co-Al-Ni diffusion interface presented the best comprehensive performance, while the highest hardness (17.48 GPa) was confirmed in Co-Al-Cr diffusion interface due to a large number of brittle phases. Darken method was applied to determine the interdiffusion coefficients of alloying elements in pseudo-binary phase, accordingly the diffusion capacities of alloying elements can be ordered as Al > Ni > Cr in Co-based alloys.

5

New concept of digital innovation ecosystem in boostering circularity development. Twilight of traditional brokerage of innovation

Kochanska Ewa, Adamkiewicz Iwona, Wozniak Katarzyna, Podgórski Marcin, Przygodzki Zbigniew

Acta Innovations

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2023

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no. 48

92--106

EN

The aim of the paper is to identify the direction of evolution, the conditions of organisation and the impact of the new concept of digital innovation ecosystem in boostering circularity development. The traditional model of innovation brokerage and the new circularity broker paradigm in the development of the circular economy is presented. The authors discuss the circularity broker as an IT interface, equipped with wide range of IT tools, and above all, self-learning applications with AI elements. The circularity broker is accompanied by its watch dog, i.e. a set of IT tools used to search, process and transfer information dedicated to specific stakeholders, exactly when they need this information. The concept of circular brokerage is anchored in the area of the regional clusters dedicated to circular economy development.

6

IFC4precast - nowoczesny interfejs do wymiany danych na potrzeby produkcji prefabrykatów betonowych

Krzymowski Rafał

Materiały Budowlane

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2022

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nr 9

41--42

7

Numerical investigation of static behavior of bolted joints

Hammami Chaima

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2022

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Vol. 60 nr 3

385--394

EN

This paper investigates the static behavior of bolted joints and the extent of its control in the design of assembled structures. An analysis method is thus first developed highlighting stresses distribution in the junction to dimension the functional performance area. A description of the joint characteristics is presented. Numerical simulations, comparing the complete and simplified finite element models relevance, are then carried out. The integration of results of this analysis in the design of multiple bolted joints structures in finally presented. Experiments on a testbed, where a viscoelastic material is introduced in joints interfaces to enhance global damping, validate the approach developed.

8

Analiza porównawcza interfejsów aplikacji internetowych z przyciskami w formie graficznej i tekstowej do celów projektowania uniwersalnego

Kaliszuk Jakub, Osmulska Adriana, Plechawska-Wójcik Małgorzata, Dzieńkowski Mariusz

Journal of Computer Sciences Institute

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2022

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Vol. 25

288--296

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest porównanie interfejsów aplikacji z przyciskami w formie graficznej i tekstowej. Na potrzeby przeprowadzenia badań przygotowano aplikację internetową z funkcją umożliwiającą zmianę formy przycisków. Analiza dotycząca dostępności aplikacji została wykonana przy pomocy narzędzia WAVE. Do przeprowadzenia eksperymentu z wykorzystaniem okulografu i ankiety przygotowano grupę badawczą stanowiącą 10 studentów. Badania przeprowadzone za pomocą okulografu pozwoliły ocenić, która wersja interfejsu umożliwia szybsze i poprawne wykonanie zadań. Do zbadania jakości wykonanego interfejsu użyto listy kontrolnej LUT

EN

The purpose of this article is to compare application interfaces with buttons in graphical and text form. For the needs of the research, a web application was prepared with the functionality to change the form of buttons. The analysis of the availability of the application was performed using the WAVE tool. A research group of 10 students was prepared for the eyetracking experiment and form. The surveys conducted on the eyetracker allowed to assess which version of the interface enables faster and correct execution tasks. LUT’s list was used to test the quality of the designed interface.

9

Analiza graficznego interfejsu użytkownika sklepu internetowego z uwzględnieniem metod projektowania uniwersalnego

Altmajer Cezary, Błażewicz Piotr, Skublewska-Paszkowska Maria

Journal of Computer Sciences Institute

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2022

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Vol. 25

315--322

PL

Projektowanie uniwersalne jest filozofią tworzenia różnych produktów oraz otoczenia tak, aby było ono dostosowane do jak najszerszego grona odbiorców. Celem niniejszego artykułujest porównanie interfejsów z uwzględnieniem zasad projektowania uniwersalnego oraz interfejsów aplikacji, które pomijają takie zasady. Po zapoznaniu się z przeglądem literatury postawione zostały następujące hipotezy badawcze: „Większy kontrast interfejsu ma wpływ na widoczność oraz szybkość wyszukiwania poszczególnych elementów interfejsu graficznego” oraz „Rozmieszczenie elementów interfejsu ma zasadniczy wpływ na efektywność poruszania się po serwisie”.Badania przeprowadzone zostały na dwóch serwisach internetowych. Serwisemniespełniającymzasad projektowania uniwersalnego była witryna sklepu Empik. Zaś aplikacja spełniająca zasady projektowania uniwersalnego została stworzona na potrzeby badań. W pracy zastosowano trzy metody pomiaru jakości interfejsów: narzędzie WAVE, badania okulograficzne oraz badania subiektywnej oceny za pomocą ankiety LUT. Badania okulograficzne wykazały, że uczestnicy badania potrzebowali średnio 2 razy mniej czasu na zlokalizowanie elementów na stronie o wysokim kontraście oraz 4 razy mniej czasu na znalezienie wszystkich komponentów umieszczonych w miejscach zgodnych z ogólnie przyjętymi normami projektowania

EN

Universal design is a philosophy of creating various products and the environment to adapt to the most comprehensive possible group of recipients. This article aims to compare interfaces with the principles of universal design and application interfaces that ignore such principles. After the literature review, the following research hypotheses were posed: “Higher interface contrast affects the visibility and speed of searching for individual elements of user interface” and “The arrangement of interface elements has a significant impact on navigating the website”. The research was conducted on two websites. The Empik storefront was a webservice that did not comply with universal design principles. The application that follow the regulations of universal design was created for the purpose of research. Three methods of measuring the quality of interfaces were used in the study: WAVE tool, eye-tracking tests, and subjective assessment using the LUT questionnaire (Lublin University of Technology). Eye tracking study showed that participants needed an average of 2 times less time to locate elements on a high-contrast interface and 4 times less time to locate all components placed compliant with generally accepted design standards.

10

Interfacial Structure of Polytrimethylene Terephthalate/Polyethylene Terephthalate Bicomponent Filament

Yang Zhuli, Wang Fumei, Guan Fuwang, Luo Jin, Qiu Yiping, Zhang Chuyang

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

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2022

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Vol. 30, no. 1 (151)

71--76

EN

The interfacial structure and binding forces of polytrimethylene terephthalate/polyethylene terephthalate filament were investigated through the methods of Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance (13C-NMR), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscopy. When two molten polymers met during the spinning process, an interface layer between the PTT and PET components formed and played an important role in binding the two components together. When the blending time was sufficient, an ester-interchange reaction took place with the generation of the copolymer. The PET recrystallisation was observed in the DSC curve under the influence of entangled PTT molecular chains. The morphology of the cross-section and side view proved that the linear boundary line was short and weaker in binding without a chemical bond and molecular diffusion. Side-by-side bi-component fiber and split-type fiber was able to be controllably spun by adjusting the spinning parameters.

11

Numerical analysis of interfacial debonding of metal/ceramic bimaterial using FEM

Ramdoum Sara, Serier Boualem, Feo Luciano

Composites Theory and Practice

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2022

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R. 22, nr 3

130--134

EN

The bimaterials applied in various fields of industry consist mainly of ceramics and metal. Their damage is mainly due to the presence of residual stresses generated during their manufacture. The damaged area is closely related to the high production temperature. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of these factors on the behavior of an interfacial and subinterfacial crack in the volume of alumina material. This behavior is studied in terms of variation of the stress intensity factor (SIF) in Modes I, II and III. A study by means of the finite element method (FEM) was carried out. This work demonstrates that the risk of sudden propagation of these cracks is all the more probable when the bimaterial is produced at high temperatures. The elastoplastic behavior of the metal considerably minimizes this risk by plasticizing the metal, which allows strong relaxation of the residual stresses.

12

Component interface standardization in robotic systems

Hristozov Anton, Matson Eric, Dietz Eric, Rogers Marcus

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2022

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Vol. 32

305--312

EN

Components are heavily used in many software systems, including robotic systems. The growth in sophistication and diversity of new capabilities for robotic systems presents new challenges to their architectures. Their complexity is growing exponentially with the advent of AI, smart sensors, and the complex tasks they have to accomplish. Such complexity requires a more flexible approach for creating, using, and interoperability of software components. The issue is exacerbated because robotic systems are becoming increasingly reliant on third-party components for specific functions. In order to achieve this kind of interoperability, including dynamic component replacement, we need a way to standardize their interfaces. A formal approach is desperately needed for specifying what an interface of a robotic software component should contain. This study performs an analysis of the issue and presents a universal and generic approach to standardizing component interfaces for robotic systems. Our approach is inspired and influenced by well-established robotic architectures such as ROS, PX4, and Ardupilot. The study is also applicable to other software systems with similar characteristics to robotic systems. We consider using either JSON or Domain-Specific Languages (DSL) development with tools such as Antlr and automatic code and configuration files generation for frameworks such as ROS and PX4. A case study with ROS2 has been done as a proof of concept for the proposed methodology.

13

Analiza współczesnych interfejsów człowiek-komputer

Cioczek Michał, Czarnota Tomasz, Szymczyk Tomasz

Journal of Computer Sciences Institute

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2021

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Vol. 18

22--29

PL

Jeszcze do niedawna komputery były urządzeniami przeznaczonymi dla procesów badawczych i militarnych, a dziś stanowią integralną część życia człowieka. Tak szybki rozwój technologii i nowych możliwości sprawia, że nauka, która zajmuje się relacjami człowieka z komputerem (HCI) ma pełno niezbadanych lub niewystarczająco przebadanych obszarów. Niniejszy artykuł na podstawie dostępnych metod badawczych HCI ma pokazać, że obecnie mocno spopularyzowana mysz komputerowa, która jest narzędziem umożliwiającym HCI, nie zawsze będzie najlepszym rozwiązaniem dla każdego użytkownika. Zestawienie myszy komputerowej z innymi dostępnymi na rynku kontrolerami i przebadanie ich w specjalnie przygotowanym środowisku testowym przez wybraną grupę badawczą, będzie najlepszym sposobem do rzetelnego stwierdzenia, że użycie myszy komputerowa nie zawsze może okazać się najlepszym wyborem.

EN

Until recently, computers were devices intended for research and military processes, and today they are an integral part of human life. Such a rapid development of technology and new possibilities means that the science that deals with human-computer relations (HCI) has a lot of unexplored or insufficiently studied areas. Based on the available HCI research methods, this article is to show that the currently highly popularized computer mouse, which is a tool that enables HCI, will not always be the best solution for every user. Comparing a computer mouse with other commercially available controllers and testing them in a specially prepared test environment by a selected research group will be the best way to reliably state that the use of a computer mouse may not always be the best choice.

14

Influence of a platform game control method on a player’s effectiveness

Wijatkowski Bartosz, Smołka Jakub, Celiński Maciej

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2021

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T. 11, nr 3

45--49

EN

The aim of this research is to check which of two devices the keyboard or the controller –has a positive effect on a player's game-play in a platform game. Four parameters are defined: death count, error count, game time, learning time. A custom game is designed and implemented specifically for the research. The conducted experiment is divided into thirty-minute sessions, during which one player participates in the game after getting acquainted with the game’s mechanics. After completing the game, he/she fills out a survey in which he/she can express his/her level of satisfaction while using the assigned device. Each player has only one attempt. 16 players agree to participate. They are divided into two groups of 8 people each. Participants in the first group use the keyboard while those in the second group use the controller.In order to determine final results for the tested devices, the AHP method is used. The importance values for all pairs of measured parameters are determined in order to calculate their priorities. The priorities allow for distinguishing important from less important parameters. For this purpose, a survey of experienced players is conducted. They help to identify parameter importance.After trials and analysis of responses from the game-play satisfaction and parameter importance surveys, it turns out that players using the keyboard achieve better results, and the keyboard is more satisfying to use.

PL

Celem badań było sprawdzenie, które z dwóch urządzeń służących do sterowania postacią w zręcznościowej grze platformowej, klawiatura czy kontroler, wpływa pozytywnie na wyniki rozgrywki gracza. W tym celu zdefiniowane zostały czteryparametry: liczba śmierci, liczba błędów, czas gry, czas nauki. Badania polegały naukończeniu gry zaprojektowanej i zaprogramowanej specjalnie na potrzeby badań. Badaniazostały podzielone na trzydziestominutowe sesje, podczas których jeden gracz brał udziałw rozgrywce po wcześniejszym zapoznaniu się z mechanikami gry. Po ukończeniu grywypełniał ankietę, w której mógł wyrazić swój poziom satysfakcji z korzystaniaz przypisanego mu urządzenia. Na każdego gracza przypadała jedna próba wykorzystującaklawiaturę lub kontroler. Do badań zgłosiło się 16 osób, które zostały podzielone na dwiegrupy badawcze po 8 osób. Uczestnicy z pierwszej grupy korzystali z klawiatury podczasbadań, a osoby z drugiej –z kontrolera.Aby wyznaczyć wyniki końcowe dla badanych urządzeń, dzięki którym możnabyło je ze sobą porównać, zastosowana została metoda AHP. Na potrzeby tej metodynależało określić przewagi pomiędzy wszystkimi mierzonymi parametrami, aby obliczyćich wagi. Wagi te przyczynić się miały do wyróżnienia parametrów ważnych od mniejważnych. W tym celu utworzona została ankieta skierowana do doświadczonych graczy,którzy pomogli w określeniu tych przewag.Po przeprowadzeniu badań i analizie odpowiedzi z ankiet dotyczących satysfakcjiz rozgrywki oraz przewag parametrów, okazało się, że gracze korzystający z klawiaturyotrzymali lepsze wyniki, a klawiatura była bardziej satysfakcjonująca w użyciu.

15

Analysis of randomly distributed particles and matrix interfaces of epoxy-based multilayered composites

Alam Shahinoor, Chowdhury Mohammad Asaduzzaman

Composites Theory and Practice

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2021

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R. 21, nr 3

70--86

EN

In this study, the surface morphology of composites, the effect of the particle geometry like the size and shape of the filler materials, their dispersion efficiency and interfaces are analyzed by morphological characterization. According to the tensile tests, it was found that the composites fabricated with CuO exhibit increasing trends of tensile strength in all the experiments compared to that of the composites with TiO2, which is verified by the degree of composite crystallinity determined by the strong interfacial interaction as well as the size, shape and compactness of the filler particles as observed by SEM micrograph analysis using Mountains software. Evaluation of this analysis shows similar amplitude variations in all the PSD curves of the composites and indicate a fatigue-like behavior. The stable isotropic properties in the composite samples with CuO result in a better surface finish, which was also well defined in the analysis of its surface texture and density function. Due to all these positive correlations, a significant rising trend in tensile strength (55.50, 105.53 and 20.40%) was found in every composite modified with CuO in comparison to TiO2. The highest tensile strength of the fabricated composite incorporating the CuO functional filler was found to be 105.530%. Such composites with TiO2 and CuO having a tensile strength of 117.9 and 141.95 N/mm2 respectively, may be used for the interior design of aircraft, watercraft, offices, residences, car and sports accessories and others.

16

Experimental Tests of the Vector II Slab in Field Conditions, Slab and Strip Model

Zając Jakub, Drobiec Łukasz, Jasiński Radosław, Wieczorek Mirosław, Kisiołek Artur

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2021

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Vol. 31, no. 1

54--69

EN

Vector II slab was tested on a natural scale (a slab with a dimension of 6.30 × 6.30 m) and a strip 6.30 m long and 1.20 m wide. The Vector II slab is built by precast panel 60 cm wide, 4 cm thick and 14-20 cm thick concrete overtopping on the construction site. The main purpose of the slab tests on a natural scale was to observe the "faulting" effect and temporary deflections. During the tests, the displacements in the area of the panel joints in the middle of the slab span were recorded. The maximum difference in displacement between adjacent panels of the slab model was 0.16 mm, and the vertical displacement was 1.9 mm. The strip model had no cracks that could indicate a interface cracks between the precast element and the concrete overlay. After completion of the field tests, the load was left on the slab model to verify long-term effects.

17

Samozagęszczające się zaprawy, zawierające granulowaną piankę szklaną: wpływ otwartej porowatości na właściwości reologiczne i fizykomechaniczne

Lecheb S., Chellil A., Chahour K., Safi B.

Cement Wapno Beton

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2021

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R. 26, nr 3

242--252

PL

Piankę szklaną stosuje się ostatnio, jako kruszywo do produkcji lekkich betonów. Lekkość betonu jest spowodowana znaczną porowatością granulowanej pianki szklanej, która ma zamknięte pory i gładkie powierzchnie. W związku z tym w tej pracy zastosowano granulowaną piankę szklaną (GPS) z otwartą porowatością, do uzyskania lekkich, samozagęszczających się zapraw. GPS otrzymano z proszku szklanego – stłuczki szklanej i „pieniącego się” dodatku, którym był wapień. W związku z tym zastosowano prażenie w 850°C, w ciągu 20 minut. Następnie otrzymano piasek, stosując kruszenie i przesiewanie przez sito 5 mm. Z kolei przygotowano samozagęszczające się zaprawy, z drobnym kruszywem w formie piasku i inne zaprawy z granulowaną pianką szklaną, zastępując nią piasek, w stosunku objętościowym 30%, 50% i 100%. Następnie zbadano właściwości reologiczne – płynność i fizyko-mechaniczne zapraw, a mianowicie gęstość i porowatość, w oparciu o absorpcję wody. Badanie strefy przejściowej – matryca cementowa / granule GPS wykazało, że otwarta porowatość GPS – piasek, sprzyjała adhezji z matrycą cementową, bez segregacji faz cementowych. Natomiast stwierdzono zmniejszenie wytrzymałości na ściskanie zapraw, o szczególnej lekkości. Należy podkreślić, że ta ostatnia właściwość ma w budownictwie duże znaczenie.

EN

The foamed glass is currently used in the manufacture of concretes as aggregate to produce lightweight concrete. The lightness of the concrete is assured by the important porosity of foamed glass granulates [GFG], however, they have a closed porosity with a smooth surface. In this respect, this study aims to use foam glass granulates with open-porosity, to produce lightweight self-compacting mortars. GFG were prepared from the glass powder - glass cullet and foaming agent – limestone, according to the current applied process for GFG – heat treatment at 850°C for 20 min. Then from GFG the sand fine aggregate – 0/5 mm was prepared by crushing and sieving. The self-compacting mortars were obtained using natural sand as fine aggregate and other mortars with granulated foam glass substituting sand at volume ratios: 30, 50 and 100 %. Rheological tests of fluidity and physical properties, i.e. density and porosity, by measuring absorption of water and mechanical tests were carried out on studied mortars. The interface of cementitious matrix/GFG granules study shows that open-porosity of GFG sand has favored adhesion to cement matrix, without causing the segregation of the mortar phases. Also, the decrease of the compressive strength for mortars exhibiting a specific lightness, was found. It should be noted that the latter property is very important in construction.

18

Elevated-temperature tensile deformation and fracture behavior of particle-reinforced PM 8009Al matrix composite

Chen Shuang, Chen Guoqiang, Gao Pingping, Liu Chunxuan, Wu Anru, Dong Lijun, Huang Zhonghua, Ouyang Chun, Zhang Hui

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 5

art. no. e138846

EN

Tensile tests of 8009Al alloy reinforced with SiC and Al₂O₃ particles fabricated by powder metallurgy (PM) were conducted at temperatures of 250–350°C and strain rates of 0.001–0.1 s⁻¹. The ultimate tensile strength and yield strength of the samples decreased while the temperature and strain rate increased. The elongation slightly decreased at first and then increased with growing temperature because of the medium-temperature brittleness of the alloy matrix. When the strain rate was 0.1 s⁻¹, the elongation of the 8009Al/Al₂O₃ composites always decreased with an increase in temperature because of the poorly coordinated deformation and weak bonding between the matrix and Al₂O₃ particles at such a high strain rate. The work-hardening rates of the composites sharply increased to maxima and then decreased rapidly as the strain increased. Meanwhile, the 8009Al/SiCₚ composites displayed superior UTS, YS, elongation, and work-hardening rates than those of the 8009Al/Al₂O₃ composites under the same conditions. Compared to 8009Al alloys reinforced with spherical Al₂O₃ particle, 8009Al alloys reinforced with irregular SiC particles exhibited a better strengthening effect. The fracture mechanism of the 8009Al/SiCₚ composites was mainly ductile, while that of the 8009Al/Al₂O₃ composites was primarily debonding at the matrix–particle interfaces in a brittle mode.

19

Interface and connection model in the railway traffic control system

Karolak Juliusz

Archives of Transport

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2021

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Vol. 58, iss. 2

137--147

EN

The article presents a model of connection of ETCS application and classical base layer equipment. The model distinguishes three layers: physical, logic and data, which require different modelling techniques and at the same time must be consistent. The model will form the basis for the digital mapping in the Digital Twin of the ETCS application. Layer division is a natural way to represent the structure of a device and its operating rules. It allows a detailed and structured representation of the interfaces of a connection and then an analysis of the connection both with respect to the layer of interest and from the point of view of the interaction between features in the different layers. The S-interface of the LEU encoder of the ETCS is described, taking into account different solutions encountered in practice. The conditions of the connection between the LEU encoder and the environment form a description of one of the two boundaries between the ETCS application, i.e. the implemented ERTMS/ETCS on a specific area of the railway network, and the environment. A general connection model and definitions of a connection and an interface are presented. As an example, the electrical connection with signals transmitted through galvanic connections has been assumed to be typical for LEU encoder and track-side signalling control circuits found in base layer equipment. The physical layer is described in terms of physical parameters and their values. The parameters are divided into electrical (current, voltage and frequency) and mechanical ones (number of leads, conductor thickness, etc.). The values of the electrical parameters are expressed in terms of a uncountable set with defined limits. The logic layer was described in a vector-matrix form. Logic signals are assigned to electrical signals with specific physical parameters. The data layer contains information about the assignment of specific telegrams to specific electrical signals.

20

Heat Treatment Effect on Physical Properties of Stainless Steel / Inconel Bonded by Directed Energy Deposition

Eom Yeong Seong, Kim Kyung Tae, Kim Dong Won, Yu Ji-Hun, Sim Chul Yong, An Seung Jun, Park Yong-Ha, Son Injoon

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2021

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Vol. 66, iss. 4

1049--1054

EN

In this study, stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 alloy powders were additively manufactured by using directed energy deposition process. And heat treatment effect on hardness and microstructures of the bonded stainless steel 316L/Inconel 625 sample was investigated. The microstructures shows there are no secondary phases and big inclusions near interfacial region between stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 except several small cracks. The results of TEM and Vickers Hardness show the interfacial area have a few tens of micrometers in thickness. Interestingly, as the heat treatment temperature increases, the cracks in the stainless steel region does not change in morphology while both hardness values of stainless steel 316L and Inconel 625 decrease. These results can be used for designing pipes and valves with surface treatment of Inconel material based on stainless steel 316L material using the directed energy deposition.