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1

High performance computing - a gentle introduction for non-specialists

Fruboes Tomasz, Ćwiek Arkadiusz, Prusiński Piotr, Wasiuk Piotr

TASK Quarterly : scientific bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk

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2025

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Vol. 29, No 1

art. no. 4, s. 1-9

EN

High-performance computing (HPC) is a field of computer science focused on the use of highly efficient computer systems to perform complex calculations in a short time. In the article, we present the basic principles of HPC and explain how systems based on parallel computational architectures allow for the performance of multiple concurrent calculations. HPC technologies are crucial in various areas such as scientific research, industry, engineering, and data analysis. Applications include (but are not limited to) physics simulations, genome analyses, climate change forecasting or artificial intelligence research. The article also discusses the main building blocks of the HPC environment, such as supercomputers or software allowing parallel calculations and analyses of large data volumes. The main HPC challenges, including cost, scalability, and the need for specialist technical knowledge, are also considered. This article aims to present the reader with an overview of what HPC is, how it works, and what its current role is.

2

Sensitivity Analysis in Air Pollution Modeling Supported by High Performance Supercomputers

Ostromsky Tzvetan, Gurova Silvi-Maria, Lazarova Meglena

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 41

125--130

EN

Environmental modeling (and air pollution modeling in particular) is one of the toughest problems of computational mathematics. All relevant physical, chemical, and photochemical processes in the atmosphere should be taken into account. These are mathematically represented by a complex system of partial differential equations (PDEs). To simplify the original PDE system proper splitting procedure is applied. As a result, the initial system is replaced by several simpler submodels, connected with the main physical and chemical processes. Even in the case of a local study of the environment in a relatively small area, the model should be calculated in a large spatial domain, because the pollutants can be moved quickly over long distances, driven by the atmosphere dynamics, especially at high altitudes. One major source of difficulty is the high intensity of the atmospheric processes, which require a small time step to be used to get a stable numerical solution (at least in the chemistry submodel). All this makes the treatment of large-scale air pollution models a heavy computational task that requires efficient numerical algorithms. It has always been a serious challenge for the fastest and most powerful supercomputers of their time. Fortunately, Bulgaria is one of the leading countries in Eastern Europe concerning the supercomputer infrastructure development in recent years.

3

Efficiency and Reliability of Avalanche Consensus Protocol in Vehicular Communication Networks

Ullah Saeed, Ullah Zaib, Waqas Abdullah

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 39

695--700

EN

An vehicular communication networks, security issues such as privacy preservation, secure authentication, and threats from insiders and compromised authorities pose significant challenges due to the centralized nature of existing systems. Addressing these concerns, we propose a blockchain based system that decentralizes control and enhances security using the Avalanche consensus protocol, known for its innovation and scalability. Our proposed system achieves a substantial throughput, with PBFT registering 12.8 transactions per second (TPS) and Avalanche demonstrating an impressive 1007 TPS for 100 validators. In terms of delay, PBFT experiences 6.61 seconds, whereas Avalanche achieves a remarkably low delay of just 1 millisecond, both with 100 validators. These findings underscore the superiority of our proposed system, offering heightened security, privacy, and transaction throughput essential for future vehicular communication systems.

4

The scalability in terms of the time and the energy for several matrix factorizations on a multicore machine

Bylina Beata, Piekarz Monika

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2023

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Vol. 35

895--900

EN

Scalability is an important aspect related to time and energy savings on modern multicore architectures. In this paper, we investigate and analyze scalability in terms of time and energy. We compare the execution time and consumption energy of the LU factorization (without pivoting) and Cholesky, both with Math Kernel Library (MKL) on a multicore machine. In order to save the energy of these multithreaded factorizations, the dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) technique was used. This technique allows the clock frequency to be scaled without changing the implementation. An experimental scalability evaluation was performed on an Intel Xeon Gold multicore machine, depending on the number of threads and the clock frequency. Our test results show that scalability in terms of the execution time expressed by the Speedup metric has values close to a linear function with an increase in the number of threads. In contrast, scalability in terms of the energy consumed expressed by the Greenup metric has values close to a logarithmic function with an increase in the number of threads. Both kinds of scalability depend on the clock frequency settings and the number of threads.

5

Sensitivity Study of a Large-scale Air Pollution Model on the Bulgarian Petascale Supercomputer Discoverer

Ostromsky Tzvetan, Dimov Ivan, Georgieva Rayna, Todorov Venelin

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2023

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Vol. 35

1093--1100

EN

The focus of this study is on the optimal use of high performance computing in the area of environmental security (air pollution transport, in particular). Contemporary mathematical models of air pollution transport should include a fairly large set of chemical and photochemical reactions to be established as a reliable simulation tool. The investigations and the numerical results reported in this paper have been obtained by using a large-scale mathematical model called the Danish Eulerian Model (DEM). For optimization of some applications of the Danish Eulerian Model in various important scientific, social and economic areas, it is of great importance to simplify the model as much as possible, preserving the high reliability of its output results. A careful sensitivity analysis is needed in order to decide how to do such simplifications. On the other hand, it is important to analyze the influence of variations of the initial conditions, the boundary conditions, the rates of some chemical reactions, etc. on the model results in order to make right assumptions about the possible simplifications, which could be done. The sensitivity analysis version of the Danish Eulerian Model was created for these purposes. Its complexity is of higher order, a real challenge for the top performance supercomputers nowadays. The sensitivity analysis version of DEM (SA-DEM) has been implemented on the new Bulgarian petascale supercomputer DISCOVERER. It is a part of the European High Performance Computing Joint Undertaking (EuroHPC), which is building a network of 8 powerful supercomputers across the European Union (3 pre-exascale and 5 petascale). The results of some scalability experiments with SA-DEM on the new Bulgarian petascale supercomputer DISCOVERER are presented here. They are compared with similar experiments performed on the Mare Nostrum III supercomputer at Barcelona Supercomputing Centre – the most powerful supercomputer in Spain by that time, upgraded currently to the pre-exascale Mare Nostrum V, also part of the EuroHPC JU infrastructure.

6

Optimum Large Sensor Data Filtering, Networking and Computing

Berlińska Joanna, Drozdowski Maciej, Robertazzi Thomas

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

|

2023

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Vol. 35

431--440

EN

In this paper we consider filtering and processing large data streams in intelligent data acquisition systems. It is assumed that raw data arrives in discrete events from a single expensive sensor. Not all raw data, however, comprises records of interesting events and hence some part of the input must be filtered out. The intensity of filtering is an important design choice because it determines the complexity of filtering hardware and software and the amount of data that must be transferred to the following processing stages for further analysis. This, in turn, dictates needs for the following stages communication and computational capacity. In this paper we analyze the optimum intensity of filtering and its relationship with the capacity of the following processing stages. A set of generic filtering intensity, data transfer, and processing archetypes are modeled and evaluated.

7

Cloud manufacturing: identifications and prioritization of opportunities using AHP

Sharma Mohneesh Kumar

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2022

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z. 115

161--173

EN

The origin of a cost-efficient, service-oriented, customer-centric, manufacturing system called cloud manufacturing has evolved due to advancements in cyber systems and the availability of internet facilities worldwide. However, there is a significant number of opportunities before the adoption of cloud manufacturing. Through literature survey, expert opinions from academicians and industrialists, various opportunities, namely, pay-as-use, scalability, cost efficiency, flexibility, autonomy, low-risk backup and recovery, low startup cost and location independence associated with the espousal of cloud manufacturing are identified. Further, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) model is applied to find the weights and prioritize these opportunities, thereby finding the significant key opportunities. Moreover, the consistency ratio is calculated for the accuracy and consistency of the results. As the obtained value of consistency ratio is less than .1, it shows that the result obtained is consistent and accurate. The managerial implication of these outcomes is that the results would indirectly help entrepreneurs in the adoption of cloud manufacturing.

8

Porównanie architektur aplikacji sieciowych: monolityczna i mikroserwisów

Kulig Sebastian, Matiolański Andrzej

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

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2022

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nr 4

263--266

PL

Architektura monolityczna oraz mikroserwisów to dwa popularne sposoby budowania aplikacji sieciowych. Artykuł zawiera ich porównania na podstawie przeprowadzonych badan wydajnościowych. Podsumowanie zawiera rekomendacje do stosowania określonego rodzaju architektury w konkretnym przypadku.

EN

Monolithic architecture and microservices are two popular ways to build web applications. The article contains their comparisons based on the conducted performance research. The summary includes recommendations for the use of a specific type of architecture in a specific case.

9

Denotational Model and Implementation of Scalable Virtual Machine in CPDev

Sadolewski Jan, Trybus Bartosz

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2022

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Vol. 30

587--591

EN

Denotational semantic model and its implementation in C/C++ are presented for a virtual machine executing programs written in the CPDev development environment according to IEC 61131 standard. Programs written in IEC ST language are compiled to control-oriented intermediate language designed specifically for the machine. The machine is scalable in the sense that may be adjusted both to efficient and restricted hardware platforms by a configuration file which defines address size, available data types, and instructions. Architecture of the machine and its operation are represented by formal semantic model which assigns abstract algebraic objects to denote machine behaviour. Execution of intermediate language instructions is described in details by denotational semantic equations followed strictly by C/C++ implementations to assure reliability of the machine.

10

Symulacja układu chłodzenia baterii trolejbusu. Innowacyjny system bateryjny dla trolejbusu o podwyższonych możliwościach jazdy ciągłej z użyciem dodatkowego magazynu energii

Irzmański Paweł, Kwiatkowski Maciej, Kras Bartłomiej

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2021

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R. 23, nr 7/8

66--69

PL

Autorzy przedstawiają projekt, którego celem jest opracowanie, wykonanie i wdrożenie całkowicie innowacyjnego trolejbusu z dodatkowym zasilaniem bateryjnym o podwyższonych możliwościach jazdy ciągłej z użyciem magazynu energii. Projektowane trolejbusy będą wyposażone w układ telemetrii umożliwiający operatorowi nadzór oraz optymalizację zużycia energii całej floty poprzez możliwość przechodzenia poszczególnych pojazdów na zasilanie z baterii na wybranych fragmentach trasy oraz w okresach wzmożonego zużycia energii, np. w szczytach komunikacyjnych.

EN

The aim of the project is to develop, construct and implement a fully innovative trolleybus with additional battery supply, of enhanced continuous driving capacity using energy storage. It will be equipped with the telemetry system enabling the operator to supervise and optimize energy consumption of the whole fleet through possible switching of individual vehicles to battery supply at selected fragments of the route and in periods of increased energy consumption, e.g. during rush hours.

11

Community Detection in Model-based Testing to Address Scalability: Study Design

Silistre Alper, Kilincceker Onur, Belli Fevzi, Challenger Moharram, Kardaş Geylani

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2020

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Vol. 21

657--660

EN

Model-based GUI testing has achieved widespread recognition in academy thanks to its advantages compared to code-based testing due to its potentials to automate testing and the ability to cover bigger parts more efficiently. In this study design paper, we address the scalability part of the model-based GUI testing by using community detection algorithms. A case study is presented as an example of possible improvements to make a model-based testing approach more efficient. We demonstrate layered ESG models as an example of our approach to consider the scalability problem. We present rough calculations with expected results, which show 9 times smaller time and space units for 100 events ESG model when a community detection algorithm is applied.

12

Innowacyjny system bateryjny dla trolejbusu o podwyższonych możliwościach jazdy ciągłej z użyciem dodatkowego magazynu energii

Irzmański Paweł, Kwiatkowski Maciej, Kras Bartłomiej

Maszyny Elektryczne : zeszyty problemowe

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2019

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Nr 2 (122)

191--195

PL

Autorzy przedstawiają projekt, którego celem jest opracowanie, wykonanie i wdrożenie całkowicie innowacyjnego trolejbusu z dodatkowym zasilaniem bateryjnym o podwyższonych możliwościach jazdy ciągłej z użyciem magazynu energii. Projektowane trolejbusy będą wyposażone w układ telemetrii umożliwiający operatorowi nadzór oraz optymalizację zużycia energii całej floty poprzez możliwość przechodzenia poszczególnych pojazdów na zasilanie z baterii na wybranych fragmentach trasy oraz w okresach wzmożonego zużycia energii np. w szczytach komunikacyjnych.

EN

The aim of the project is to develop, construct and implement a fully innovative trolleybus with additional battery supply, of enhanced continuous driving capacity using energy storage. It will be equipped with the telemetry system enabling the operator to supervise and optimize energy consumption of the whole fleet through possible switching of individual vehicles to battery supply at selected fragments of the route and in periods of increased energy consumption, e.g. during rush hours.

13

Design and analysis of a soft pneumatic actuator to develop modular soft robotic systems

Tahir Ahmad Mahmood, Zoppi Matteo

Journal of Automation Mobile Robotics and Intelligent Systems

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2019

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Vol. 13, No. 1

30--36

EN

In this paper, we describe the design and analysis of a Soft Cubic Module (SCM) with a single internal pneumatically actuated chamber. The actuation chamber’s shape, size and, orientation have been evaluated to realize a soft robotic actuator which can be further employed for the development of modular soft robotic systems. SCM can be easily manufactured through the molding process and it is composed of single soft material, the silicone polymer. Its external shape allows utilization of this module as a single block actuator as well as makes it easy to combine multiple SCM modules to build multiunit soft robotic systems. We consider it as our first tool to investigate whether the SCM scheme is sufficient to build soft robots which would be able to perform certain given tasks in various configurations like a soft gripper, bio-mimetic crawling mechanism or multi-axis manipulator. So far, the results obtained are encouraging in order to further develop and employ the SCM design scheme, focusing on its further geometrical optimization for both standalone configuration and assembly of multiple modules to realize novel, economic and easy to fabricate soft robotic systems.

14

DCCS-ECU jako innowacyjna jednostka kontrolna dla aplikacji EV i HEV

Irzmański P., Kwiatkowski M., Kras B.

Maszyny Elektryczne : zeszyty problemowe

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2018

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Nr 3 (119)

149--153

PL

Impact Clean Power Technology S.A (ICPT S.A.) opracowała uniwersalną i skalowalną elektroniczną jednostkę sterującą dedykowaną do pojazdów elektrycznych (EV) i hybrydowych (HEV), która spełnia funkcję inteligentnego zarządzania zróżnicowanymi funkcjami pojazdu. Na przykładzie tego systemu zaprezentowano sposób zarzadzania przepływem energii w pojeździe elektrycznym z uwzględnieniem uwarunkowań mających wpływ na optymalne wykorzystanie z gromadzonej energii.

EN

Impact Clean Power Technology S.A. (ICPT S.A.) has recently developed an innovative, universal, and scalable electronic control unit for electric (EV) and hybrid (HEV) vehicles which fulfils intelligent management functions. One of the main problems of modern EVs is energy management. Proposed ECU (Electronic Control Unit) addresses this issue by performing the optimisation of energy consumption, higher power performance, real time power distribution which results in vehicle range extension.

15

Model wydajnego i skalowalnego systemu integracji

Stachowiak M., Hnatkowska B.

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2017

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z. 113

435--446

PL

Niniejsza praca rozwiązuje problem projektu wydajnej i skalowalnej architektury systemu integracyjnego oraz doboru odpowiednich komponentów do jej praktycznej realizacji. Na podstawie przeprowadzonej analizy porównawczej różnych realizacji platform integracyjnych, bazujących na zaproponowanej architekturze wskazano, że w celu zastosowania modelu przesyłania komunikatów typu punkt-punkt najszybszym brokerem integracyjnym jest RabbitMQ, w połączeniu z protokołem AMQP. Dla modelu przesyłania komunikatów publikuj-subskrybuj, brokerem, który najszybciej przesłał określoną liczbę wiadomości jest Apache Kafka, z własnym dedykowanym protokołem.

EN

This thesis solves the problem of designing an efficient and scalable architecture of the integration system and selecting the appropriate components for its practical implementation. Based on the research conducted on integration platforms consisting of specially selected components, it was pointed out that in order to implement the point-to-point messaging model, the fastest integration broker is RabbitMQ, in combination with the AMQP protocol. For the publishsubscribe messaging model the fastest broker is Apache Kafka, with its own dedicated protocol.

16

Scalability evaluation of Matlab routines for parallel image processing environment

Saif J. A. M., Sumionka P.

TASK Quarterly : scientific bulletin of Academic Computer Centre in Gdansk

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2017

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Vol. 21, No 4

423--433

EN

Image edge detection plays a crucial role in image analysis and computer vision, it is defined as the process of finding the boundaries between objects within the considered image. The recognized edges may further be used in object recognition or image matching. In this paper a Canny image edge detector is used which gives acceptable results that can be utilized in many disciplines, but this technique is time-consuming especially when a big collection of images is analyzed. For that reason, to enhance the performance of the algorithms, a parallel platform allowing speeding up the computation is used. The scalability of a multicore supercomputer node, which is exploited to run the same routines for a collection of color images (from 2100 to 42000 images) is investigated.

17

Overview of Scalability and Reliability Problem in SDN Networks

Kaczmarek S., Litka J. A.

Przegląd Telekomunikacyjny + Wiadomości Telekomunikacyjne

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2016

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nr 5

133--139

EN

In the paper an overview of scalability and reliability in the SDN (Software Defined Networks) networks has been presented. Problems and limitations for guaranteeing scalability and reliability in SON networks have been indicated. Known methods for assuring scalability and reliability in SDN networks have been described. Projects from research communities for resolving issues with scalability and reliability in SDN networks have been presented. Scientific projects have been categorized based on their common features and the methods for resolving the issues with scalability and reliability. A future field of scientific research has been outlined and all of the presented projects have been graded based on their functionality.

PL

Przedstawiono zagadnienie skalowalności oraz niezawodności w sieciach sterowanych programowo (SON - Software Defined Networking). Omówiono problemy i ograniczenia związane z gwarantowaniem skalowalności oraz niezawodności w sieciach SDN. Opisano znane metody zapewniania skalowalności oraz niezawodności w sieciach SDN. Zaprezentowano projekty środowisk naukowych opracowanych w celu eliminacji problemów ze skalowalnością i niezawodnością w sieciach SON. Dokonano kategoryzacji projektów badawczych ze względu na współdzielone cechy i podejścia do rozwiązania problemu. Przedstawiono dalsze pole do badań naukowych oraz oceniono każdy z przedstawionych projektów pod względem funkcjonalności.

18

Ocena rozwiązań planistycznych z wykorzystaniem przestrzennych baz danych w aspekcie skalowalności rozwoju zabudowy

Salata T., Prus B., Gawroński K.

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2016

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z. 63, nr 3

399--411

PL

Artykuł prezentuje możliwości zastosowania metod geomatycznych do oceny jakości sporządzonych rysunków miejscowych planów zagospodarowania przestrzennego w aspekcie możliwości ich kontrolowanego rozwoju. Skalowalność, badana w poniższym artykule jest miarą możliwego powielania rozwiązań planistycznych z zakresu komunikacji, optymalizacji wielkości działek budowlanych, rozwoju terenów podmiejskich i racjonalnego wykorzystywania możliwych terenów inwestycyjnych dla budownictwa mieszkaniowego. Analizę przestrzenną wykonano w oparciu o techniki GIS i funkcje zaimplementowane do obsługi przestrzennych baz danych. Skorzystano z wolnego oprogramowania: SQLite/ Spatialite, SpatiaLite_GUI, QGIS.

EN

This article presents the possibility of applying geomatic methods to evaluate the of drawn local development plans quality in terms of of their controlled development possibility. Scalability tested in this article is a measure of the possible duplication of planning solutions, roads communication, size plots optimizing, the development of suburban areas and rational use of possible housing areas. Spatial analysis was performed on GIS technology and functions implemented to spatial databases supporting. A free software: SQLite/SpatiaLite, SpatiaLite_GUI, QGIS was used to perform analises.

19

Koncepcja architektury rozproszonego systemu klasy HIS dla sieci jednostek ochrony zdrowia

Warchał Ł., Augustyn D., Wyciślik Ł.

Studia Informatica

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2015

|

Vol. 36, nr 1

201--217

EN

Consolidation processes ongoing in polish healthcare sector combined with continuous pressure for cost reduction (including IT costs) forces software vendors to use modern technologies, especially in software architecture area. This article describes concept of architecture for HIS system based on micro-services architecture, which ensures stability, performance and scalability, which is crucial in case of deployment the solution in federated hospitals.

PL

Procesy konsolidacyjne przebiegające w służbie zdrowia oraz nieustająca presja na ograniczanie kosztów (w tym kosztów IT) wymuszają na dostawcach oprogramowania dla szpitali stosowanie nowoczesnych rozwiązań, szczególnie w obszarze architektury systemu. Artykuł opisuje koncepcję architektury systemu klasy HIS opartą na mikrousługach, która zapewnia stabilność, wydajność i łatwość skalowania, co jest kluczowym zagadnieniem w przypadku wdrożenia systemu w sieci jednostek ochrony zdrowia.

20

Odporność systemów zasilania gwarantowanego na awarie. Cz.2, Problemy z niezawodnością

Miegoń M.

Elektro Info

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2015

|

nr 5

48--50

PL

Efektywność energetyczna, skalowalność i odporność na awarie centrów przetwarzania danych zależą od wielu czynników, ale nie może być żadnych wątpliwości, że jednym z najważniejszych jest instalacja zasilania gwarantowanego (UPS). Istnieje jednak wieIe problemów związanych z projektowaniem instalacji UPS, która łączy sprawność : odpornością i skalowalnością. Artykuł ten przedstawia wyzwania i wyjaśnia, w jaki sposób można skutecznie i kosztowo efektywnie realizować założenia inwestora korzystając z najnowszych osiągnięć w technologii UPS.