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Francja i RFN na Bliskim Wschodzie i w Afryce Północnej : współpraca czy rywalizacja

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2011

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nr 4(85)

46-56

EN

The European Union’s strategic objective is the tendency to achieve cohesion in its external operations area. Therefore, the cooperation of France and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) could again become an element stimulating the development of integration processes for the whole EU that aims at working out a common strategy including the common foreign and security policy (CFSP), common security and defence policy (CSDP) and European neighbourhood policy (ENP). The fundamental European Union’s aims are adequate to France’s and FRG’s policies. These countries’ strategic objective is the European Union as a dynamic object and a key player on the international arena that uses its potential to pursue common interests in the world. On the other side, however, both countries openly tend to pursue their own exclusively national interests, which is manifested in events taking place in the Middle East and North Africa. Libya serves a good example where French and German economic concerns extremely actively compete with each other, thus determining their own countries’ politicies and consequently affect the future new geo-political distribution of forces in the region.

2

Europejska polityka kosmiczna : europejska autonomia strategiczna

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2010

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nr 3(80)

38-50

EN

The process of building a new international order increases the importance of space policy. The EU cannot build a Common Foreign and Security Policy without independent from the United States, own intelligence satellites and the European Space Policy, as complementary and equal in relation to the European Security Strategy. It is essential that European Union has to have space policy based on a comprehensive security and defence architecture. The Galileo program is necessary for autonomous CESDP operation and its strategic autonomy. Moreover, the development of research and implementation work in the space sector can be an important factor in maintaining and even intensifying the country’s economic growth in coming years. If, in a globalized system of international relations the EU has to be an active and important international body, it needs not just the reform of the Treaties and the institutional changes, but primarily new sources of political and strategic initiatives for the whole of the enlarged EU in terms of global competition.

3

Sojusz Północnoatlantycki XXI wieku

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2009

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nr 4(77)

26-52

EN

During 60 years of the North Atlantic Alliance functioning, the international situation has been changing diametrically. The current NATO differs from the institution that during the four decades of the Cold War defended Western Europe, even from that Alliance, which in the 90s watched over the transformations in Europe after the Cold War ended. Due to the new members’ integration, a constant process of adaptation is necessary which will enable taking into consideration the interests of a greater number of members without questioning the Alliance’s decision making capabilities. Moreover, while the strategic environment evolves, the speed of transformations within the Alliance will have to increase in order to face new threats. The aim of this article is to present the North Atlantic Alliance of the 21st Century, the transformation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation on the background of changes taking place on the international arena. Due to a wide range of topics, the article presents only selected issues.

4

Realizacja wspólnej polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa wobec Europy Południowo-Wschodniej, basenu Morza Śródziemnego i Bliskiego Wschodu

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 1(66)

111-126

EN

The author illustrates the engagement of the European Union in South-eastern Europe, the Mediterranean basin, as well as the Middle East, as an essential part of the Common Foreign and Security Policy. The article depicts the European Union, which develops its defence potential, combats terrorism and starts to conduct missions congruent with the European Security and Defence Policy. The European Union, by means of its institutions and tools, has also significantly contributed to pull out South-eastern Europe out of the spiral of ethnic conflict. Furthermore, the author indicates that the southern and eastern region of the Mediterranean region is a strategically important part for the EU, whereas the Middle East is a vital region from the global perspective. Moreover, the author underlines that this part of the world is the linchpin of Asia, Europe and Africa. The Middle East is also the cradle of ancient civilisations and three religions. This region is again key due to global crude oil deposits situated there. For this reason the European Union also intends to play an important role in the Middle East peace process. It also supports the reconstruction of Iraq and is engaged in solving problems in Iran.

5

Geopolityczna pozycja i cele strategiczne Unii Europejskiej

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 4(69)

31-50

EN

The author presents the geopolitical positions and strategic goals of the European Union, which strengthens its position as a regional power and becomes a strong player on the world arena. A wide impact in the world dimension points to the increase in the European Union's role and position in international relations. The author also discusses selected issues concerning the EU eastern policy as well as geopolitical importance of the Mediterranean, Caucasus and Middle East for its position and attaining strategic goals. The author stresses that engaging Ukraine in a close cooperation with the EU would consequently lead to increasing Europe’s geo-strategic position. Moreover, it is underlined that the EU’s involvement in the Mediterranean and Middle East confirms the EU’s ambitions to become a fully regional power and strengthens its global role.

6

Euroatlantycki system bezpieczeństwa w latach dziewięćdziesiątych

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2007

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nr 3(68)

66-88

EN

The author presents the euro-atlantic security system, which in the nineties underwent a process of deep evolution. While assessing the main processes of that period, emphasis is put on NATO's adaptation to new tasks, enlargement and the creation of the European Defense Identity. The author shows these processes in the wide international spectrum being shaped by the reduction of arms and the development of new relations between the United States and European Union in the context of integration and endeavors to buildup autonomous defensive capabilities. The author underlines, that in spite of discrepancies among European members of NATO and the United States concerning the NATO system of command, the fear of structural transatlantic divisions stimulated Europeans to undertake efforts in suport of the NATO organisation. On the other hand, a review of the command structure and extended dialog in the nineties were unusually necessary. The author showed the necessity to establish the strategic command responsibility for the transformation of NATO. Moreover, the author of article discusses the possibilities of forming EU and NATO common forces states, including headquarters which would be capable in crises reaction operations, while at the same time not duplicating the existing forces.

7

Realizacja wspólnej polityki zagranicznej i bezpieczeństwa Unii Europejskiej wobec Europy Wschodniej i Azji

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2006

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nr 4(65)

56-75

EN

The author in his article presents the European Union from the perspective of reaching beyond the formal-legislative limits as far as the executiion of the Common Foreign and Security Policy towards Eastern Europe and Asia is concerned. He argues that the EU is Russia’s main trade partner, while Ukraine, Moldova and most of the countries of the Southern Caucasus and Central Asia have signed separate contracts including trade, political cooperation, environmental protection and co-operation in the area of science and culture. The author also shows strategic development of the Caucasus bordering with Russia, Turkey and Iran. This region is in the public focus due to its natural resources and Russia’s endeavours to regain exclusive geopolitical domination. The author emphasizes that the rivalry aiming to get control of these resources will have an important influence on the geopolitical landscape of Eurasia as well as the evolution of internal and international politics of such countries like Russia, China, Turkey and Iran. The geopolitical meaning of the Southern Caucasus and Central Asia will increase in the perspective of 10-15 years. With the accession of Romania and Bulgaria in 2007 (and eventually Turkey) to the EU, the Southern Caucasus will become a part of wider Europe. The author emphasizes that China and India decided to use “Galileo”, the satellite navigation system of the EU, which is an interesting signal, confirming that these countries strive for closer relations with the EU, reaching above pure trade issues.

8

Wpływ inicjatyw państw Unii Europejskiej na transformację wewnętrzną Sojuszu Północnoatlantyckiego w latach 1997-2000

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2005

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nr 3(60)

38-46

EN

The author presents the EU countries’ initiatives in 1997-2000 that were the cornerstone of Europeans’ further co-operation development in the area of security and defence. The author points out that the EU states showed an increased wili to have autonomous means enabling making decisions and undertaking actions in case of crises and voiced their different conceptions. Discussing processes taking place in the European Union, the author presents NATO response to them and stresses that they were mainly caused by the United States’ concern connected with the range of its control of forces and assets granted the EU by NATO. Moreover, it is stressed that NATO and the EU are the main pillars of the transatlantic commonwealth, whereas the EU countries' initiatives have influenced the process of NATO being European.

9

Sojusz Północnoatlantycki w amerykańskiej koncepcji Nowej Europy i Nowego Atlantyzmu

Krzymowski A

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2005

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nr 1(58)

31-37

EN

The author presents the process of NATO's adaptation to new international conditions that emerged after the block system collapsed. The author points out that NATO has been used as a means of the European Union integration in calling the conception of a New Europe and New Atlantism. Through the idea of free and unified Europe, the Americans linked Eastern and Central European states with the US interests. The author stresses that the task of the United States was also to take advantage of the Alliance to defend its global interests. In order to achieve these tasks, the Americans initiated the idea of building up New Atlantic Commonwealth. In addition, the author points out that the new situation in Europe modified the role of NATO. The United States calling for a united and free Europe connected Central European states with the US interests. The United States tried to use the new ambitions of the European Union to create a system of a New Europe, due to its strategic interests to maintain the global role of its armed forces.

10

Euroatlantycki rynek uzbrojenia

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2004

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nr 1(54)

273-284

EN

The author presents the Euroatlantic armament market as a significant part of transatlantic relations. It has been pointed out that the battle for armament market influences not only the trade relations between Europe and the United States, but it also has an impact on the strategic approach to transatlantic relations, NATO credibility and on the range and role of American presence on the Old Continent. Discussing the processes taking place in American armament industry, the US administration's help for its companies, the author stresses the fact that American foreign and domestic policies are shaped by huge capital corporations that exert political influence via various consulting organisations that gather business and political elite. Moreover, if the United States manages to control European armament market, then the attempts to create European strategic autonomy will be favour for the Americans.

11

Współpraca pomiędzy Stanami Zjednoczonymi a Unią Europejską po 11 września 2001 roku

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 1(50)

95-108

EN

The article presents American administration’s and European Union’s first reactions to the September 11 events, stressing particularly building the antiterrorist coalition by the USA. European states initially declared a complete solidarity with the Americans and readiness to help. The author stresses that building a world coalition to fight against terrorism, the USA will create a new kind of unilateralism. It will be easier for the United States to take on unilateral actions while fighting against terrorism. This, however, raises aversion among some European allies. Nevertheless, any radical changes in transatlantic relations would have to cause consequences on a global scale, which neither of sides is interested in.

12

Sojusze oraz umowy wojskowe elementem supremacji USA po II wojnie światowej

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2003

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nr 2(51)

130-149

EN

The United States together with its allies has created the balance of powers accordingly to its interests, the US supremacy in Europe after World War 2 took place largely due to the Europeans’ wishes. Thanks to the North Atlantic Alliance the Americans could intervene in European countries’ inner affairs and use NATO as an instrument to carry out its own interests. In the situation of the “old order” collapse built during the Cold War and superpowers rivalry the Unites States, by modifying the role of NATO, tended to take part in creating a “new order” in Europe and maintain the US leading role on the Old Continent. The US, calling for free and undivided Europe, linked the Central European countries with the US interests. However, the USA tried to use the European Union’s new ambitions to create New Atlantism due to its strategic interests, keeping the "world role” of its armed forces. The NATO inner transformation process in the new international situation serves maintaining American influences in NATO and in future to favour US global interests. NATO enlargement allows the USA to maintain its influences in Europe and guarantees that future European Union members will also be faithful US allies.

13

Rola amerykańskich sił militarnych i służb wywiadowczych w Europie

Krzymowski A.

Zeszyty Naukowe AON

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2002

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nr 3-4(48-49)

78-90

EN

The main aim of the United States currently is to create such an international situation when no force can counteract or threaten the USA priority interests. The US pursues a defence strategy the main elements of which are to guarantee the behaviour and actions of international arena key actors according to long-term interests of the United States. The US wants their allies not only to support its actions in the international environment but also to legitimise its actions both in the area of responsibility and outside it as well. American forces stationed in Europe, as the article shows, are valuable assets that shape the behaviour and expectations in this region and respond to challenges in Europe and outside. American military forces and intelligence services are instruments to assure the United States' world leadership. As long as the US has vital interests in Europe and NATO is the main organisation comprising the states of North America and Europe, the American administration and Congress may be sure that the changes taking part within the North Atlantic Alliance will not affect negatively the US interests, However, the attempts to build common European intelligence and analytical skills independent from the USA as a necessary component of Common European Security and Defence Policy will not be successful until the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy is established - which certainly will not happen soon.