Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Evaluation of vehicle lateral positioning for lane-keeping performance across multiple sites

Al Hasanat Haitham, Alharasees Oma, Alshamaileh Lafee

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 129

5--25

EN

This study investigates lateral lane-keeping behavior among human-driven passenger vehicles on Jordanian multi-lane roads. Using overhead video footage collected at five sites, 500 vehicles traveling alone in the leftmost lane under free-flow, daylight conditions were manually annotated for centerline deviation. The lateral position was analyzed using descriptive statistics, temporal trends, and spectral frequency analysis. Results show that 61% to 83% of vehicles remained within a ±0.5 m “safe zone” from the lane center. No vehicle exceeded the ±1.75 m legal lane boundary, and wheel position plots confirmed consistent lateral margins. Sites 1 and 2 exhibited a slight rightward bias, while Sites 3 through 5 showed a leftward tendency, especially Site 3, which had the highest variability (std dev = 0.43 m). Spectral analysis revealed consistent low-frequency oscillations (~0.01-0.02 Hz), indicating slow, smooth steering adjustments with no erratic corrections. The study confirms that under ideal conditions, drivers maintain stable lateral control within 3.5 m lane widths. These results provide valuable reference data for autonomous vehicle calibration, infrastructure planning, and future research into lane-keeping behavior under variable traffic and environmental conditions.

2

Metadata in the description of road scenarios for testing autonomous vehicles

Rodak Aleksandra

Transport Samochodowy

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2025

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T. 72, nr 2

33--48

EN

The article presents results of an analysis of metadata structures used to describe test scenarios for automated vehicles in selected research initiatives and international standards. The paper examines approaches used in projects such as SYNERGIES, PEGASUS, and CETRAN, ISO 21448 (SOTIF) and OpenSCENARIO standards, as well as in the regulatory documents such as Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000 and the NHTSA Standing General Order on Crash Reporting. The comparison reveals common metadata elements, such as descriptions of weather conditions, road infrastructure characteristics, road users, and event dynamics, which form the basis for modelling test scenarios. At the same time, significant differences resulting from different objectives—from technical validation and simulation to reporting on real-world events—are identified. The SYNERGIES project stands out with its focus on data quality, interoperability, and traceability mechanisms, making it a key step towards harmonizing the European scenario data ecosystem. The analysis results confirm the need to develop an integrated metadata model that will enable the consistent use of scenarios in the research, testing, and certification processes of automated vehicles.

PL

Abstrakt Abstrakt Artykuł prezentuje wyniki analizy struktur metadanych wykorzystywanych do opisu scenariuszy testowych dla pojazdów zautomatyzowanych w wybranych inicjatywach badawczych i standardach międzynarodowych. W pracy przeanalizowano podejścia stosowane w opracowaniach naukowych SYNERGIES, PEGASUS, CETRAN, pracach standaryzacyjnych ISO 21448 (SOTIF) i OpenSCENARIO, a także w dokumentach regulacyjnych, takich jak Highway Capacity Manual (HCM) 2000 oraz NHTSA Standing General Order on Crash Reporting. Porównanie ujawnia wspólne elementy metadanych, takie jak opis warunków atmosferycznych, charakterystyk infrastruktury drogowej, uczestników ruchu i dynamiki zdarzeń, stanowiących podstawę modelowania scenariuszy testowych. Równocześnie wskazano istotne różnice wynikające z odmiennych celów – od walidacji technicznej i symulacji po raportowanie zdarzeń rzeczywistych. Projekt SYNERGIES wyróżnia się szczególnym uwzględnieniem jakości danych, interoperacyjności i mechanizmów śledzenia pochodzenia informacji, co czyni go kluczowym krokiem w kierunku harmonizacji europejskiego ekosystemu danych scenariuszowych. Wyniki analizy potwierdzają potrzebę opracowania zintegrowanego modelu metadanych, który umożliwi spójne wykorzystanie scenariuszy w badaniach, testach i procesach certyfikacji pojazdów automatycznych.

3

Analiza efektywności i sezonowości hybrydowego modelu kontroli strefy płatnego parkowania w Gdyni

Kozak Karol

Transport Miejski i Regionalny

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2025

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nr 7

26--32

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę innowacyjnego systemu hybrydowej kontroli strefy płatnego parkowania w Gdyni, łączącego autonomiczne pojazdy skanujące z tradycyjną kontrolą pieszą. System wykorzystuje pojazdy elektryczne wyposażone w kamery, sensory LiDAR i GPS RTK o dokładności do 30 cm. Badanie obejmuje okres od września 2022 do sierpnia 2025, analizując skuteczność kontroli w kontekście zmienności sezonowej ruchu miejskiego. Wyniki wskazują na znaczący wzrost efektywności kontroli mobilnej, przy jednoczesnej optymalizacji zasobów ludzkich. System automatycznie dostosowuje intensywność kontroli do wskaźników sezonowości, uwzględniając wzrost ruchu w sezonie letnim oraz wzrost podczas wydarzeń miejskich, takich jak jubileusz nadania praw miejskich Gdyni czy Festiwal Polskich Filmów Fabularnych. Artykuł prezentuje metodologię integracji systemów, analizę skuteczności wykrywania opłat dodatkowych oraz ekonomiczne aspekty wdrożenia technologii autonomicznej kontroli parkowania.

EN

This paper presents an analysis of the innovative hybrid parking enforcement system implemented in Gdynia, Poland, which combines automated scanning vehicles with traditional foot patrols. The system utilizes electric vehicles equipped with high-resolution ANPR cameras, LiDAR sensors, and a GPS RTK positioning system with an accuracy of up to 30 cm. The study covers the period from September 2022 to August 2025, evaluating the system’s effectiveness in the context of seasonal variations in urban traffic. The research methodology includes an analysis of operational data, focusing on key performance indicators such as the number of checks performed, the number of penalty charge notices issued, and the overall efficiency rate. The results demonstrate a significant increase in the efficiency of mobile enforcement, which accounted for over 80% of all detected violations in 2024, while optimizing human resources. The system dynamically adjusts the intensity of patrols in response to seasonal indicators, including a verified 49.4% increase in traffic during the summer tourist season and a 27–29% increase during major city events like the Gdynia’s Birthday or the Polish Film Festival. The economic analysis reveals that the cost of detecting a single violation by a scanning vehicle is over four times lower than by a foot patrol (€1.06 vs. €4.34, assuming an exchange rate of 4.5 PLN/EUR) . Furthermore, a gradual decrease in the violation rate from 2.84% in 2023 to 2.56% in 2025 suggests a positive “educational effect” on drivers’ payment habits. The paper concludes that the hybrid model, leveraging the synergy between automated technology and human oversight, is a highly effective solution for smart city mobility management, adaptable to the complex urban environment.

4

An Innovative Approach to the Problem of Transporting Spoil from Great Depths in Deep-Sea Mining

Filipek Wiktor, Broda Krzysztof, Tora Barbara

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 1

229--234

EN

The article presents an innovative approach to one of the key challenges in offshore mining – transporting ore from the seabed to the surface. Traditional methods, such as CLB (with continuareline bucket), HP (hydraulic pumping), ALP (air-lift pumping) or hybrid techniques, are associated with high energy consumption and high operating and environmental costs. To adddress these limitations, the authors propose an alternative solution based on the use of physicochemical phenomena, which significantly reduces energy consumption. The starting point is the analysis of basic physical principles, such as potential energy or the buoyancy principle, in the context of the aquatic environment and high pressure conditions at great depths. The authors consider the use of the natural properties of the working medium as a source of power for the ascent process, as well as the potential for energy recovery, which enhances the energy balance and the transport system’s efficiency. The article presents the results of theoretical and simulation studies, which have laid foundation for numerous patents and scientific publications. The authors emphasize the practical potential of the proposed solutions, indicating at the same time the need for further work on their implementation in real-world conditions.

5

Camera systems - key technology for ADAS in autonomous vehicles

Babuchowska Paulina, Pielecha Ireneusz

Combustion Engines

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2025

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R. 64, nr 4

155--163

EN

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) have become an integral part of modern vehicles, with the potential to significantly enhance safety on the road. ADAS technology involves the use of sensors, algorithms, and software to assist drivers and provide them with real-time information about their surroundings, traffic conditions, and potential hazards. Sensors utilized for object tracking and environmental detection, particularly those based on laser, radar, and camera technologies, are fundamental to the functional performance of ADAS. Within automotive applications, the majority of camera systems are equipped with wide-angle or fish-eye lenses, both of which are known to introduce substantial optical distortion. To ensure accurate environmental perception, particularly in the context of geometric feature recognition and distance estimation, such cameras require meticulous calibration. Therefore, this paper describes a case study concerning cameras used in vision-based ADAS, as well as the most frequently used calibrating techniques. It describes the fundamentals of camera calibration and implementation, with results given for different lenses and distortion models. By engaging with this article, readers will gain a comprehensive understanding of the technological foundations, functional principles, and practical challenges associated with camera-based ADAS that need to be addressed to ensure its safe and effective operation on the road. The article serves as a technical reference that not only enhances the reader’s theoretical knowledge but also informs practical decision-making in the development of safe and effective driver assistance systems.

6

Behind the wheel: understanding the risks for truck drivers in the era of the internet of things and advancements in autonomous vehicles

Benallou Imane, Azmani Abdelah, Azmani Monir

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 124

25--36

EN

Freight transportation is a crucial part of the global economy, but it encounters several complex challenges, with truck drivers at the centre of these issues. These professionals, responsible for transporting goods over long distances, often work in challenging conditions, exposing them to a range of risks, including physical, psychological, and chemical hazards. These risks make the profession less appealing to younger drivers, leading to an ageing workforce and worsening the driver shortage crisis in the road transport sector. This article aims to identify the various risks faced by truck drivers and examine their negative impacts on several critical aspects, including company image, service quality, financial implications, and road safety. Additionally, the article explores the transformative impact of the Internet of Things (IoT) and autonomous vehicles (AV) on the truck driving profession.

7

Artificial intelligence as a basic problem when implementing autonomous vehicle technology in everyday life

Czech Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 122

49--60

EN

Innovative technologies that use artificial intelligence in transport solutions recently emerging around the world include, among others issues of autonomous vehicle driving. The use of autonomous vehicle technology affects the issues of civil liability (liability and insurance), road safety, natural environment (energy efficiency, renewable energy sources), data (access, exchange, protection, privacy), IT infrastructure (effective and reliable communication), employment (creation and loss of jobs, training of truck drivers in the use of automated vehicles). The development of new technologies related to artificial intelligence, including autonomous vehicles, generates inevitable changes in law, economy and society. It is inevitable due to the fact that autonomy is undoubtedly a means to achieve the goal of improving the efficiency sought in every area of life. The article presents arguments confirming the thesis that the basic factor inhibiting the implementation of autonomous vehicle technology is the problem of artificial intelligence, including its definition and legal regulation.

8

Research capabilities of the Competence Centre for Autonomous and Connected Vehicles in the area of testing autonomous vehicles in Poland

Pełka Małgorzata, Balke Iwona, Kruszewski Mikołaj, Rodak Aleksandra

Transport Samochodowy

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2024

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T. 69, nr 1

3--7

EN

This article was created based on the results of statutory work entitled: "Analysis of the research opportunities in the area of testing autonomous vehicles in Poland". The publication analyses the most key Euro NCAP test protocols, which include testing solutions to prevent collisions with vulnerable road users. Such systems include the autonomous emergency braking (AEB) system. The document contains a description of the requirements for both the test track and certified dummies imitating vulnerable road users: cyclists, adult pedestrians and children. All leading research centres working on the development of driving automation systems conduct research using ISO 26262, ISO 21448 standards, as well as Euro NCAP test protocols. In order to become familiar with the requirements in detail, these standards were purchased and then their provisions were analysed. The current requirements for newly manufactured and newly homologated vehicles in terms of being equipped with driver support systems were also characterized. Based on the study, the possibilities of expanding the research offer of the Competence Centre for Autonomous and Connected Vehicles of the Motor Transport Institute (CK:PAP ITS) were described.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł powstał na podstawie wyników pracy statutowej pt. „Analiza możliwości badawczych w obszarze testowania pojazdów autonomicznych w Polsce”. W ramach publikacji dokonano analizy najbardziej kluczowych protokołów testowych Euro NCAP uwzględniających testowanie rozwiązań zapobiegających zderzeniom z niechronionymi uczestnikami ruchu drogowego. Do takich systemów należy system autonomicznego hamowania awaryjnego (AEB). Dokument zawiera opis wymagań zarówno dla toru badawczego, jak i certyfikowanych manekinów imitujących niechronionych uczestników ruchu drogowego: rowerzystę, dorosłego pieszego oraz dziecko. Wszystkie wiodące ośrodki badawcze prowadzące prace nad rozwojem systemów automatyzujących jazdę prowadzą badania z wykorzystaniem norm ISO 26262, ISO 21448, a także protokołów testowych Euro NCAP. Aby szczegółowo zapoznać się z wymaganiami dokonano zakupu tych norm, a następnie przeanalizowano ich zapisy. Scharakteryzowano również aktualne wymagania dla nowo produkowanych i nowo homologowanych pojazdów w zakresie wyposażenia w systemy wspierające kierowcę. Na podstawie opracowania opisano możliwości rozbudowy oferty badawczej Centrum Kompetencji Pojazdów Autonomicznych i Połączonych Instytutu Transportu Samochodowego (CK:PAP ITS).

9

Beware of the low-hanging fruit – autonomous vehicles in the maritime dimension

Lim Thomas Hao Ze

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 3

621--630

EN

Autonomous vehicles have seen a meteoric rise in popularity amongst governments and corporations looking to utilize technology for both economic and strategic gains, both on land and out at sea. This paper focuses on the entrance of autonomous vehicles into the maritime dimension, examining the reasons driving the burgeoning reputation of autonomous vehicles out at sea, before dissecting some of the myths behind these reasons. The article will first assess three core reasons behind the rise in demand for autonomous vehicles out at sea, before contending that the benefits of introducing autonomous vehicles out at sea have been overblown, and that there are structural concerns and limitations that will hamstring the practicality of using autonomous vehicles in the maritime domain. These concerns intersect with the domains of technological maturity, maritime security, as well as international law, and that a presumptuous push for the widespread implementation of autonomous vehicles in the maritime domain will increase the dangers faced by seafarers out at sea, going against the natural progression of maritime operations.

10

Cybersecurity in autonomous means of transport

Szymonik Artur

LogForum

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2024

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Vol. 20, no. 4

455--467

EN

Background: The growing integration of internet connectivity and electronic control systems in modern autonomous and connected vehicles necessitates continuous information exchange. While these advancements enhance vehicle performance, they also expose critical security vulnerabilities, posing significant cyber threats. Understanding and mitigating these risks is essential to ensure vehicle safety and resilience against cyberattacks. This article addresses the existing knowledge gap in identifying cybersecurity deficiencies within vehicle communication networks. It features a systematic review of the available literature on vehicle electrical and electronic systems, challenges in vehicle cybersecurity, and proposed security solutions. Methods: Theoretical methods such as analysis, synthesis, comparison, and generalization were used, alongside empirical techniques including observation and document examination, to assess various threats and solutions in vehicular communication systems. Results: The review revealed multiple vulnerabilities in common vehicle communication protocols, including CAN, LIN, FlexRay, and Automotive Ethernet, which are all susceptible to attacks such as denial of service (DoS), spoofing, and message manipulation. Case studies revealed a number of successful cyberattacks, such as the remote hijacking of a Chrysler Jeep and the manipulation of Tesla’s systems. Cybersecurity solutions that may mitigate these threats, including secure communication protocols, intrusion detection systems, and trusted authorities in VANETs, were explored. The increasing complexity and connectivity of autonomous and connected vehicles necessitate advanced cybersecurity measures to mitigate risks. Systematic threat analysis in vehicular communication systems is essential to improve vehicle safety. Conclusions: Further research should focus on optimizing security strategies, detecting emerging threats, and developing industry-wide standards to protect vehicles from cyberattacks as they become more integrated into digital networks.

11

An attempt to determine the impact of the implementation of autonomous vehicles on a larger scale on the planning of city transport systems

Razavi Nikoo, Sierpinski Grzegorz

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2024

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Vol. 9, No. 1

96--120

EN

Purpose: This paper aims to explore the potential impact of autonomous vehicles (AVs) on urban planning, sustainable urban development, and tourism. Methodology: The paper is a conceptual study that reviews and synthesizes existing literature on AVs, urban planning, and tourism. It also uses case studies to illustrate the potential effects of AVs. Results: The widespread adoption of AVs is likely to have significant implications for urban planning, including changes in land use, infrastructure design, and transportation patterns. AVs may also contribute to sustainable urban development by reducing traffic congestion and air pollution. In the tourism sector, AVs could lead to spatial changes, new social inequalities, and changes in the overnight visitor economy. Theoretical contribution: The paper contributes to the understanding of the complex interplay between AVs, urban planning, and tourism. It highlights the need for urban planners and tourism stakeholders to consider the potential impact of AVs in their decision-making processes. Practical implications: The paper provides practical insights for urban planners, tourism stakeholders, and policymakers on how to prepare for and adapt to the widespread use of AVs. It also emphasizes the importance of considering the potential benefits and challenges of AVs in the context of specific cities and tourism destinations.

12

An Artificial Intelligence Based Autonomous Road Lane Detection and Navigation System for Vehicles

Dubey Yogita, Tarte Yashraj, Talatule Nikhil, Sable Bhargav, Taywade Chetan, Umate Roshan

Journal of Machine Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 24, No. 4

93--107

EN

Lane detection is a foundational technology for autonomous driving systems. It involves identifying the boundaries of lanes on the road and ensuring the vehicle stays within these boundaries. Accurate lane detection is crucial for safety, navigation and traffic management. This paper presents an artificial intelligent based autonomous road lane detection and navigation system for vehicles. The system can detect and analyse road lanes accurately and efficiently in real-time, with frame rates of up to 17 FPS. By utilizing image processing techniques, the system can identify the location and boundaries of road lanes and obstacles on the road and provide accurate and reliable navigation guidance to the driver. The system is integrated with sensors and actuators to provide comprehensive autonomous navigation. The efficiency of the proposed system is demonstrated using accuracy of lane detection on straight and curve lanes covering frames per second and motor of the speed as parameters for assessment. Results show that the proposed system detects lane as entire lane detection, partial lane detection and no detection status on different settings.

13

Traffic Management as a Means of Protection Against Road Noise

Dębiński Marcin, Bohatkiewicz Janusz

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 2, no. 2

art. no. 50

EN

Road noise pollution constitutes one of the primary health threats to residents living near roads. An important aspect is the limitation and counteraction of excessive exposure to road noise. Existing protection measures vary in effectiveness and applicability. One of the potential solutions involves activities related to traffic management. Based on a review of current knowledge and own analyses, the authors propose noise protection measures focused on the noise source. In the monograph 'Modelling and Assessment of Solutions for Protection Against Road Noise' (2017), Bohatkiewicz J. suggested a classification of noise protection measures, where one group involves reducing noise in the emission zone through: optimizing communication efficiency, planning and managing parking zones, organizing, slowing down and directing traffic, Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) management and direction systems, traffic calming, and rerouting and combining traffic on certain connections related to traffic organization. Existing relationships between road traffic conditions and road noise allow for the selection and application of the aforementioned measures. To verify this thesis, the authors conducted studies and analyses on the impact of road traffic conditions on the noise level. To determine these conditions, the Highway Capacity Manual 6th method was used. Meanwhile, road noise was determined based on simulations using the NMPB-Routes and CNOSSOS-EU models. Traffic management, as well as the potential introduction of autonomous vehicle traffic, can lead to a reduction in road noise emissions. Most research and analysis rely on computer simulation results, due to the small share of autonomous vehicles in current traffic. However, an increase in the number of autonomous vehicles can positively affect road traffic capacity and safety by increasing vehicle flow capabilities. In scenarios of autonomous vehicle traffic, two basic parameters play a key role: speed and vehicle spacing. By optimizing these parameters, the environmental impact can be minimized. A detailed examination of the impact of road traffic conditions will contribute to the development of new methods for protection against road noise. Choosing appropriate traffic and vehicle management scenarios can significantly reduce road noise emissions.

PL

Hałas drogowy stanowi jedno z podstawowych zagrożeń zdrowotnych dla mieszkańców żyjących w pobliżu dróg. Ważnym aspektem jest ograniczenie i przeciwdziałanie nadmiernemu narażeniu na hałas drogowy. Istniejące środki ochronne różnią się skutecznością i zastosowaniem. Jednym z potencjalnych rozwiązań są działania związane z zarządzaniem ruchem. Na podstawie przeglądu aktualnej wiedzy oraz własnych analiz autorzy proponują środki ochrony przed hałasem skoncentrowane na źródle hałasu. W monografii 'Modelowanie i ocena rozwiązań ochrony przed hałasem drogowym' (2017) Bohatkiewicz J. zaproponował klasyfikację środków ochrony przed hałasem, w której jedna grupa polega na redukcji hałasu w strefie emisji poprzez: optymalizację efektywności komunikacji, planowanie i zarządzanie strefami parkingowymi, organizowanie, spowalnianie i kierowanie ruchem, zarządzanie systemami ITS oraz systemami kierowania ruchem, uspokajanie ruchu i przekierowywanie oraz łączenie ruchu na niektórych połączeniach związanych z organizacją ruchu. Istniejące zależności między warunkami ruchu drogowego a hałasem drogowym umożliwiają selekcję oraz zastosowanie powyższych środków. W celu zweryfikowania tezy, autorzy przeprowadzili badania i analizy wpływu warunków ruchu drogowego na poziom hałasu. Aby określić te warunki, wykorzystano metodę 6. podręcznika zdolności drogowych. Tymczasem hałas drogowy określono na podstawie symulacji z wykorzystaniem modeli NMPB-Routes i CNOSSOS-EU. Zarządzanie ruchem, jak również potencjalne wprowadzenie ruchu pojazdów autonomicznych, mogą prowadzić do redukcji emisji hałasu drogowego. Większość badań i analiz opiera się na wynikach symulacji komputerowych, z powodu niewielkiego udziału pojazdów autonomicznych w obecnym ruchu. Jednakże, zwiększenie liczby pojazdów autonomicznych może pozytywnie wpłynąć na zdolność i bezpieczeństwo ruchu drogowego, zwiększając możliwości przepływu pojazdów. W scenariuszach ruchu pojazdów autonomicznych kluczowe znaczenie mają dwa podstawowe parametry: prędkość i odstępy między pojazdami. Optymalizując te parametry, można minimalizować wpływ na środowisko. Dokładne zbadanie wpływu warunków ruchu drogowego przyczyni się do rozwoju nowych metod ochrony przed hałasem drogowym. Wybór odpowiednich scenariuszy zarządzania ruchem i pojazdy może znacznie zmniejszyć emisję hałasu drogowego.

14

Five user types of autonomous driving in Hungary

Lukovics Miklos, Nagy Barbara, Prónay Szabolcs

Engineering Management in Production and Services

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2024

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Vol. 16, no. 4

116--126

EN

One of the most socially impactful innovations of the near future will be the proliferation of self-driving vehicles, which will have a major impact not only on the passengers in the vehicle but on all road users and even on society as a whole, transforming cityscapes. This study aims to contribute to the social acceptance of self-driving vehicles. As society is not unified in its attitude towards self-driving vehicles, the authors believe that successful social acceptance requires different messages to be delivered to different types of consumers. This research segmented consumers based on their acceptance of self-driving technology, thereby providing a basis for targeted communication in the future. Cluster analyses were used on a sample of 517 Hungarian consumers to identify five segments based on attitudes towards self-driving vehicles. The analysis identified five distinct segments of consumers: (1) tradition-loving dismissers, (2) open-minded adventurers, (3) uncertain optimists, (4) distrustful sceptics, and (5) abstentious observers. These segments can be targeted with differentiated communication strategies. This paper contributes to the literature on self-driving technology acceptance by providing a detailed segmentation of the consumer market, highlighting the importance of targeted communication to enhance technology adoption. It offers a novel approach by focusing on specific consumer segments rather than society in general. By identifying the needs and characteristics of different consumer segments, marketers can develop more effective communication strategies to promote the acceptance of self-driving technology. Using a more targeted marketing approach instead of mass-marketing may result in a smoother spread of innovation and maximise social welfare benefits from technological advancements.

15

Assessment of traffic sign retroreflectivity for autonomous vehicles: a comparison between handheld retroreflectometer and LiDARdata

Aldoski Ziyad N., Koren Csaba

Archives of Transport

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2024

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Vol. 70, iss. 2

7--27

EN

This study investigates the critical role of retroreflectivity in traffic signs, particularly in the context of autonomous vehicles (AVs), where accurate detection is paramount for road safety. Retroreflectivity, influencing visibility and legibility, is essential for ensuring safe road conditions. The study aims to assess traffic sign retroreflectivity using handheld retroreflectometers and LiDAR data, offering a comprehensive comparison of results with a specific focus on the RA1 and RA2 traffic sign classes. In a real-world setting, an AV equipped with LiDAR sensors, GPS units, and a stereo camera collects data on traffic signs, including point cloud attributes such as intensity and density. Simultaneously, a handheld retroreflectometer measures retroreflectivity coefficients from identified traffic signs. While retroreflectometers provide precision, they face limitations regarding time-consuming measurements and handling large or elevated signs. In contrast, LiDAR systems efficiently evaluate retroreflective features for numerous signs without such constraints. Despite both methods consistently yielding accurate retroreflectivity, the study reveals a limited correlation between LiDAR point cloud data and handheld retroreflectivity coefficients. The implications of these findings are significant, particularly in the selection and maintenance of retroreflective materials in traffic signs, with direct repercussions on overall road safety. The results offer valuable insights into leveraging LiDAR technology to enhance AVs' detection capabilities. Recommendations for further research include exploring factors influencing LiDAR intensity, establishing a more accurate relationship between intensity and retroreflectivity, correcting the point cloud during intensity calibration, and testing empirical prediction models with a larger sample size. These endeavors aim to generate a robust regression graph and determine correlation coefficients, providing a more nuanced understanding of the intricate relationship between LiDAR data and handheld retroreflectivity coefficients in the context of traffic sign assessment.

16

Automotive Cybersecurity Engineering with Modeling Support

Fischer Alexander, Tolvanen Juha-Pekka, Tavakoli Kolagari Ramin

Annals of Computer Science and Information Systems

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2024

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Vol. 39

319–-329

EN

Rapid advances of connected and autonomous vehicle technology have led to an increase in cyber-attacks. This in turn has driven the development of the ISO 21434 standard aimed at supporting the management of cybersecurity risks in the automotive industry. There is, however, a disconnect between the standard and the currently applied model-based development approaches that are increasingly applied for systems and software development. In this paper, we present tool support created for model-based automotive cybersecurity engineering. This tool is built upon the existing automotive systems development language, EAST-ADL, with extensions to address security in accordance with the ISO 21434 standard covering modeling support, calculation of security-related metrics such as impact, risk, and attack feasibility, and generation of ISO 21434 compliant security threat reports. Meeting the requirements of cybersecurity engineeering according to ISO 21434 are demonstrated with two examples.

17

Ochrona przed hałasem drogowym z wykorzystaniem zarządzania ruchem drogowym

Dębiński Marcin, Bohatkiewicz Janusz, Motylewicz Marek

Materiały Budowlane

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2023

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nr 8

34--37

PL

Hałas drogowy to duże zagrożenie dla zdrowia i komfortu życia obywateli Polski i Unii Europejskiej. Istnieją środki ochrony przed nim, które mają różną skuteczność oraz możliwości zastosowania. Niewiele jest natomiast rozwiązań związanych z zarządzaniem ruchem drogowym. Dokładne poznanie zależności pomiędzy warunkami ruchu drogowego umożliwia opracowanie nowych sposobów ochrony przed hałasem drogowym. Zastosowanie odpowiednich scenariuszy zarządzania ruchem może spowodować znaczną redukcję hałasu drogowego.

EN

Road noise is a major threat to the health and comfort of Polish and EU citizens. There are measures to protect against it, with varying degrees of effectiveness and possibilities of application. However, there are few solutions related to traffic management. Accurate recognition of the relationship between traffic conditions provides an opportunity to develop new ways to protect against road noise. The application of appropriate traffic management scenarios can result in a significant reduction in road noise.

18

Exploring automated object detection methods for manholes using classical computer vision and deep learning for autonomous vehicles

Rao Shika, Mitnala Nitya

Machine Graphics and Vision

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2023

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Vol. 32, No. 1

25--53

EN

Open, broken, and improperly closed manholes can pose problems for autonomous vehicles and thus need to be included in obstacle avoidance and lane-changing algorithms. In this work, we propose and compare multiple approaches for manhole localization and classification like classical computer vision, convolutional neural networks like YOLOv3 and YOLOv3-Tiny, and vision transformers like YOLOS and ViT. These are analyzed for speed, computational complexity, and accuracy in order to determine the model that can be used with autonomous vehicles. In addition, we propose a size detection pipeline using classical computer vision to determine the size of the hole in an improperly closed manhole with respect to the manhole itself. The evaluation of the data showed that convolutional neural networks are currently better for this task, but vision transformers seem promising.

19

Optimizations in Dynamic Origin Technique for Efficient Lane Detection for Autonomous Vehicles

Maya P., Tharini C.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2023

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Vol. 69, No. 2

407--413

EN

Driver assistance systems have started becoming a key differentiator in automotive space and all major automotive manufacturers have such systems with various capabilities and stages of implementation. The main building blocks of such systems are similar in nature and one of the major building blocks is road lane detection. Even though lane detection technology has been around for decades, it is still an ongoing area of research and there are still several improvements and optimizations that are possible. This paper offers an Optimized Dynamic Origin Technique (Optimized DOT) for lane detection. The proposed optimization algorithm of optimized DOT gives better results in performance and accuracy compared to other methods of lane detection. Analysis of proposed optimized DOT with various edge detection techniques, various threshold levels, various sample dataset and various lane detection methods were done and the results are discussed in this paper. The proposed optimized DOT lane detection average processing time increases by 9.21 % when compared to previous Dynamic Origin Technique (DOT) and 59.09 % compared to traditional hough transform.

20

Understanding the adoption of autonomous vehicles in Thailand: an extended TAM approach

Ramjan Sarawut, Sangkaew Purimprach

Engineering Management in Production and Services

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2022

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Vol. 14, no. 1

49--62

EN

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) are receiving attention in many countries, including Thailand. However, implementing an intelligent transport system has many challenges, such as safety and reliability and the lack of policy supporting such technology use, leading to hazards for passengers and pedestrians. Hence, factors affecting the adoption of autonomous vehicles require better understanding. This research proposes and employs an extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) by integrating ethical standards, legal concerns, and trust to predict the intended use of autonomous vehicles by Thai citizens. A total of 318 questionnaires were collected from online panel respondents. Research hypotheses were tested using a structural equation modelling approach. The study results suggest that ethical standards have a significant positive effect on the intention to use the technology. Meanwhile, the intention was negatively affected by perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use and legal concerns. On the other hand, the results indicate that perceived ease of use directly affected trust, leading to AV adoption. However, other factors influenced trust insignificantly. This study demonstrates the vital role of trust in AV adoption. The study also suggests ideas for further study and discusses the implications for the government and autonomous vehicle companies. The article aims to forecast a success factor that the Thai government should use to consider the policy for autonomous vehicle adoption in Thailand. This paper relies on the technology acceptance model to assess and forecast autonomous vehicle adoption. The theoretical model also includes ethical issues, legal concerns and trust in technology. The model was analysed using the structure equation modelling technique to confirm the factor affecting Thailand’s successful autonomous vehicle adoption. This research confirmed that ethical standards, legal concerns, and trust in technology are the factors significantly affecting the intention to use an autonomous vehicle in Thailand. On the other hand, the perceived ease of use significantly affects the trust in autonomous vehicle technology. This research found that such social factors as ethical standards, legal concerns, and trust in technology affect technology adoption significantly, especially technology related to AI operation. Therefore, the technology acceptance model could be modified to confirm technology adoption in terms of social factors. The government could use the research results to develop a public policy for the regulation and standard supporting autonomous vehicle adoption in Thailand.