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1

Properties of the surface layer of titanium alloy Ti-6Al-4V produced by DMLS technology after the shot peening treatment

Okuniewski Wojciech, Walczak Mariusz, Chocyk Dariusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 1

25--35

EN

While considerable progress has already been made in the field of additive manufacturing further development is needed. There is a huge demand in the global market for the production of high-quality components with complex geometries. The post-production surfaces after fabrication by AM technologies require finishing treatment due to the presence of defects on the surface layer. Therefore, a series of studies have been carried out to analyze the effect of shot-peening treatment on DMLS-manufactured titanium specimens. Shot peening process were carried out using three different working media: CrNi steel shot, crushed nutshells, ceramic with working pressure of 0.3 MPa. The study included examination of surface roughness, Vickers hardness, phase composition and SEM analysis of the obtained surfaces. Analysis of the surface roughness showed a decrease in roughness using CrNi steel shot and ceramic balls. The use of nutshells resulted in an increase in roughness due to the sharp shape of the grains used. An increase in the surface hardness was observed for all modified surfaces. The least strengthening effect was obtained with nuthsell shots. XRD phase analysis indicates that a two-phase structure of α'+β was identified in the post-production condition. There has been an increase in the share of the β phase for all treated samples. The greatest increase of the β phase was obtained for steel shots and ceramic balls. Changes in the percentages of the phases in the treated samples are the results of the induced phase transformations. The shot peening process also induces plastic deformation on the surface and forms a nanocrystalline layer, as demonstrated by SEM analysis. The overall results after the shot peening treatment indicates a favorable effect on the properties and the state of the surface layer of the Ti-6Al-4V titanium alloy for ceramic and steel shots.

2

Alkali pre-treatment of the Ti6Al7Nb substrate and its impact on electrochemically deposited calcium phosphate coatings

Iwaniak Klaudia, Kaczorowski Witold, Burnat Barbara, Grabarczyk Jacek

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2024

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vol. 27, no. 172

art. no. 01

EN

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of alkali pre-treatment of a Ti6Al7Nb substrate on the morphology and physicochemical properties of calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings. CaP coatings were electrochemically deposited on two groups of substrates: one unmodified and the other pre-treated in a 5M NaOH solution. CaP coatings deposition was performed in a three-electrode system using a potentiostatic mode at a potential of -4 V for 1 h in an electrolyte containing 0.042M Ca(NO3)2 and 0.025M NH4H2PO4. The surface characteristics of the coatings were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and contact angle techniques. Additionally, the corrosion resistance of the coatings was assessed by linear polarization resistance and potentiodynamic polarization tests in PBS solution. Morphological analysis showed that the coatings exhibited no significant differences. EDS analysis confirmed the presence of characteristic elements constituting the CaP coatings in both tested groups. Raman spectra revealed the characteristic peaks of the hydroxyapatite (HAp), amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP), and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) structures. Furthermore, Raman mapping confirmed the effectiveness of substrate pre-treatment, leading to the crystalline structure of the coatings. The water contact angle values indicated that pre-treatment of the substrate in NaOH increases the hydrophilicity of the deposited coatings. Regardless of the substrate preparation method, the deposited CaP coatings exhibited protective properties against corrosion under physiological conditions. The results confirmed that alkali pre-treatment of the Ti6Al7Nb alloy affects the crystallinity and the wettability of the electrodeposited CaP coatings.

3

Corrosion of materials used for car exhaust systems in road salt environment

Jagielska-Wiaderek Karina, Golański Grzegorz

Diagnostyka

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2024

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Vol. 25, No. 4

art. no. 2024410

EN

The paper presents the results and analysis of potentiokinetic investigation on materials used in elements of exhaust systems in combustion engine vehicles. The tests were performed for stainless steel X5CrNi18-10 and titanium 3.7035. The resistance to general corrosion and the susceptibility to pitting corrosion was determined for these materials in environments containing chloride ions ranging between 0.2÷1.0M. Moreover, the susceptibility to repassivation was examined. The performed tests showed high electrochemical stability of titanium and lack of the susceptibility to pitting corrosion in the applied environmental conditions. What was observed for the stainless steel was the development of pitting corrosion at ion concentration of [Cl-] > 0.6 mol/dm3 , as well as the lack of influence of ion concentration on the repassivation potential.

4

Implementation of technology for high-performance milling of aluminum alloys using innovative tools and tooling

Ostrowski Robert, Szpunar Marcin, Myśliwiec Piotr, Zwolak Marek, Bujny Marek

Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 41, nr 1

89--101

EN

The research described in the concerns the development and implementation of new clamping technologies used in machining, particularly for thin-walled structural components of aircraft and helicopters. Among other things, the performance of the Schunk Vero-S Aviation clamping system in machining landing gear beams from 7075 T6 aluminum alloy was analyzed, resulting in significant increases in production efficiency and improvements in the geometric quality of machined parts. During experimental research and implementation testing, special chucks were used on the Schunk Vero-S Aviation system for machining the chassis beam. The results showed an improvement in the quality and accuracy of machined parts compared to traditional clamping methods. Increased production efficiency by minimizing scrap and significantly better surface quality and geometric properties compared to conventional clamping. These studies were conducted as part of a project by Ultratech Sp. z o.o. which was implementing a project co-financed by European Funds "Development and implementation of an innovative clamping method for milling processing of thin-walled structural elements of helicopters and airplanes".

PL

Badania opisane w artykule dotyczą rozwoju i wdrażania nowych technologii mocowania stosowanych w obróbce skrawaniem, szczególnie w przypadku cienkościennych elementów konstrukcyjnych samolotów i śmigłowców. Przeanalizowano m.in. wydajność systemu mocowania Schunk Vero-S Aviation w obróbce belek podwozia ze stopu aluminium 7075 T6, co umożliwiło w znacznym stopniu wzrost wydajności produkcji i poprawą jakości geometrycznej obrabianych części. Podczas badań eksperymentalnych i testów wdrożeniowych zastosowano specjalne uchwyty w systemie Schunk Vero-S Aviation do obróbki belki podwozia. Wyniki wykazały poprawę jakości i dokładności obrabianych części w porównaniu z tradycyjnymi metodami mocowania. Zwiększona wydajność produkcji poprzez zminimalizowanie ilości odpadów w postaci braków i znacznie lepszą jakość powierzchni po frezowaniu, oraz właściwości geometryczne w porównaniu do konwencjonalnego mocowania za pomocą zacisków czy imadeł. Badania te zostały przeprowadzone w ramach projektu przez firmę Ultratech Sp. z o.o., która realizowała projekt dofinansowany z Funduszy Europejskich "Opracowanie i wdrożenie innowacyjnej metody mocowania do obróbki frezarskiej cienkościennych elementów konstrukcyjnych helikopterów i samolotów".

5

Properties of biodegradable polymer coatings with hydroxyapatite on a titanium alloy substrate

Goldsztajn Karolina, Godzierz Marcin, Hercog Anna, Władowski Mariusz, Jaworska Joanna, Jelonek Katarzyna, Woźniak Anna, Kajzer Wojciech, Orłowska Ada, Szewczenko Janusz

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2024

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Vol. 26, no. 1

121--132

EN

Titanium alloys are among the most widely used materials in medicine, especially in orthopedics. However, their use requires the application of an appropriate surface modification method to improve their properties. Such methods include anodic oxidation and the application of polymer coatings, which limit the release of alloying element ions. In addition, biodegradable polymer coatings can serve as a carrier for drugs and other substances. The paper presents the results of research on the physical properties of biodegradable polymer coatings containing na-noparticle hydroxyapatite on a titanium alloy substrate. Methods: A PLGA coating was used in the tests. The coatings on the substrate of the anodized Ti6Al7Nb alloy were applied by ultrasonic spray coating. The tests were carried out for coatings with various hydroxyapatite content (5, 10, 15, 20%) and thickness resulting from the number of layers applied (5, 10, 15 layers). The scope of the research included microscopic observations using scanning electron microscopy, topography tests with optical profilometry, structural studies using X-ray diffraction, as well as wettability and adhesion tests. Results: The results shows that with the use of ultrasonic spray coating system is possible to obtain the continuous coatings containing hydroxyapaptite. Conclusions: The properties of the coating can be controlled by changing the percentage of hydroxyapatite and the number of layers of which the coating is composed.

6

Tribological properties of silver doped titanium nitride coatings

Piotrowska Katarzyna, Madej Monika

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 3

43--51

EN

The properties of titanium nitride (TiN:Ag) coatings applied by physical vapour phase deposition technique (PVD) on Ti13Nb13Zr alloy were subject to evaluation. The study presents the results of surface geometrical structure, adhesion and tribological tests. The geometric structure of the surface was examined using optical microscopy. A scratch test was used to assess adhesion. The model tribological tests were carried out in a rotary motion under technically dry friction conditions, lubricated with Ringer’s solution. In the case of technically dry friction, the analysis of the tribological test results indicated that the TiN:Ag coating was characterised by higher resistance to motion and lower wear compared to Ti13Nb13Zr. Friction coefficients registered during friction subject to lubrication with Ringer’s solution were compared for both materials; however, the surface wear was significantly lower in titanium alloy. The scratch test pointed towards high adhesion of the TiN:Ag coating. The study results provide insight into Ti13Nb13Zr alloy, titanium nitride coatings and their potential use for surgical instruments.

PL

Ocenie poddano właściwości powłok azotku tytanu (TiN:Ag) naniesionych metodą fizycznego osadzania z fazy gazowej PVD na stopie Ti13Nb13Zr. Przedstawiono wyniki badań struktury geometrycznej powierzchni, adhezji oraz testów tribologicznych. Strukturę geometryczną powierzchni zbadano przy użyciu mikroskopii optycznej. Do oceny adhezji wykorzystano test zarysowania, tzw. scratch test. Modelowe badania tribologiczne przeprowadzono w ruchu obrotowym w warunkach tarcia technicznie suchego oraz ze smarowaniem płynem Ringera. Analiza wyników badań tribologicznych wskazała, że w przypadku tarcia technicznie suchego powłoka charakteryzowała się jedocześnie większymi oporami ruchu i mniejszym zużyciem w porównaniu z Ti13Nb13Zr. Współczynniki tarcia zarejestrowane podczas tarcia ze smarowaniem roztworem Ringera były porównywane dla obu materiałów, z kolei zużycie powłoki było dużo mniejsze w odniesieniu do stopu tytanu. Test zarysowania wskazał na wysoką adhezję powłoki TiN:Ag. Uzyskane wyniki badań stanowią źródło wiedzy na temat stopu Ti13Nb13Zr, powłok azotku tytanu oraz możliwości ich potencjalnego zastosowania na narzędzia chirurgiczne.

7

Mechanical Properties of Polymer Coatings Containing HAp and Active Substance on a Metal Substrate

Goldsztajn Karolina, Lisoń-Kubica Julia, Jaworska Joanna, Jelonek Katarzyna, Kajzer Wojciech, Szewczenko Janusz

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 2

17--25

EN

Titanium alloys are currently widely used in implantation, especially in orthopaedics. However, undesirable reactions caused by aluminium and vanadium ions released from the surface of the most commonly used alloys, Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al7Nb, result in the need to modify the surface of the material to improve biocompatibility. Among the available modification methods, one can mention the application of biodegradable polymer coatings, which, apart from improving biocompatibility by limiting the penetration of alloying element ions into the tissue environment, can also be a matrix for the release of mineral (HAp) and active substances. The paper attempts to determine the mechanical properties of PLGA polymer coatings containing nanoparticle hydroxyapatite and an active substance (dexamethasone) applied with the ultrasonic spray coating method on a Ti6Al7Nb alloy substrate. The scope of the research included: surface topography testing using an optical profilometer, coating adhesion testing to the substrate using the scratch test method and tribological testing (Pin-On-Disc method).

PL

Stopy tytanu znajdują obecnie szerokie zastosowania implantacyjne, szczególnie w ortopedii. Jednakże niepożądane reakcje wywoływane przez jony glinu i wanadu uwalnianie z powierzchni najczęściej wykorzystywanych w praktyce stopów Ti6Al4V oraz Ti6Al7Nb skutkują koniecznością modyfikacji powierzchni materiału w celu poprawy biokompatybilności. Wśród dostępnych metod modyfikacji wymienić można nakładanie biodegradowalnych powłok polimerowych, które poza poprawą biokompatybilności poprzez ograniczenie przenikania jonów pierwiastków stopowych do środowiska tkankowego stanowić mogą także matrycę dla uwalniania substancji mineralnych (HAp) oraz aktywnych. W pracy podjęto próbę określenia własności mechanicznych powłok polimerowych z PLGA, zawierających nanocząsteczkowy hydroksyapatyt oraz substancję aktywną (deksametazon), nakładanych metodą natryskiwania ultradźwiękowego na podłoże ze stopu Ti6Al7Nb. Zakres przeprowadzonych badań obejmował badania topografii powierzchni z wykorzystaniem profilometru optycznego, badania adhezji powłok do podłoża metodą scratch test oraz badania tribologiczne (metoda Pin-On-Disc).

8

Abrasion Resistance Test of the Modified Ti13Nb13Zr Alloy Surface

Lisoń-Kubica Julia, Taratuta Anna, Antonowicz Magdalena, Basiaga Marcin

Tribologia

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2023

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nr 2

55--64

EN

The research describes an atomic layer deposition (ALD) coating method and its application on a new generation of titanium alloy (Ti13Nb13Zr) for biomedical applications. The study aimed to assess the physicochemical properties and mechanics of a titanium alloy coated with titanium oxide (TiO2) or aluminium oxide (Al2O3) using the ALD method. The physicochemical properties of the surface coatings were evaluated through microscopic observations, potentiodynamic tests, surface wettability tests, optical profilometry scratch tests, and abrasion tests. Based on the data obtained, different physicochemical properties of the alloy with titanium nitride and titanium oxide coatings were found. Such differences were dependent on the number of cycles used and the temperature of the manufacturing process. The coatings have reduced the abrasion coefficient, thus improving the abrasion resistance of the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy, which enables their use within the skeletal system. These findings are of practical importance for applying this type of surface modification to various types of miniaturised implants used in the skeletal system.

PL

Badania polegają na opisaniu metody osadzania powłok atomowych i możliwości jej zastosowania na stopie tytanu nowej generacji do zastosowań biomedycznych. Celem pracy jest ocena wpływu właściwości fizyko chemicznych i mechanicznych zmodyfikowanego stopu Ti13Nb13Zr powłoką tlenku tytanu (TiO2) oraz tlenku glinu (Al2O3) przy użyciu metody ALD. W ramach oceny własności fizykochemicznych tak powstałych powłok powierzchniowych przeprowadzono obserwacje mikroskopowe (SEM), badania potencjodynamiczne, badania zwilżalności powierzchni, profilometrię optyczną, scratch test oraz badania ścieralności powłok. Na podstawie uzyskanych danych stwierdzono zróżnicowane własności fizykochemiczne stopu z powłokami tlenku glinu oraz tlenku tytanu w zależności od zastosowanej ilości cykli oraz temperatury procesu wytwarzania. Powłoki mają obniżony współczynnik ścieralności, poprawiając tym samym odporność na ścieranie stopu Ti13Nb13Zr, co umożliwia ich zastosowanie w układzie kostnym. Uzyskana na tej podstawie wiedza ma znaczenie praktyczne dla zastosowania tego typu modyfikacji powierzchni dla różnych rodzajów zminiaturyzowanych implantów znajdujących swoje zastosowanie w układzie kostnym.

9

Advanced engineering materials and materials processing technologies in dental implant and prosthetic treatment with clinical cases

Dobrzański L. B.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 121, nr 1

7--45

EN

The article deals with materials science issues concerning the application areas in dental engineering. The monograph aims to present the results of the Author’s work against the background of general achievements, indicating the engineering aspects of dental implant-prosthetic treatment. They include clinical cases, most often concerning complete edentulism, with a detailed discussion of the methodology of the material, technological, and structural design of dental prosthetic restorations, especially the impact of additive manufacturing conditions and surface engineering technology on the mechanical properties and structure of prosthetic restorations. Design/methodology/approach The monograph covering the engineering and technical activities of implant prosthetic treatment includes the Author's aspects concerning the development of the methodology of computer-aided design of dental prosthetic restorations and surgical guides ensuring their correct installation in the oral cavity of patients, along with virtual modelling of treatment plans, modelling of the load status of individual elements of implant-prosthetic systems, development of the methodology of computer-aided production of elements of the prosthetic restoration system as well as implants and implant-scaffolds with the use of milling technology in CNC centres and additive manufacturing by selective laser sintering, the results of research on the influence of additive manufacturing conditions on the structure and properties of titanium and its alloy Ti6Al4V and cobalt alloy Co25Cr5W5MoSi containing studies of biochemical properties for applications for implant-prosthetic purposes in dentistry, the results of tests on the influence of ALD atomic layer conditions on the structure and surface properties of metals and their alloys used in implant-prosthetic treatment in dentistry and the results of tests of prosthetic fillings used in the treatment of Tooth decay. Findings The basis for all the described achievements of the monograph are the comprehensive results of research related to the study of the structure and properties of engineering materials, especially titanium and cobalt alloys used in dentistry, subjected to additive manufacturing using the Selective Laser Sintering SLS method and surface treatment using the Atomic Layer Deposition ALD method, as a domain of materials engineering, in the context of the Industry Integrated Idea 3xI 4 model. 0/5.0 and the 6xE 6 Expectation Principle, which there is a paradigm for materials science. What is important in the approach are the results of biological tests of materials produced in such a way, leading to numerous applications in the Author’s clinical practice in cooperation with dentists and the development of a general concept of a research, design, and production centre for prosthetic restorations and virtual acquisition of diagnostic data from cooperating dental clinics. Research limitations/implications The article is a monographic study referring to numerous of the Author’s publications, patents, and presentations at scientific conferences and invention fairs, in which very extensive source information is provided concerning both a very large number of literature items and extensive factual material, including the results of materiallographic studies and descriptions of clinical cases, although this study also presents numerous aspects not yet published in any previous works. Practical implications The study presents, among others, detailed prosthetic and implant-prosthetic solutions implemented by the Author of the study and successfully used by patients. Although the study is formally qualified in the engineering and technical sciences in materials engineering, it has strong links with biomedical engineering and the applied area of interventional dentistry. Originality/value Numerous original publications, patent solutions, completed projects, and awards at the International Innovation Fair discussed in the monograph, as well as clinical experience related to the treatment of thousands of dental patients in our Author’s clinic, confirm the originality of the approach and indicate the innovative nature of the achievements presented in the article so far. Many years of experience have led to the launch of a constantly developed production centre for prosthetic restorations and a virtual structure for obtaining diagnostic data from cooperating dental clinics. The article addresses scientists dealing with materials engineering applied in interventional dentistry and dental engineers in practice dealing with this issue.

10

A review of new Ti-based materials manufactured in situ for biomedical applications

Dobrzańska-Danikiewicz Anna, Bączyk Aleksander

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 121, nr 2

306--319

EN

The paper aims to present current trends and achievements in fabricating biomedical titanium materials with selected additives via in-situ additive manufacturing (AM) by selective laser melting (SLM). Design/methodology/approach With the help of the Scopus search engine, the articles regarding in-situ fabricating of titanium-molybdenum, titanium-niobium, titanium-zirconium, and titanium with the addition of selected transition metal carbides were collected. The information on material composition, phase structure and mechanical properties were aggregated and compared. A heuristic analysis was conducted to determine the potential and attractiveness of each proposed Ti-based material for use in biomedical applications. The results of the analysis to make a dendrological matrix plot were used. Findings Despite good biocompatibility and mechanical properties closer to the human bone than Ti6Al4V, the suggested additives, except niobium, do not exhibit strong popularity. Due to its beneficial impact on the desired mechanical properties, the titanium-to-additive ratio is often experimentally determined to retain as much βTi phase as possible. Research limitations/implications Based on the collected data, the in-situ alloyed titanium-niobium possesses the closest mechanical properties to the human bone of all considered additives. In-situ, fabricated titanium-selected transition metal carbides composite with the highest hardness of the proposed additives might be useful for dental applications as coatings or implants. Practical implications The Ti-based materials presented may be used for prosthetics and dental implants as new alternatives for Ti6Al4V. They are safe and mechanically closer to the human bone as Ti6Al4V. Originality/value Presented work points at the research gap in the in-situ fabricating of titanium and proposed additives during laser-based additive processes. The authors suggest a good potential worth further studying. More research will be conducted in the near future.

11

Analiza dylatometryczna przemian fazowych przy nagrzewaniu stopu Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn ze stanu przesyconego

Dąbrowski Robert, Sułowski Maciej

Inżynieria Materiałowa

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2023

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Vol. 44, nr 2

12--16

PL

W artykule wyznaczono temperatury krytyczne stopu Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn przy nagrzewaniu ze stanu wyżarzonego. Wykorzystując technikę dylatometryczną, podjęto próbę analizy przemian fazowych zachodzących w stopie przy nagrzewaniu z różnymi szybkościami ze stanu przesyconego. Dla zilustrowania uzyskanych wyników zamieszczono dylatogramy nagrzewania stopu ze stanu przesyconego wraz z ich interpretacją. Uzyskane rezultaty potwierdzone w przyszłości innymi, dodatkowymi technikami badawczymi posłużą do opracowania oryginalnego wykresu CTPc° dla stopu Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn. W oparciu o wspomniany wykres, zmieniając szybkość nagrzewania stopu Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn ze stanu przesyconego, być może będzie można kształtować jego właściwości mechaniczne, np. twardość i odporność na pękanie.

EN

In the article the critical temperatures of the Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn alloy when heated from the annealed state were determined. Using the dilatometric method, an attempt was made to analyze the phase transformations taking place in the alloy when heated at different rates from the supersaturated state. In order to illustrate the obtained results, the dilatograms of the alloy heating from supersaturation are presented together with their interpretation. The obtained results, confirmed in the future by other, additional research techniques, will be used to develop the original CHT diagram for the Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn alloy. Based on the diagram, by changing the rate of heating of the Ti24Nb4Zr8Sn alloy from the supersaturated state, it may be possible to shape its mechanical properties, e.g., hardness and fracture toughness.

12

The Application of Fuzzy Logic Analysis for the Fast Calculations of Proper Parameters of Manufacturing Titanium Alloys from Powders

Zyguła Krystian, Wojtaszek Marek

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2023

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Vol. 68, iss. 2

703--710

EN

This paper presents a method based on the use of fuzzy logic for the rapid selection of optimal induction sintering parameters. The prepared fuzzy controller uses expert knowledge developed from the results of induction sintering tests of Ti-5Al-5Mo-5V-3Cr alloy green compacts produced from a mixture of elemental powders. The analysis of the influence of the applied sintering parameters on the material characteristics was based on the evaluation of the microstructure state and the measurement of the relative density of the samples after sintering. In this way, a universal tool for estimating the sintering parameters of titanium powder-based green compacts was obtained. It was shown that with the help of fuzzy logic it is possible to analyze the influence of the parameters of the manufacturing process of metal powder materials on the quality of the obtained products.

13

Comprehensive system for simulation of vibration processes during the titanium alloys machining

Stupnytskyy Vadym, Xianning She, Novitskyi Yurii, Novitskyi Yaroslav

Archive of Mechanical Engineering

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2023

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LXX, nr 1

85--105

EN

Titanium alloys are difficult-to-machine materials due to their complex mechanical and thermophysical properties. An essential factor in ensuring the quality of the machined surface is the analysis and recommendation of vibration processes accompanying cutting. The analytical description of these processes for machining titanium alloys is very complicated due to the complex adiabatic shear phenomena and the specific thermodynamic state of the chip-forming zone. Simulation modeling chip formation rheology in Computer-Aided Forming systems is a practical method for studying these phenomena. However, dynamic research of the cutting process using such techniques is limited because the initial state of the workpiece and tool is a priori assumed to be "rigid", and the damping properties of the fixture and machine elements are not taken into account at all. Therefore, combining the results of analytical modeling of the cutting process dynamics with the results of simulation modeling was the basis for the proposed research methodology. Such symbiosis of different techniques will consider both mechanical and thermodynamic aspects of machining (specific dynamics of cutting forces) and actual conditions of stiffness and damping properties of the “Machine-Fixture-Tool-Workpiece” system.

14

Influence of input parameters on the coefficient of friction during incremental sheet forming of grade 5 titanium alloy

Szpunar Marcin, Szawara Paulina, Myśliwiec Piotr, Ostrowski Robert

Advances in Mechanical and Materials Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 40, nr 1

113-123

EN

This research paper focuses on investigating the influence of input parameters on the coefficient of friction (COF) during incremental sheet forming (ISF) of grade 5 titanium sheets. Titanium alloys are widely used in various industries due to their corrosion resistance and strength to weight ratio. ISF is a flexible and cost effective process for producing complex shapes. The aim of this study was to gain insight into the frictional conditions during ISF that affect formability, surface quality, and overall process performance. The experiments were carried out using a combination of MoS2 lubrication and friction stir rotation-assisted heating. COF was measured using a high precision piezoelectric dynamometer, taking into account axial and horizontal forces. A split-plot design was used and 25 runs were performed to obtain the COF for each run. The results of the study provide valuable information on the relationship between input parameters and COF, contributing to the understanding of the frictional conditions in the ISF.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł badawczy koncentruje się na badaniu wpływu parametrów wejściowych na współczynnik tarcia podczas przyrostowego formowania blach tytanowych grade 5. Stopy tytanu są szeroko stosowane w różnych gałęziach przemysłu ze względu na ich odporność na korozję i korzystny stosunek wytrzymałości do masy. Kształtowanie przyrostowe to elastyczny i opłacalny proces produkcji elementów o złożonych kształtach. Celem tego badania była analiza warunków tarcia podczas kształtowania przyrostowego, które wpływają na formowalność blachy, jakość powierzchni i ogólną wydajność procesu. Eksperymenty przeprowadzono przy użyciu kombinacji smarowania MoS2 i ogrzewania materiału blachy wspomaganego obrotami narzędzia. Wartość współczynnika tarcia wyznaczono na podstawie składowych siły kształtowania (siły osiowej i sił poziomych), które mierzono za pomocą precyzyjnego dynamometru piezoelektrycznego. Zastosowano plan split-plot i wykonano 25 prób w celu uzyskania wartości współczynnika dla każdej z nich. Wyniki badania dostarczają cennych informacji na temat związku między parametrami wejściowymi a współczynnikiem tarcia, przyczyniając się do zrozumienia warunków tarcia występujących podczas kształtowania przyrostowego.

15

Influence of Thin Coatings Formed by ALD Techniques on the Properties of Ti13Nb13Zr Titanium Alloy

Piotrowska Katarzyna, Madej Monika

Tribologia

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2022

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nr 1

65--73

EN

The article evaluates the properties of oxide films: Al2O3 and TiO2, deposited using the ALD method on the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. It presents the results of examining the geometrical structure of the surface, nanohardness and tribological tests. The surface’s geometrical structure was tested through optical microscopy, and nanohardness was determined using the instrumental indentation method with a Berkovich indenter. The modelling tribological tests were performed in a reciprocating motion under the conditions of technically dry friction and with lubrication using Ringer's solution. An analysis of the results of tribological tests indicates that the films were characterised by lower motion resistances and wear with respect to the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. Hardness measurements indicate that, as a result of deposition of the films, the hardness increased by approximately 51% in the case of the Al2O3 film and by approximately 44% in the case of the TiO2 coating. The produced test results constitute a source of knowledge about the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy, oxide films and the possibilities of their potential application to low-load biotribological systems.

PL

W artykule dokonano oceny właściwości warstw tlenkowych: Al2O3 i TiO2 osadzonych metodą ALD na stopie Ti13Nb13Zr. Przedstawiono wyniki badań struktury geometrycznej powierzchni, nanotwardości oraz testów tribologicznych. Strukturę geometryczną powierzchni zbadano przy użyciu mikroskopii optycznej, a nanotwardość określono metodą instrumentalnej indentacji przy użyciu wgłębnika Berkovich’a. Modelowe badania tribologiczne przeprowadzono w ruchu posuwisto-zwrotnym w warunkach tarcia technicznie suchego oraz ze smarowaniem płynem Ringera. Analiza wyników badań tribologicznych wskazała, że powłoki charakteryzowały się mniejszymi oporami ruchu oraz zużyciem w odniesieniu do stopu Ti13Nb13Zr. Pomiary twardości wskazują, że w wyniku osadzenia powłok twardość wzrosła o około 51% w przypadku powłoki Al2O3 oraz o około 44% w przypadku powłoki TiO2. Uzyskane wyniki badań stanowią źródło wiedzy na temat stopu Ti13Nb13Zr, powłok tlenkowych oraz możliwości ich potencjalnego zastosowania w niskoobciążonych systemach biotribologicznych.

16

Spawalnicze metody łączenia stopów tytanu. Cz. II

Szulc Tomasz

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2022

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nr 1-2

60--66

PL

Tytan, a dokładniej jego stopy, okazał się doskonałym potencjalnym zamiennikiem stali. Ich łączenie jest możliwe z zastosowaniem wielu znanych technologii spawalniczych, ale w każdym przypadku wymaga szczególnego przygotowania procesu. W cz. I omówiono pokrótce podstawowe grupy stopów tytanu pod kątem specyfiki ich łączenia. Cz. II skupia się na metodach łączenia stopów tytanu, poczynając od najbardziej rozpowszechnionych, takich jak GTA, GMA, wiązką elektronów, a na rzadko stosowanych, takich jak lutozgrzewanie, łączenie wybuchowe i dyfuzyjne kończąc.

EN

Joining of titanium and its alloys is possible with the use of a wide range of welding technologies but in any separate case it needs special care and preparation of the process. The main groups of titanium alloys are briefly described regarding their specific joining requirements. Methods of Ti welding are presented, ranging from most widespread, like GTA, GMA and EBW, to the most unusual, like spot-brazing, detonation and diffusion joining. Guidelines and recommendations concerning the specific requirements of titanium welding with the chosen methods are also included.

17

Properties of coatings used in biotribological systems

Piotrowska Katarzyna, Madej Monika, Niemczewska-Wójcik Magdalena

Engineering of Biomaterials

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2022

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vol. 25, no. 164

25--31

EN

The properties of diamond-like carbon coatings (DLC) obtained via plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (PACVD) on the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy were evaluated. For this purpose, measurements of the thickness, the surface geometric structure, adhesion, as well as tribological tests of the tested coatings were performed. The thickness of the deposited coating was measured using the spherical grinding method. Surface geometry measurements before and after tribological tests were performed with a Leica DCM8 optical profilometer. A scratch test was performed to measure the adhesion of the coating. An indenter with a Rockwell geometry was used during the adhesion tests. The test offered the possibility of real-time recording of the coefficient of friction and acoustic emission. In addition, it was also possible to measure the geometrical parameters of a scratch and to carry out a microscopic analysis of a scratch during the coating damage. The test was carried out on an Anton Paar MCT3 instrument. The model tribological tests were carried out in rotary motion under technically dry friction conditions and friction conditions with lubrication with the Ringer’s solution and an artificial saliva solution. The tests were carried out using an Anton Paar TRB3 tribometer. The scratch test proved that the deposited layer was characterized by good adhesion. Based on the results of the tribological tests, it was found that the lower resistance to motion and wear was obtained for the DLC coatings on the Ti13Nb13Zr substrate. The results of the tests performed on the DLC coatings indicate the possibility of their application in biotribological systems.

18

Structural and Physical Characterization of New Ti-Based Alloys

Baltatu Iustinian, Sandu Andrei Victor, Baltatu Madalina Simona, Benchea Marcelin, Achitei Dragos, Ciolacu Florin, Perju Manuela-Cristina, Vizureanu Petrica, Benea Lidia

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2022

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Vol. 67, iss. 1

255--259

EN

Production of Ti-based alloys with non-toxic elements give the possibility to control the market of medical applications, using alloys with appropriate properties for human body, contributing to improving the health of the population. Determination of parameters of atomic and magnetic structure of functional biomaterials demonstrating interesting physical phenomena and being promising for medical applications in a wide range of thermodynamic parameters; exploration of the role of cluster aggregation in the formation of physical properties. Paper is about the obtaining of the new titanium system alloys, the determining their characteristics and structure, and obtaining information concerning phase transitions and some mechanical properties. Ti15Mo7ZrxTa (5 wt.%, 10 wt.% and 15 wt.%) alloys developed shows a predominant β phase highlighted by optical microstructure and XRD patterns. A very low young modulus of alloys was obtained (43-51 GPa) which recommends them as very good alloys for orthopedic applications.

19

Tribological and surface morphological characteristics of titanium alloys: a review

Gupta Munish Kumar, Etri Hamza El, Korkmaz Mehmet Erdi, Ross Nimel Sworna, Krolczyk Grzegorz M., Gawlik Józef, Yaşar Nafiz, Pimenov Danil Yu.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 22, no. 2

art. no. e72, 1--23

EN

Being easily fabricated, welded, biocompatible, having a high strength-to-weight ratio, withstanding comparatively high temperatures up to 800°C and low modulus of elasticity make grade titanium and its alloys an important choice for automotive, biomedical and aerospace industries. In contempt of the different pleasant assets of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the operation of this alloy is restricted especially when it comes to tribological and surface morphological characteristics. Enhancing these properties is important, for this purpose, a diversity of attempts and studies have been conducted. This paper mounts a review of morphological and tribological behaviors of titanium alloys including Ti-6Al-4V against different materials counting with carbide tools and other types of materials under dry and lubricated sliding conditions. The surface morphological, wear, and other properties have been discussed in this review article.

20

Spawalnicze metody łączenia stopów tytanu. Cz. I

Szulc Tomasz

Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie

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2021

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nr 11-12

39--42

PL

Łączenie tytanu i jego stopów jest możliwe z zastosowaniem wielu znanych technologii spawalniczych, ale w każdym przypadku wymaga szczególnego przygotowania procesu. Opisano pokrótce podstawowe grupy stopów tytanu pod kątem specyfiki ich łączenia. Przedstawiono metody łączenia stopów tytanu, poczynając od najbardziej rozpowszechnionych, takich jak GTA, GMA, wiązką elektronów, a na rzadko stosowanych, takich jak lutozgrzewanie, łączenie wybuchowe i dyfuzyjne kończąc. Podano wskazówki i zalecenia dotyczące specyfiki łączenia Ti wybranymi metodami.

EN

Joining of titanium and its alloys is possible with the use of a wide range of welding technologies but in any separate case it needs special care and preparation of the process. The main groups of titanium alloys are briefly described regarding their specific joining requirements. Methods of Ti welding are presented, ranging from most widespread, like GTA, GMA and EBW, to the most unusual, like spot-brazing, detonation and diffusion joining. Guidelines and recommendations concerning the specific requirements of titanium welding with the chosen methods are also included.