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1

The Application of Blockchain Technology in Combating Maritime Piracy: Potential Benefits and Challenges

Rozbiewska S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

203--208

EN

Maritime piracy remains a persistent threat to global trade and maritime security, demanding innovative countermeasures. This paper explores the potential of blockchain technology as a transformative tool in enhancing maritime safety and combating piracy. With its decentralized, transparent, and tamper-resistant architecture, blockchain offers significant advantages in tracking vessels and cargo in real time, securing transport documentation, and automating processes through smart contracts. The study highlights real-world applications such as TradeLens, CargoX, Guardtime, and VeChain, which illustrate the technology’s utility in strengthening maritime logistics and anti-piracy efforts. Despite these benefits, the paper also addresses key implementation challenges, including the lack of standardized protocols, high initial costs, integration difficulties with legacy systems, and the need for international collaboration. Ultimately, the article argues that while blockchain is not a panacea, it holds substantial promise as a strategic asset in the fight against maritime piracy.

2

A Seaports' Perspective on Resilience and Preparedness for Challenges of the Evolving World

Wolska P., Nasur J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2026

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Vol. 20 No. 1

63--71

EN

Recent events such as the COVID-19 pandemic revealed intrinsic vulnerabilities embedded within the globalized system of maritime transportation and the economy as a whole. To counteract similar disruptions in the future, certain actions must be undertaken by industry players, such as maritime administrations, shippers, and seaports. The current study is focused on the latter. It utilizes an expert elicitation through Computer Assisted Web Interview (CAWI) intending to identify how aware the seaport administrators and managers are of the dangers of today’s globalized economy and how they intend to counteract these. Herein study focuses on the perspective of worldwide seaports' representatives by taking into account a wide set of potential challenges. The considered threats are not only limited to environment-related ones but also include safety and security matters as well as the introduction of disruptive technologies utilized in the maritime transportation of the new era.

3

Cybersecurity Risk Assessment of Suppliers in the Supply Chain Using the AHP Method and a Scoring Model

Zawadzki Mateusz

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2026

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Vol. 64, no. 1

141--156

EN

The article addresses the problem of cybersecurity risk in digitally interconnected supply chains, with particular emphasis on supplier relationships, third-party access and software dependencies. The research niche of this study is the operationalisation of publicly available cyber-risk data into a transparent and reproducible assessment model that can be applied without access to confidential company datasets. The purpose of the article is to develop a multi-criteria model for assessing supplier cybersecurity risk using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and a scoring procedure grounded in recognised reports and scientific literature, and to demonstrate its application in an illustrative supply-chain context. The main hypothesis assumes that supplier cyber risk can be systematically compared through the integration of threat exposure, technical vulnerability and operational impact within a structured weighted index. The study applies a mixed-method approach, including literature review, comparative analysis, desk research, mathematical modelling, AHP weighting and sensitivity analysis. Empirical input was derived from NIST guidance, the ENISA report on supply chain attacks, Verizon's 2025 Data Breach Investigations Report and IBM's 2025 Cost of a Data Breach Report. The results indicate that transportation and utilities suppliers achieve the highest risk levels in the illustrative application, while ICT suppliers remain highly critical in terms of digital dependency. The conclusions support the usefulness of the proposed model as a preliminary decision-support framework, while indicating the need for further expert-panel and organisation-specific validation.

4

Exploring the challenges of using large language models in supply chain management: a decision-making framework

Ghosh Suman Kalyan, Virmani Naveen, Tripathi Prasoon M.

LogForum

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2026

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Vol. 22, no 2

229--248

EN

Background: There is growing interest in improving supply chain management (SCM) using artificial intelligence and large language models (LLMs). However, the use of LLMs or generative AI presents inherent challenges. Therefore, recognizing these challenges within organizations and understanding how they are interrelated is crucial. Although there is an emerging focus on the use of LLMs in SCM, there remains limited peer-reviewed research exploring the challenges associated with their use in the field. Hence, this study aims to identify the challenges of using LLMs in SCM and to examine the interrelationships among these challenges. Materials and methods: The challenges identified in the literature were validated through the opinions of sixteen experts, including supply professionals, AI specialists, and academics. The study employed Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and Matrice d'Impacts Croisés Multiplication Appliquée à un Classement (MICMAC) analysis to develop a framework consisting of autonomous, driving, linkage, and dependent challenges. Results: The findings show that “Multiple data points in SCM network (C6)” emerges as the key challenge with the highest driving power, whereas “Cost of better optimization (C13)” and “Managerial suspicion toward adopting real-time decision making based on LLM outputs (C14)” are the key dependent challenges. The study also highlights non-technical aspects of these challenges, such as trust and legal considerations, and emphasizes technology adoption from a human and managerial perspective. Conclusions: These findings offer valuable insights into the ranking of challenges as well as their driving and dependent relationships. They can help SCM practitioners and LLM developers address these challenges and facilitate the effective adoption of LLMs in SCM.

5

Zastosowanie autoklawizowanego betonu komórkowego w nowoczesnym budownictwie

Rybarczyk Tomasz

Izolacje

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2026

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T. 31, nr 3

76--80

PL

W artykule przedstawiono właściwości autoklawizowanego betonu komórkowego. Autor omówił je według faz cyklu życia wyrobu, począwszy od pozyskania surowców do produkcji, poprzez łańcuch dostaw, produkcję, transport na miejsce budowy, budowę, użytkowanie budynków, a skończywszy na rozbiórce i zdeponowaniu odpadów i użycie ponownie do produkcji elementów murowych z betonu komórkowego.

EN

This article presents the properties of autoclaved aerated concrete. The author discusses them according to the product life cycle phases, starting from the acquisition of raw materials for production, through the supply chain, production, transport to the construction site, construction, use of the buildings, and ending with demolition, waste disposal, and reuse in the production of aerated concrete masonry elements.

6

The impact of logistics competency management on relationships in the supply chain in theory and pilot empirical studies. Part 1

Skowrońska Agnieszka

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2026

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nr 1

2--11

EN

The aim of the article is to determine the impact of approaches, models, and strategies for competency management of logistics personnel adopted by the supply chain leader on the relationships between the entities forming the links of the chain. The article is divided into two parts. The first part contains theoretical considerations regarding the approach to competency management of logistics personnel adopted by the supply chain leader, in correlation with relationships within the supply chain. The second part presents the results of the author’s original survey research. The empirical research was conducted from June 2024 to September 2025 in ten supply chains operating across five industries: pharmaceutical, food, construction, automotive, and energy. In each of the industries, two purposefully selected supply chains were studied. In selecting metalogistics systems, the author was guided by the criterion of competency management implemented by the enterprise acting as the leader in the supply chain. The research was carried out using the author’s survey questionnaire divided into four parts concerning: supply chain relationships, logistics competencies of the supply chain, competencies of logistics personnel, and management of those competencies by the supply chain leader. The conclusions drawn from this study may be used not only for further empirical research on the impact of approaches to competency management on relationships within the supply chain, but also as recommendations for logistics managers.

PL

Celem artykułu jest określenie wpływu podejść, modeli, strategii zarządzania kompetencjami kadry logistycznej przyjętych przez lidera łańcucha dostaw na relacje pomiędzy podmiotami tworzącymi ogniwa tego łańcucha. Artykuł podzielono na dwie części. Część pierwsza zawiera teoretyczne rozważania dotyczące postawy wobec zarządzania kompetencjami kadry logistycznej przyjmowanej przez lidera łańcucha dostaw w skorelowaniu z relacjami w łańcuchu dostaw. W części drugiej artykułu zaprezentowano wyniki autorskich badań ankietowych. Badania empiryczne prowadzono od czerwca 2024 r. do września 2025 r. w dziesięciu łańcuchach dostaw działających w pięciu branżach: farmaceutycznej, spożywczej, budowlanej, motoryzacyjnej, energetycznej. W każdej z branż badaniem objęto dwa celowo dobrane łańcuchy dostaw. Dokonując doboru systemów metalogistycznych, autorka kierowała się kryterium wdrożonego przez przedsiębiorstwo, pełniące rolę lidera w łańcuchu dostaw, zarządzania kompetencjami kadrowymi. Do przeprowadzenia badań wykorzystano narzędzie w postaci autorskiego kwestionariusza ankietowego podzielonego na cztery części dotyczące: relacji w łańcuchu dostaw, logistycznych kompetencji łańcucha dostaw, kompetencji kadry logistycznej i zarządzania tymi kompetencjami przez lidera łańcucha dostaw. Wnioski z rozważań niniejszej publikacji mogą zostać wykorzystane nie tylko do dalszych badań empirycznych nad wpływem podejścia do zarządzania kompetencjami logistycznymi na relacje w łańcuchu dostaw, ale także jako rekomendacje dla menedżerów logistyki.

7

Problemy z zarządzaniem kompetencjami ludzkimi w transporcie drogowym a zakłócenia w łańcuchach dostaw

Sapek Łukasz

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2026

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nr 1

45--52

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest identyfikacja problemów związanych z zarządzaniem kompetencjami ludzkimi w transporcie drogowym oraz analiza ich wpływu na powstawanie zakłóceń w łańcuchach dostaw. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono roli efektywnego przepływu informacji, organizacji pracy kierowców oraz koordynacji działań operacyjnych, które mają kluczowe znaczenie dla zapewnienia ciągłości i niezawodności procesów transportowych. Istotnym elementem rozważań jest również próba odpowiedzi na pytanie, jakie korzyści oraz zagrożenia niesie za sobą wdrażanie nowoczesnych technologii i automatyzacji w kontekście zarządzania personelem oraz komunikacji w łańcuchu dostaw. Dodatkowo autor podejmuje analizę wpływu rosnącej cyfryzacji, w tym rozwoju sieci łączności, na poprawę koordynacji działań oraz przepływu informacji pomiędzy uczestnikami łańcucha dostaw. Rozważania obejmują także ocenę, czy postępująca automatyzacja rzeczywiście przyczynia się do ograniczenia problemów kadrowych, czy też generuje nowe wyzwania w obszarze zarządzania kompetencjami ludzkimi.

EN

The aim of this paper is to identify problems related to human resources management in road transport and analyse their impact on supply chain disruptions. Particular attention is paid to the role of effective information flow, driver organization, and coordination of operational activities, which are crucial for ensuring the continuity and reliability of transport processes. An important element of the study is also an attempt to answer the question of the benefits and risks of implementing modern technologies and automation in the context of personnel management and communication in the supply chain. Furthermore, the author analyses the impact of increasing digitization, including the development of communication networks, on improving the coordination of activities and information flow between supply chain participants. The discussion also includes an assessment of whether increasing automation is actually contributing to reducing staffing problems or generating new challenges in the area of human resources management.

8

Organizacja i ocena procesu dystrybucji drewna na przykładzie sektora leśnego. Studium przypadku wybranego nadleśnictwa Państwowego Gospodarstwa Leśnego Lasy Państwowe

Ogórek Marzena

Gospodarka Materiałowa i Logistyka

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2026

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nr 1

12--24

PL

Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja i ocena organizacji i funkcjonowania procesu dystrybucji surowca drzewnego w Państwowym Gospodarstwie Leśnym Lasy Państwowe na przykładzie nadleśnictwa zlokalizowanego w województwie śląskim. W pracy skoncentrowano się na strukturze oraz uwarunkowaniach systemu dystrybucji, obejmujących metody pozyskania drewna, jego klasyfikację, magazynowanie i transport, a także stosowane procedury sprzedaży. Badania przeprowadzono z wykorzystaniem metody studium przypadku, opierając się na analizie danych operacyjnych z 2022 r. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na czynniki wpływające na przebieg procesów dystrybucyjnych, takie jak warunki przyrodnicze, ograniczenia infrastrukturalne oraz zmienność popytu rynkowego. Wyniki wskazują, że przebieg dystrybucji drewna zależy od właściwej koordynacji działań logistycznych, dostosowania metod pozyskania do wymagań rynku oraz elastyczności w planowaniu dostaw. Zidentyfikowano kluczowe bariery w funkcjonowaniu systemu dystrybucji oraz zaproponowano kierunki jego usprawnienia, w tym lepsze dopasowanie produkcji do popytu oraz rozwój infrastruktury transportowej. Uzyskane wyniki mogą stanowić wsparcie dla procesów decyzyjnych w obszarze zarządzania logistyką w sektorze leśnym.

EN

The aim of this article is to analyse the organization and operation of the timber distribution process at the State Forests National Forest Holding, using forest district located in the Silesian Voivodeship as an example. The paper focuses on the structure and conditions of the distribution system, including timber harvesting methods, classification, storage, and transportation, as well as sales procedures. The research was conducted using a case study approach, based on the analysis of operational data from 2022. Particular attention was paid to factors influencing the efficiency of distribution processes, such as natural conditions, infrastructure constraints, and variability in market demand. The results indicate that the efficiency of timber distribution depends on the proper coordination of logistics activities, adapting harvesting methods to market requirements, and flexibility in supply planning. Key barriers to the functioning of the distribution system were identified and directions for its improvement were proposed, including better matching production to demand and developing transport infrastructure. The obtained results can support decision-making processes in the area of logistics management in the forest sector.

9

IT-supported logistics and supply chain management in the era of Industry 5.0: A multi-criteria assessment

Torbacki Witold

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2025

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nr 82 (154)

22--33

EN

With the ongoing transformation of business to the era of Industry 5.0, related IT technologies and solutions dedicated to logistics are undergoing transformation. This article presents a workflow that will help managers choose the correct strategy and sequence for implementing solutions that help companies embark on the path to Industry 5.0. The practical implications of the results include a clear roadmap for companies implementing Industry 5.0. The proposed IT hierarchy and LSCM prioritization provide decision-makers with actionable insights for planning investments, selecting technologies, and improving resilience and efficiency. This study supports strategic decisions across sectors by highlighting the most impactful digital tools that can drive transformation, sustainability, and competitive advantage in real business environments. In the scientific context, this article presents a template combining IT technologies used in companies and logistics and supply chain management (LSCM) planes in relation to the Industry 5.0 concept. Then, using the hybrid DEMATELPROMETHEE II methodology, the characteristic parameters of these spheres are assessed and hierarchized. The results presented in this article indicate that among the areas characterizing Industry 5.0, resilience solutions should be implemented first. Among IT technologies, solutions from the area of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) should play the leading role and, in terms of LSCM areas, the most important solutions should cover the sphere of demand planning and forecasting.

10

Can uncertainty shape supply chain resilience?

Marzantowicz Łukasz

Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2025

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nr 84 (156)

115--128

EN

The main objective of this article is to demonstrate the impact of uncertainty on the resilience of supply chains. To achieve this task, a theoretical discourse is presented on both uncertainty and supply chain resilience. A survey is conducted among 160 supply chain managers and directors from around the world. The survey utilized the computer-assisted web interview (CAWI) method, and the results are analyzed using the Ward agglomeration method. The findings enabled a determination of the strength of uncertainty’s impact on supply chain resilience, understood through the so-called 4A formula, which combines flexibility, adaptability, resilience, and alignment. Additionally, the article discusses whether these considerations can contribute to supply chain management, particularly in supporting decision-making processes, such as the supply chain’s response to uncertainty. This study is the author’s original work and represents their contribution to the ongoing scientific discussion on the resilience (including response) of supply chains under conditions of uncertainty.

11

The role of supplier evaluation in enhancing supply chain efficiency and collaboration

Żarski Wojciech, Lasocka Magdalena

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 220

547--557

EN

Purpose: This paper aims to evaluate the significance of the supplier assessment process in supply chain management, with a focus on its role in improving supplier relationships and ensuring overall supply chain efficiency. The research investigates key performance criteria and their impact on collaboration with suppliers. Design/methodology/approach: The study uses a diagnostic survey method, employing an electronic questionnaire completed by 150 internal customers from six countries. The evaluation focused on 186 key suppliers representing 15% of the total supplier base. The analysis incorporated predefined scoring criteria, including price, quality, delivery timeliness, flexibility, and service quality. Results were categorized to inform subsequent supplier management actions. Findings: The majority of suppliers (74%) fell into the average performance group, while only 1% exceeded expectations. However, 25% of key suppliers performed below expectations, highlighting areas requiring corrective action. The findings underscore the importance of supplier assessment as a critical auxiliary process that influences supplier collaboration and the effectiveness of the supply chain. Research limitations/implications: The research focuses on a single company within the TSL (Transport-Forwarding-Logistics) sector and a limited regional supplier base. Future studies could explore cross-industry supplier assessments and develop frameworks for broader application. Practical implications: The research provides actionable insights for supply chain managers, emphasizing the need for regular supplier evaluations. It recommends strategies for improving relationships with underperforming suppliers and reducing reliance on those with consistently low scores. These practices can enhance supply chain reliability and operational efficiency. Social implications: The study indirectly promotes sustainable supply chain practices by encouraging accountability and collaboration among suppliers. Improved supplier performance can contribute to better resource utilization and adherence to quality and environmental standards. Originality/value: This paper highlights the supplier assessment process as a strategic tool for supply chain optimization. It offers a practical framework for evaluating and managing suppliers, providing value to academics, supply chain professionals, and policymakers aiming to improve supply chain performance and resilience.

12

The dimensions of negotiations within supply chain

Kozina Andrzej, Małkus Tomasz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 228

263--282

EN

Purpose: one of the crucial factors determining effective performance of supply chain is conducting negotiation processes between its participants. Therefore, an important and promising objective of the paper is to present the authors’ concept of describing and analyzing these processes, considering their key dimensions. Design/methodology/approach: the paper is of a theoretical nature, i.e. it contains an original approach to the considered processes, based on authors’ ideas supported by the comparative analysis of the literature. Findings: developing an original, multidimensional concept of negotiations within supply chain suitable for their precise and comprehensive description and analysis. Practical implications: the presented concept as a very useful tool enables insightful identification and effective conducting of negotiation processes. That concept is also of universal character, i.e. it can be used to assess and implement a wide variety of practical negotiation situations. Originality/value: unlike many other works on negotiation processes within supply chain, which concern fragmentary and selective problems related to these processes, the concept of their description and analysis presented in the paper is of a synthetic and complex nature.

13

The concept of measuring enterprise efficiency in supply chains

Dąbrowski Janusz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 226

137--147

EN

Purpose: A company that is a member of supply chains cooperates with its suppliers and customers in a more intensive and diverse way than in the case of ordinary transactional relationships. This cooperation generates externalities for supply chain partners, which are not always adequately compensated. This distorts the actual efficiency of the company from the point of view of the entire supply chain. Active supply chain management requires objective information about the efficiency of its individual members. The aim of the article is to propose a method for objective measurement of enterprise efficiency in supply chains. Design/methodology/approach: The study used the system analysis method for the interactions of supply chain participants. Various forms of effects of mutual interaction between the company and its first-tier suppliers and customers were identified. Next, the principles for including these interactions in enterprise efficiency measures were indicated. Findings: The proposed method involves proper correction of the efficiency measures recorded in practice concerning the effects of the mutual interaction of the enterprise with its suppliers and customers. Research limitations/implications: The effectiveness of this method depends on the scope of identification and accuracy of quantification of externalities. Practical implications: The application of this method in practice can support supply chain management by objectively examining the contribution of a given enterprise to the efficiency of the entire supply chain. Originality/value: The proposed concept for measuring the efficiency of the enterprise includes externalities, which allows for a more objective assessment of the contribution of the enterprise to the final outcomes of the supply chain.

14

Managerial competencies in supply chains for Industry 5.0

Anna Łupicka-Fietz, Anna Maria Jeszka

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 225

429--446

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to identify the key managerial competencies necessary for supply chain management in the context of Industry 5.0. The study attempts to identify which skills are particularly important for leaders in the medical device manufacturing sector under conditions of digital and organizational transformation. Research methodology: the study used a diagnostic survey method, based on a CAWI questionnaire, addressed to a purposively selected sample of 34 senior managers - including logistics and purchasing directors and business owners from Polish and foreign markets. A three-level Likert scale was used to assess competencies. Results: Problem solving was considered the most important managerial competency -indicated in unison by the majority of respondents from both groups. Creativity, balanced thinking, clear communication and creating an open work environment were also highly rated. Slight differences were also revealed between domestic and foreign respondents in such competencies as decision-making and delegating tasks in a digital environment. Research limitations/implications: A limitation of the study is the small and non-random survey sample resulting from the purposive selection of respondents. The results can form the basis for further quantitative research and in-depth qualitative analysis, as well as cross-industry and cross-cultural comparisons. Practical implications: The findings can serve as a guideline for HR departments and talent development managers when planning strategies for training, reskilling and upskilling executives in digital supply chains. The identified competencies should be integrated into HR management policies. Social implications: the study underscores the importance of social and emotional competence in the era of digitization, supporting the human-centric approach of Industry 5.0. This can contribute to building a more empathetic and sustainable work environment. Originality/value: The article brings a new perspective to the literature on competency management in the context of Industry 5.0, focusing on the practical insights of leaders in the medical device manufacturing sector. It provides value to researchers, management practitioners and HR policy designers.

15

Logistics supply chain strategies of manufacturing and trading enterprises: impact of Covid-19 and war in Ukraine

Gąsowska Magdalena K.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 217

93--114

EN

Purpose: The aim of the article is to analyze and assess the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine on the supply chain logistics strategies in the context of shaping the results of enterprises implementing them that form the supply chain on the example of the selected Polish manufacturing and trading enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: The article is based on the study of literature and own empirical research. The results of own empirical research presented in the study are the effects of more extensive research on the analysis of logistics systems and logistics processes management in Polish manufacturing and trading enterprises in years 2020-2022 in the context of building the competitiveness of the enterprise. The research was being conducted from January 2023 to April 2024 among 459 randomly selected small, medium and large Polish manufacturing and trading enterprises. Findings: The Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine had a huge influence on logistics strategies in the vast majority of the surveyed manufacturing and trading enterprises. The most effective logistics managers made changes to logistics strategies that were appropriate to the conditions during the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The conducted research confirmed that the implementation of a logistics strategy in the supply chain that is appropriate to the conditions enables the reduction in the likelihood of disruptions in the logistics system, quick and effective response to disruptions in logistics processes in the conditions of the Covid- 19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine, appropriate response to the market challenges, achievement of the set goals, increase in sales revenues at the same or even better financial liquidity than the competition and reduction in costs, and consequently, creation and maintenance of competitive advantage of the enterprises that form the supply chain. Research limitations/implications: This article presents only selected aspects of the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine on the supply chain logistics strategies. Practical implications: The article offers practical suggestions for logistics managers on how to apply supply chain logistics strategies in the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. Originality/value: The article fills the cognitive gap regarding the issue of supply chain logistics strategies. It provides an extensive review of the literature on supply chain logistics strategies in the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine. The article also fills the empirical gap. It presents the results of author's own research on selected aspects of the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic and the war in Ukraine on supply chain logistics strategies.

16

Determinants of the functioning of metal companies in supply chains

Staniewska Ewa

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 217

549--560

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to identify and assess the nature of the relationships of metal companies in supply chains and the basic determinants of development of these relationships and the perception of the role of supply chain management in business practice? Design/methodology/approach: The paper presents the results of a pilot study on the key elements of cooperation among metal companies in supply chains. The research was carried out using the author's survey questionnaire and covered companies operating in Poland. The issues studied included such elements as: the competences of companies in forming relationships, the reflection of the role and place of supply chain management in the organizational structure of the surveyed companies, the assessment of the role of the surveyed entities in the supply chain, the place of the leader or coordinator in supply chains, the level of involvement of partners, and the supply chain integration and relationship formation activities undertaken. Findings: The results obtained allowed to identify the role and place of the surveyed companies in supply chains, as well as the key competencies and actions taken to integrate and develop supply chain cooperation. Research limitations/implications: The article is exploratory in nature and provides the basis for further research in building effective corporate relationships in supply chains. Practical Implications: Understanding inter-organizational relationships is a fundamental part of supply chain management, which, based on the results, remains a significant challenge for many companies. Social implications: Shaping supply chain relationships is an important aspect of business operations that result in collaboration to create value for customers. Originality/Value: The research niche presented in the article concerns the application of a survey of opinions and judgments, based on an original survey questionnaire, in the group of companies from the metal industry.

17

The role of a modern manager in shaping resilient supply chains using Lean Management tools

Busławski Adam, Orzeł Anna, Ostrowski Damian, Wieczorek Grzegorz, Jurczak Anna, Bujak Andrzej

Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk

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2025

|

Vol. 63, no. 2

189--201

EN

The research niche of this article is the relationship between Lean Management tools and supply chain resilience under uncertainty. The purpose is to synthesise how specific Lean instruments - value stream mapping (VSM), 5S, Kanban, just-in-time (JIT), Kaizen and Six Sigma - contribute to visibility, flexibility, collaboration and robustness in logistics and transport enterprises and to clarify the manager’s role in building a continuous improvement culture. The paper adopts the following research hypothesis (H1): consistent use of Lean tools, supported by managerial leadership and digital enablers, improves supply chain resilience by reducing process variability and enabling faster operational response to disruptions. The methodology combines a narrative literature review with a descriptive analysis of selected practical observations and reports from logistics companies in Lower Silesia and the Opole region (2022–2024). The synthesis indicates that flow oriented tools (VSM, 5S, Kanban and JIT) shorten lead times and improve resource utilisation, while Kaizen and Six Sigma support quality and error reduction, translating into higher delivery reliability and lower damage rates. The conclusions emphasise that a modern manager’s engagement, employee involvement and KPI based monitoring are essential to sustain Lean, while digitalisation (TMS, IoT, analytics and AI/automation) enables real time visibility and quicker process adaptation.

18

Research on Supply Chain Network Risk Management Based on Multi-layer Complex Network Model

Liang Zhihua

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2025

|

Tom 27

480--486

EN

As necessities in people's lives, the stability and quality safety of the production and circulation of agricultural products are widely of concern to the whole society. With the development of economic globalization, networking and informatization, the structure and dynamic behaviour of the agricultural product supply chain are becoming increasingly complex. A concept increasingly central to supply chain theory is sustainability. As the frontier of network science, complex network theory provides a new method to study complex real networks. This paper adopts the complex network theory to explore the formation and evolution mechanism of the agricultural product supply chain network and the risk propagation mechanism on the supply chain network through modelling and simulation. On this basis, it proposes the control strategy of risk propagation. The research in this paper can enrich the results of complex network theory in the field of supply chain based on ecological theory. The network model construction can reveal the formation and evolution mechanism of the agricultural product supply chain network. The analysis of risk dynamics can provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance for controlling risk propagation of agricultural product supply chain networks.

19

Digital transformation and supply chain capabilities: a sectoral maturity perspective in Morocco

Boulitama Othman, Lhamidi Salwa, Taifi Rym, Sabiri Brahim

Polish Journal of Management Studies

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2025

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Vol. 32, No. 1

61--80

EN

This study investigates how digital transformation (DT) shapes supply chain (SC) capabilities in Moroccan firms by assessing their digital maturity (DM) and sectoral differences. Using the Rossmann and Reutlingen (2018) framework, data were collected from 234 companies through a mixed-mode survey and analyzed using K-means clustering, which classified firms into four distinct maturity clusters. Results reveal heterogeneous trajectories. In fact, some companies show advanced alignment between strategy, governance, and technology, while others face barriers related to leadership, cultural resistance, or limited resources. The findings highlight that DT is not limited to technological adoption but requires integration of human expertise, organizational culture, and governance. However, the purposive sampling, reliance on self-reported data, and cross-sectional design limit statistical generalization and temporal insights, while the Moroccan focus restricts external validity. Despite these boundaries, the study is original in offering one of the first empirical mappings of SC DM in an emerging economy, demonstrating that maturity is a negotiated and contextsensitive process, thereby providing valuable implications for both scholars and practitioners seeking to enhance SC competitiveness through digitalization.

PL

W niniejszym badaniu analizuje się, w jaki sposób transformacja cyfrowa (DT) kształtuje możliwości łańcucha dostaw (SC) w marokańskich przedsiębiorstwach poprzez ocenę ich dojrzałości cyfrowej (DM) i różnic sektorowych. Wykorzystując ramy Rossmanna i Reutlingena (2018), zebrano dane od 234 przedsiębiorstw za pomocą ankiety mieszanej i przeanalizowano je przy użyciu klasteryzacji metodą K-średnich, która podzieliła przedsiębiorstwa na cztery odrębne klastry dojrzałości. Wyniki pokazują zróżnicowane trajektorie. Niektóre firmy wykazują zaawansowaną zgodność między strategią, zarządzaniem i technologią, podczas gdy inne napotykają bariery związane z przywództwem, oporem kulturowym lub ograniczonymi zasobami. Wyniki podkreślają, że DT nie ogranicza się do wdrażania technologii, ale wymaga integracji wiedzy eksperckiej, kultury organizacyjnej i zarządzania. Jednak celowy dobór próby, poleganie na danych zgłoszonych przez samych respondentów oraz przekrojowy charakter badania ograniczają możliwość uogólnień statystycznych i wniosków dotyczących zmian w czasie, a skupienie się na Maroku ogranicza zewnętrzną trafność wyników. Pomimo tych ograniczeń, badanie jest oryginalne, ponieważ stanowi jedno z pierwszych empirycznych odwzorowań SC DM w gospodarce wschodzącej, pokazując, że dojrzałość jest procesem negocjowanym i zależnym od kontekstu, dostarczając tym samym cennych wniosków zarówno dla naukowców, jak i praktyków dążących do zwiększenia konkurencyjności SC poprzez cyfryzację.

20

Solution of a bi-level linear programming problem with uncertain parameters and its application

Bhurjee Ajay Kumar, Kumar Pankaj, Kumar Pavan

Operations Research and Decisions

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2025

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Vol. 35, No. 2

1--22

EN

A bi-level linear programming problem characterized by interval uncertainty in the coefficients of both objectives and constraints is thoroughly examined. The Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) optimality conditions for interval nonlinear programming problems have been developed to address this challenge. Utilizing these conditions, the interval bi-level programming problem has been transformed into a deterministic nonlinear programming problem. Subsequently, a comprehensive methodology has been developed to solve the transformed problem. The proposed approach has been validated through numerous illustrative examples that demonstrate its successful execution. Furthermore, the developed methodology has been effectively applied to a practical problem in supply chain planning, showcasing its relevance and applicability in real-world scenarios.