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1

Safety assessment of seafood with respect to chemical pollutants in European Seas

Szefer P.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2013

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Vol. 42, No. 1

110-118

EN

This mini-review discusses the occurrence of chemical pollutants in edible biota from European seas, including the Baltic Sea ecosystem. The bioaccumulation of organic and inorganic pollutants in marine fish and edible molluscs and crustaceans is briefly approached within the context of European Union (EU) food quality standards. The health risks associated with the human consumption of seafood have been assessed mainly by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), an independent European agency funded by the EU. The potential health risks arising from the consumption of “frutti di mare” are examined from the standpoint of estimated Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes (PTWIs) for toxic pollutants

2

Możliwości wykorzystania sygnału EMG do sterowania

Nawrocka A., Moszkowski T., Szefer P.

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2011

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z. 5

109--114

PL

Celem przeprowadzonych badań było wykazanie użyteczności sygnału EMG (elektromiograficznego) w teorii sterowania. Przeprowadzono badanie stwierdzające powiązanie pomiędzy aktywnością elektryczną mięśni (biceps i triceps brachii) a siłą mięśniową w warunkach statycznych. Opracowano algorytm obróbki danych elektromiograficznych. Wykazano liniową zależność pomiędzy omawianymi wielkościami fizycznymi jednocześnie potwierdzając użyteczność sygnału EMG jako sygnału sterującego. Jednakże zaleca się poszerzenie przeprowadzonych badań o badania dynamiczne skurczu mięśnia.

EN

The aim of the study was to perform sEMG (surfacial electromyography) signal analysis focusing on its applicability for control purposes. Research that aimed at determining the relation between electromuscular activity and static muscular force was conducted. Algorithm for processing of the obtained data was prepared. Linear dependence of the aforementioned quantities was established, therefore the convenience of usage of sEMG as a control signal was confirmed. However, further research on the dynamics of muscular contraction is necessary.

3

Utilisation of macroalgae from the Sopot beach (Baltic Sea)

Filipkowska A., Lubecki L., Szymczak-Żyła M., Kowalewska G., Żbikowski R., Szefer P.

Oceanologia

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2008

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No. 50 (2)

255-273

EN

The aim of this work was to explore the possibilities of utilising the macroalgae accumulating on the Sopot beach, a part of the Gulf of Gdansk (Baltic Sea). During this work (2004-2006) a range of activities were undertaken: monitoring the occurrence of macroalgae, collection of plant material, taxonomic identification, laboratory analyses of contamination (metals - Cd, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cu, Cr, Hg; radionuclides - 137Cs, 40K; organic contaminants - polychlorinated biphenyls, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), the stage of algal degradation and studying possible uses of the plant material collected on the beach. The most suitable way of utilising the plant material seems to be as a biofertiliser. Laboratory growth tests were carried out to assess this possible use; they were successful.

4

Preparing samples for analysis - the key to analytical success

Namieśnik J., Szefer P.

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2008

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Vol. 15, nr 2

167-244

EN

The article presents and discusses the literature on the individual stages of environmental sample preparation up to the stage of final determinations concerning analytes occurring in low concentrations. Special attention was paid to: challenges related to speciation analytics, modern techniques of extraction and analyte enrichment, use of ultrasounds and microwave radiation on each stage of analytical procedures, implementation of principles associated with the conception of sustainable development in the procedures used in analytical laboratories.

PL

Przedstawiono i dokonano krytycznego omówienia informacji literaturowych na temat poszczególnych etapów przygotowania próbek środowiskowych do etapu oznaczeń końcowych analitów występujących w tych próbkach na niskich poziomach zawartości. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na: wyzwania związane z analityką specjacyjną, nowoczesne techniki ekstrakcji i wzbogacania analitów, możliwość zastosowania ultradźwięków oraz promieniowania mikrofalowego na poszczególnych etapach procedur analitycznych, wprowadzenie zasad związanych z koncepcją zrównoważonego rozwoju do pracy laboratoriów analitycznych.

5

Distribution of migration (state) forms of microelements in the sediments of the ports of Klaipeda and Gdańsk

Pustelnikovas O., Dembska G., Szefer P., Radke B., Bolałek J.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2007

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Vol. 36, No.4

129-149

EN

During investigations of the Baltic Sea basin significant differences have become manifest in the distribution of certain chemical elements in different chains of the geo (-eco) system (soils, river, lagoon and marine sediments). This paper presents data on the quantitative relationships of elements resulting from interactions of natural sedimentation processes and the possible human impact on the sediments from two port areas. The total (T), lithogenic (LG; stable) and hydrogenic (HG; mobile, reactive) migration forms of Zn, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb and Ni were analysed. The HG component comprises that pool of the elements contained in readily degrading minerals increases in this form potentially being an indicator of adverse human impacts. The distribution of total forms depends on the quantity of the sediment fraction with grain size < 0.063 mm (fr. < 0.063 mm) and on the concentration of organic content (Corg). With increasing sediment depth, the concentration of elements decreases sharply, although HG concentrations were seen to increase on several occasions. One explanation for such findings is the mineralisation and decomposition of metals from the remnants of biological activities of organisms (pellets, globules) into the sediments. Element concentrations in the natural sedimentation zone (NSZ) of the marine-influenced North Port at Gdańsk are less than in the NSZ and technogenic sedimentation zone (TSZ) of the riverine part of the port of Gdańsk. The ratios between HG, LG and T in the two sedimentation zones are different for different elements, but are always higher in the TSZ than in the NSZ. Multi-site analyses of the port basins allowed NSZ and TSZ to be distinguished. The TSZ is typified by anomalous concentrations of elements, the specific distribution of their migration forms, the semi-stagnant conditions prevailing there and the proximity of human impact sources. The data presented in this paper indicate that the concentrations of only some of the elements in the TSZ sediments of the ports of Klaipeda and Gdańsk exceed the permitted norms for spoil dredged from port basins. By no means can the total load of elements contained in the spoil dumped at sea be treated as an indicator of marine pollution. For an objective assessment of the real pollution threat to port environments, detailed investigations of the various migration forms of chemical elements need to be carried out, and previously established levels revised.

6

Analiza porównawcza rozmieszczenia pierwiastków chemicznych w osadach dennych Zalewów Szczecińskiego i Wiślanego oraz Zatoki Gdańskiej

Szefer P., Gełdon J.

Przegląd Komunalny

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2006

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nr 9

80-82

PL

Osady denne wykazują zdolność akumulacji pierwiastków proporcjonalnie do ich zawartości w otaczającym ekosystemie morskim, dlatego są wysoce przydatnym materiałem w monitorowaniu wód w celu rozpoznania ich stopnia zanieczyszczenia. Metale ciężkie, zwłaszcza Hg, Cd, Pb oraz niektóre metaloidy (As, Se), wywierają istotny wpływ na stan środowiska morskiego, bowiem za pośrednictwem ogniw morskiego łańcucha pokarmowego (ryby, małże, ostrygi, krewetki itp.) mogą nagromadzać się na wyższych poziomach piramidy troficznej, przenikając tym samym do diety człowieka.

7

Biopierwiastki i pierwiastki toksyczne w żywności pochodzenia zwierzęcego i roślinnego

Szefer P., Grembecka M.

LAB Laboratoria, Aparatura, Badania

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2006

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R. 11, nr 6

8-11

8

Metal pollutants and radionuclides in the Baltic Sea - an overview

Szefer P.

Oceanologia

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2002

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No. 44 (2)

129-178

EN

This overview presents in detail the state of knowledge of the abilities of various components of the Baltic Sea environment to accumulate trace elements and radionuclides. Particular components of the Baltic ecosystem (abiotic and biotic) are considered as potential monitors of pollutants. The use of seaweeds, e.g. Fucus vesiculosus or Zostera marina is recommended, also molluscs, e.g. Mytilus edulis, for biomonitoring surveys of metal pollutants and radionuclides in the Baltic Sea. However, several requirements need to be met if results are to be reliable. Since metal levels and radionuclide activities in the growing tips of F. vesiculosus reflect exclusively the levels of their dissolved species in the ambient seawater, this alga is very useful for monitoring dissolved species of metal pollutants and radioisotopes in the Baltic ecosystem. In contrast, M. edulis, a filter feeder is an appropriate tool for monitoring trace elements occurring in both chemical forms, i.e. dissolved and suspended species. Therefore, full information on the bioavailability and toxicity of heavy metals (depending on their chemical speciation) as pollutants of the Baltic Sea can be obtained if at least two biomonitoring organisms are applied simultaneously, e.g. F. vesiculosus and M. edulis. Moreover, the data matrix can be interpreted more accurately if not only trace element but also macroelement concentrations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) in these two representatives of Baltic phyto- and zoobenthos are taken into consideration; this point requires special attention. Two coastal species of fish, i.e. Zoarces viviparus and Perca fluviatilis, are good biomonitors of metallic contaminants, so their use as sentinels is recommended. The budgets of chemical elements and the ecological status of the Baltic Sea are presented. Several "black spots", e.g. large estuaries and seaport towns, heavily polluted by trace elements, are identified in the Baltic Sea and other enclosed seas such the Mediterranean and the Black Seas. Of these seas, the Baltic is the most heavily loaded with trace elements and organic pollutants. The overview identifies gaps in our environmental knowledge of the Baltic Sea, and sets out possible priorities, key areas or strategies for future research.

9

Toxic metals in bottom sediments and ferromanganese concretions of the Southern Baltic Sea

Szefer P.

Oceanological Studies

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2000

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Vol. 29, No. 1

31-55

EN

Horizontal and vertical distributions of micro- and macroelements in sediment from the Southern Baltic (including the Vistula Lagoon) are discussed. Variations of concentrations of trace metals and rare earth elements (REE) in ferromanganese concretions sampled from Słupsk Furrow in the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone are characterized. The lack of positive cerium anomalies in the concretions from Słupsk Furrow indicates that they were formed under less oxidizing conditions than spheroidal concretions from the Gulf of Bothnia. Mössbauer studies indicate that poorly crystalline lepidocrosite is the principal iron oxyhydroxide mineral present in these concretions. It is concluded that Ag, Cd, Pb, Zn and possibly Cu are anthropogenic in origin. The concentrations of these elements decrease sharply with depth in the sediment column and the elements are preferentially enriched in the 2 ľm size fraction of the sediment. The anthropogenic elements show no systematic decrease in concentration with depth in a sediment core collected near the mouth of the Vistula River. This reflects the higher sedimentation rate there such that the entire upper 20 cm of the core was deposited during the major, post-war period of industrialization in Poland. It is suggested that the heavy metals are mainly adsorbed on Fe oxyhydroxide particles with diameters greater than 2 ľm at the hydrological front where the Vistula River waters mix with brackish Baltic waters. It appears that heavy-metal pollution of sediments in some parts of Puck Bay may be greater than that near the mouth of the Vistula River which may reflect, in part, the higher sedimentation rate near the mouth of the Vistula River. The mode of incorporation of heavy metals into the sediments in the two areas may also be different. It is speculated that Cu, Zn and Ag have been introduced recently into the sediments of the Gulf of Gdańsk principally from the Vistula River, whereas Cd and Pb have been transported, in part, from the atmosphere. Cd like Pb is a volatile element easily subjected to atmospheric transport. The dual source of Cd and Pb (atmospheric and riverine) reaching the Gulf of Gdańsk may explain the complex interelement relationships displayed by these elements in the sediments of this region. Ag, on the other hand, is introduced into the marine environment mainly with sewage sludge.

10

Trace metals in Gasterosteus aculeatus L. and its parasites from the Gulf of Gdańsk

Morozińska-Gogol J., Rokicki J., Frelek K., Szefer P.

Oceanological Studies

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1998

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Vol. 27, No. 3

71-75

EN

In this study the concentrations of trace metals in typical parasites of the three-spined stickleback, i.e. Schistocephalus solidus (Cestoda) and Thersitina gasterostei (Copepoda), and in the sticklebacks (infected or uninfected) were compared. Concentrations of Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb were determined. The accumulations of metals suggested that S. solidus, T. gasterostei and their hosts could serve as biological indicators of heavy metal contamination.