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Modelowanie hydrodynamiki reaktora barbotażowego nowej konstrukcji

Jaschik Jolanta, Tańczyk Marek, Janusz-Cygan Aleksandra, Janecki Daniel, Mrozowski Jan

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 2

293--300

PL

Opracowano model CFD reaktora barbotażowego z dyspergatorem szczelinowym, stosowanego do głębokiego odsiarczania gazów zawierających duże ilości SO₂ , w celu implementacji procesu na większą skalę. Reaktor barbotażowy pracuje w układzie trójfazowym zawierającym ciecz, rozproszony gaz procesowy oraz fazę stałą (gips), czyli produkt reakcji. Zastosowano model Eulerian rozszerzony do trzech faz ze standardowym modelem turbulencji k-ɛ. Symulacje dotyczące hydrodynamiki prezentowanego reaktora wykonano dla różnych wartości parametrów procesowych. Walidacja opracowanego modelu CFD opierała się na porównaniu doświadczalnych i obliczonych wartości spadku ciśnienia gazu wlotowego oraz mocy mieszania. Stwierdzono bardzo dobrą zgodność tych parametrów. Przeprowadzono szczegółową analizę zjawisk hydrodynamicznych zachodzących w różnych obszarach reaktora. Analiza ta potwierdziła dobre warunki mieszania fazy gazowej i ciekłej w reaktorze o modelowanej konfiguracji. Takie warunki sprzyjają efektywnej absorpcji SO₂, co stwierdzono w badaniach eksperymentalnych.

EN

A CFD model of 1.5 m³ bubble reactor equipped with a slotted gas disperser used for deep desulfurization of SO₂ -rich gases was developed. The Eulerian model extended to 3 phases with standard k-ɛ turbulence model was used. Simulations of the hydrodynamics were made for different values of operating parameters. The validation of developed model was done by comparing the exp. and calc. values of the inlet gas pressure drop and the power of mixing. Anal. of the hydrodynamic phenomena in various areas of reactor confirmed good conditions for mixing the gas and liq. phases in the reactor with the modeled configuration. Such conditions favor effective absorption of SO₂ , which was found in experimental studies.

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Określenie rozpuszczalności głównych składników biogazu w membranie polisulfonowej

Janusz-Cygan Aleksandra, Pawlaczyk-Kurek Anna, Hamryszak Łukasz, Jaschik Jolanta, Sołtys Elżbieta, Wojdyła Artur, Tańczyk Marek

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Inżynierii Chemicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk

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2024

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Nr 28

56--77

PL

Przeprowadzono badania rozpuszczalności głównych składników biogazu w membranie polisulfonowej. Otrzymane metodą grawimetryczną izotermy adsorpcji opisano za pomocą modelu sorpcji dualnej. Stwierdzono bardzo dobrą zgodność modelu z wynikami eksperymentalnymi. Określono również udział rozpuszczalności poszczególnych gazów zarówno w matrycy polimerowej, jak i w objętości swobodnej szklistego polimeru.

EN

The biomethane sector should become much more visible in the face of global challenges such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and replacing fossil fuels with renewable sources. Especially in the overall changes in the field of energy production, decarbonization of industry, and the circular economy. The value chain of biomethane produced by methane fermentation is shown in Figure 1. Based on the literature data and results of our research, it was found that the model has to include the multi-component nature of mass transport through the membrane in case of biogas separation. There is a high probability that for the CH 4-CO 2-membrane system, competitive sorption of those components occurs in the empty spaces of the glassy polymer. Including this phenomenon in the model should result in good agreement between numerical calculations and experimental data. This is particularly important in the case of the design and optimization of the biogas separation process into bioCH 4 and bioCO 2 streams. In this work, the total solubility (in the matrix and the free volume of the glassy polymer) was experimentally determined. The tested samples were taken from Air Products' commercial membrane module. The sorption isotherms of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, and oxygen on a polysulfone membrane sample were determined by a gravimetric analyzer (Figure 3). Based on the results of the equilibrium concentrations and the corresponding pressures, gas solubilities in pressure function were determined. Adsorption isotherms of gases were determined at a temperature of 293 K and the pressure in the range from 0 to 10 bar. The measurement of a given isotherm point was ended when the measured change in the sample mass reached 99.8% of the predicted asymptotic value or the measurement time for a given point exceeded 120 minutes. For each isotherm, one cycle of pressure increasing and one cycle of pressure decreasing were performed. The obtained results are presented in Figures 6-7. It has been found that in the case of carbon dioxide, sorption/desorption hysteresis occurs, which may lead to changes in the transport properties of the membrane. The obtained adsorption isotherms of individual gases were described by the dual-mode sorption (DMS). The individual coefficients of this model (k D, CˈH , b), existing in equation (2), were determined using the least squares method. The values of these coefficients are presented in Table 1. Very good agreement of the DMS model with the experimental results is shown in Figure 8. In addition, the work also determines the share of solubility of individual gases both in the polymer matrix and in the free volume of the glassy polymer (Figures 9 and 10). It was found that Langmuir sorption has to be included for both carbon dioxide and methane, in contrast to oxygen and nitrogen.

3

Investigation of separation properties of membrane materials based on polyphenylene oxide or diphthalic anhydride and diamine for biogas separation processes

Janusz-Cygan Aleksandra, Hamryszak Łukasz, Pawlaczyk-Kurek Anna, Jaschik Jolanta, Gosiewski Krzysztof, Wojdyła Artur, Sołtys Elżbieta, Tańczyk Marek

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Inżynierii Chemicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk

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2023

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Nr 27

56--72

EN

Decarbonization, minimizing greenhouse gas emissions, circular economy and the waste-to-energy trend lead to increased demand for gas and green energy. The European Biogas Association shows that biomethane gas can cover 30-40% of EU gas demand by 2050. There is a steady increase in the number of biomethane installations in Europe. The application of membrane processes to biogas upgrading has been intensively researched. It is practically used in large installations with several hundred m3/ h of biogas, operating at pressures higher than 1 MPa [3-5].The problem arises when dealing with small farms, such as in Poland. Despite the estimated energy potential of the Polish agro-food sector for biogas production being over 7.8 bcm per year, there is a lack of small-scale biogas upgrading technologies suitable to Polish conditions. A good energy efficiency and overall profitability of the investment may be more difficult to achieve in this case. The proper design of a membrane separation process should be based on a thorough knowledge of the membrane characteristics, i.e. the permeability coefficients and selectivity on it, under conditions as close as possible to the actual operating conditions of the plant [6]. The aim of the work was to develop a methodology leading to a non-invasive estimation of the actual values of the permeability coefficients of the main biogas components CH4 and CO2. The laboratory tests were carried out on two kinds of flat polymer membranes (PPO 70 and AE 55) prepared by the Center for Polymer and Carbon Materials of the Polish Academy of Sciences in Zabrze. Both membranes had an active surface of 58 cm2 and a thickness of 85 μm. The pure gases CH4, CO2 and mixtures CO2/CH4 were examined separately. Permeation studies of pure gases were carried out at a feed gas flow rate of approximately 40 ml/min, a transmembrane pressure drop in the range of 1.7-7.5 bar (abs) at temperatures 19-21°C. However, the tests on the separation process of CO2/CH4 mixtures were carried out for feed gas flow rates of 60, 100, and 130 ml/min, with a constant transmembrane pressure drop of approximately 7 bar (abs), at a temperature of 20-22°C where methane concentration in carbon dioxide was 40, 50 and 60 vol.%. It was found that carbon dioxide was a component that permeated more quickly through both of the membranes. Moreover, it was observed that in each case the permeability coefficients are not constant, but change with the change in the feed gas pressure. The data from experimental research allowed to determine permeability coefficients and ideal CO2/CH4 separation factors which were respectively: PCO2 = 150 barrer PCH4 = 61 barrer, α*CO2/CH4 = 2.46 for the PPO 70 membrane, and PCO2 = 162.6 barrer, PCH4 = 25.8 barrer and α*CO2/CH4 = 6.3 in case of the AE 55 membrane.

PL

Wyznaczono współczynniki przepuszczalności składników biogazu (CH4 i CO2) dla dwóch membran, wykonanych odpowiednio z tlenku polifenylu (PPO 70) oraz bezwodnika diftalowego i diaminy AE 55). Badania prowadzono dla czystych gazów i ich mieszanin w płaskich membranach polimerowych. Stwierdzono, że dla obu membran lepiej permeującym gazem jest CO2. Współczynnik permeacji tego gazu wyniósł 150 barrerów dla PPO 70 oraz 162,6 barrera dla AE 55, a idealny współczynnik rozdziału (α*CO2/CH4), odpowiednio 2,46 i 6,3.

4

Możliwości zastosowania procesów adsorpcyjnych i membranowych do zatężania metanu pochodzącego z powietrza wentylacyjnego kopalń

Tańczyk Marek, Janusz-Cygan Aleksandra, Pawlaczyk-Kurek Anna, Jaschik Jolanta, Wojdyła Artur, Sołtys Elżbieta

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Inżynierii Chemicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk

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2022

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nr 26

17--36

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę metod adsorpcyjnych i membranowych pod kątem zatężania metanu w powietrzu wentylacyjnym kopalń (VAM). Stwierdzono, że możliwe jest zwiększenie stężenia VAM z 0,2-0,3% obj. do co najmniej 1% obj. przy wykorzystaniu obu technik separacyjnych, co powinno ułatwić jego utylizację w reaktorach rewersyjnych lub silnikach na paliwo ubogie.

EN

Technologies for thermal utilization of ventilation air methane (VAM) require stabilization and/or increasing its concentration. This paper summarizes the results of research conducted at the IICh PAS in the area of adsorption and membrane processes for VAM enrichment. First of all adsorbents and membrane materials were selected and investigated for such processes. They were assessed in terms of CH4/N2 selectivity, as defined by Eqs 1 and 2, as well as adsorption capacity (adsorbents) and permeability (membranes). The properties of activated carbons and ZMS 5A investigated were presented in Table 1 and Fig. 1. In the case of membranes polyimide membranes, used in commercial UMS-A5 and CO-C05 UBE modules, as well as the Matrimid 5218/CMS composite membrane, were selected for membrane VAM enrichment process. The pressure swing adsorption process in two-bed (Fig. 2) and four-bed (Fig. 4) installations for VAM enrichment was also investigated. The process performance was presented in Fig. 3 and Figs 5-6, respectively. It has been found that in the case of the four-bed process with activated carbon G2X7/12 Takeda VAM can be enriched from 0.2 to over 1.2 vol.% with a recovery of at least 80%. The results of membrane VAM enrichment processes were summarized in Table 2. It was found that in the case of commercially available UBE modules UMS-A5 and CO-C05 the concentration of methane in VAM can be increased from 0.3 to 0.43 vol.% with moderate CH4 recovery (50-60%). Higher enrichment (up to 1,8 vol.% in a three-stage system) can be obtained in the case of the hybrid Matrimid 5218/CMS. For an assessment of the energy efficiency of the PSA and membrane enrichment processes two factors were defined: the unit power necessary to generate the pressure ratio pW/pN in the separation process (Eq. 3) and the unit heat output of the ventilation air (Eq. 4). These factors were presented in Fig. 7 along with unit thermal power of the enriched gas for the membrane (triangles) and adsorption (diamonds) VAM enrichment processes. It was found that regardless of the separation method and process parameters, the potential energy gain from the utilization of enriched VAM is much lower than the energy expenditure related to the implementation of the enrichment process, which is primarily due to the low unit thermal power of the ventilation air.

5

Zastosowanie separacji membranowej do uzdatniania biogazu

Janusz-Cygan Aleksandra, Tańczyk Marek, Jaschik Jolanta, Wojdyła Artur, Sołtys Elżbieta

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Inżynierii Chemicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk

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2020

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nr 24

83--94

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę możliwości zatężania metanu pochodzącego z syntetycznych mieszanin gazowych o składzie zbliżonym do biogazu w komercyjnym module membranowym firmy Air Products. Przeprowadzono doświadczalne badania procesu permeacji czystego metanu i ditlenku węgla oraz badania separacji mieszanin CH4/CO2 zawierających 50 lub 60% obj. CH4. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że moduł ten można zastosować do uzdatniania biogazu do biometanu.

EN

An analysis was carried out of the possibility of concentrating methane from a synthetic biogas in an Air Products membrane module. Experimental investigations concerning the permeation of pure gases and mixture of these gases containing 50 and 60 vol.% of methane and carbon dioxide, were carried out. An important conclusion from the investigationt is that this module can be used for the upgrading of biogas to biomethane.

6

Analiza przydatności materiałów membranowych do procesu zatężania metanu z powietrza wentylacyjnego kopalń

Janusz-Cygan Aleksandra, Tańczyk Marek, Jaschik Manfred, Jaschik Jolanta, Wojdyła Artur, Sołtys Elżbieta

Prace Naukowe Instytutu Inżynierii Chemicznej Polskiej Akademii Nauk

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2019

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nr 23

7--22

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę możliwości wykorzystania istniejących materiałów membranowych na potrzeby separacji metanu zawartego w mieszaninach gazowych. Wytypowano grupę materiałów, które potencjalnie można zastosować do procesów zatężania metanu z powietrza wentylacyjnego kopalń. Przeprowadzono także obliczenia symulacyjne procesu permeacji dla jednej wytypowanej membrany. Stwierdzono, że w procesie membranowym, wykorzystującym taką membranę, można uzyskać gaz wzbogacony o stężeniu metanu co najmniej 0,5%, które jest wystarczające z punktu widzenia produkcji użytecznego ciepła w autotermicznym reaktorze rewersyjnym.

EN

An analysis of the possibilities of using existing membrane materials for the separation of methane contained gas mixtures was carried out. A group of materials was selected that could potentially be used for the recovery of methane from mine ventilation air. Simulation of the permeation process for the selected membrane were also carried out. It was found that in such a process the enriched stream containing at least 0.5 vol% of methane can be produced, which should ensure the heat recovery when fed to a thermal reverse-flow reactor.