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1

Technologie przyrostowe w kontekście zastosowań przemysłowych druku 3D

Chojnacka-Puchta Luiza, Sawicka Dorota, Dobrzyńska Elżbieta

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

|

T. 104, nr 2

262--269

PL

Omówiono rodzaje technologii przyrostowych, potocznie zwanych drukiem 3D, których zastosowanie przemysłowe charakteryzuje się dynamicznym wzrostem. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono obecnemu wykorzystaniu technologii addytywnych w zakładach produkcyjnych, aktualnej wartości druku 3D na rynkach konsumenckich (ok. 18 mld USD w 2023 r. na rynku globalnym), a także podkreślono możliwości recyklingu materiałów wykorzystywanych w druku 3D. Zwrócono uwagę na potencjalne zagrożenia dla użytkowników druku związane ze stosowaniem różnego rodzaju materiałów.

EN

A review, with 67 refs., of the types of additive technologies, their application areas, and the current value of 3D printing in consumer market. Particular attention was paid to the use of additive technologies in manufacturing plants, and to the environmental risks and recycling possibilities of materials used in 3D printing. The safety of materials used in 3D printing was also discussed. Potential risks to printer users associated with the use of different types of materials that can cause emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and particulate matter were highlighted.

2

Koncepcje autotermicznego reaktora do dopalania substancji organicznych o znacznym rozcieńczeniu

Kołodziej Andrzej

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 12

1340--1346

PL

Przedstawiono dwa warianty reaktorów ze zintegrowanym wymiennikiem ciepła do dopalania lotnych substancji organicznych, znacznie rozcieńczonych w powietrzu. Celem było osiągnięcie autotermii procesu. W wariancie I minimalizowano straty cieplne, a w II zwiększano powierzchnię wymiennika. Obliczenia dowiodły niewielkiego znaczenia strat cieplnych, a dużego wpływu powierzchni wymiennika na sprawność cieplną procesu. Opracowano wykresy dla oceny możliwości osiągnięcia autotermii i odzysku energii, co jest możliwe powyżej 0,5% mas. metanu.

EN

Calcns. were performed for 2 reactor variants with integrated heat exchangers for post-combustion of volatile org. substances significantly diluted in air. The goal was to achieve the efficiency of autothermal process. In variant I, thermal losses were minimized, while in variant II, the exchanger surface area was increased. Calcns. demonstrated low significance of thermal losses and high impact of the exchanger surface area on the thermal efficiency of the process. Graphs were developed to assess the feasibility of achieving autothermal efficiency and energy recovery, which is possible with MeH content above 0.5% by mass.

3

Lotne związki organiczne w wyrobach lakierowych – zalety i ograniczenia metod badawczych

Gnus Małgorzata, Kamińska-Bach Grażyna

Polimery dla Biznesu

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2023

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nr 1

28--32

PL

W niniejszej pracy przedstawiono stosowane obecnie metody oznaczania lotnych związków organicznych w wyrobach lakierowych: instrumentalną metodę chromatograficzną oraz wagową metodę różnicową. Oprócz charakterystyki poszczególnych technik uwagę poświęcono również na wskazanie wad i zalet każdej z nich. Podkreślono rolę komunikacji producentów z laboratoriami na etapie doboru metody analitycznej pod kątem badanego wyrobu.

EN

This paper presents the currently used methods for the determination of volatile organic compounds in varnish products: the instrumental chromatographic method and the differential gravimetric method. In addition to characterisation the different techniques, attention was also given to identifying the advantages and disadvantages of each. The role of communication between manufacturers and laboratories at the stage of selecting the analytical method for the tested product was emphasized.

4

The effect of fixed adsorption bed height on adsorption of gaseous mixture of volatile organic compounds

Jurkiewicz Martyna, Musik Marlena, Pełech Robert

Chemical and Process Engineering : New Frontiers

|

2023

|

Vol. 44, nr 4

art. no. e47

EN

The influence of a fixed adsorption bed height on the adsorption process was studied using acetone, ethyl acetate, toluene, and n-butyl acetate as a gaseous adsorbate mixture. All experiments were conducted under the same gas flow and temperature conditions. Concentrations of adsorbates were monitored using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector. Activated carbon WG-12 (Grand Activated Sp. z o.o) was selected as the adsorbent, and the following heights of the fixed adsorption bed were used: 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, and 4.8 cm. The results of the study allowed to deduce that as the height of the fixed adsorption bed increased, the degree of displacement of adsorbate molecules from the bed strengthened. In addition, it was found that both the bed breakthrough time increased linearly with a height rise of the fixed adsorption bed. The process carried out on a fixed adsorption bed with a height of 0.8 cm was characterized by an undeveloped mass transfer zone, as well as the complete displacement of the most volatile components (acetone and ethyl acetate). The utilization rate of the fixed adsorption bed also increased as the height of the adsorption bed went up. However, at a certain bed height, the bed breakthrough curves were formed and the adsorption capacity did not change significantly, solely the bed breakthrough time increased.

5

Removal of cyclohexane vapors from air in biotrickling filters: Effects of gas mixture composition and circular economy approach

Rybarczyk Piotr, Szulczyński Bartosz, Dobrzyniewski Dominik, Kucharska Karolina, Gębicki Jacek

Chemical and Process Engineering : New Frontiers

|

2023

|

Vol. 44, nr 4

art. no. e40

EN

This work presents results of investigations on biotrickling filtration of air polluted with cyclohexane co-treated in binary, ternary and quaternary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) mixtures, including vapors of hexane, toluene and ethanol. The removal of cyclohexane from a gas mixture depends on the physicochemical properties of the co-treated VOCs and the lower the hydrophobicity of the VOC, the higher the removal efficiency of cyclohexane. In this work, the performance of biotrickling filters treating VOCs mixtures is discussed based on surface tension of trickling liquid for the first time. A mixed natural – synthetic packing for biotrickling filters was utilized, showing promising performance and limited maintenance requirements. Maximum elimination capacity of about 95 g/(m 3·h) of cyclohexane was reached for the total VOCs inlet loading of about 450 g/(m 3·h). This work presents also a novel approach of combining biological air treatment with management of a spent trickling liquid in the perspective of circular economy assumptions. The waste liquid phase was applied to the plant cultivation, showing a potential for e.g. enhanced production of energetic biomass or polluted soil phytoremediation.

6

Chemiczne zanieczyszczenia powietrza uwalniane podczas prac w gabinetach kosmetycznych : badania wstępne

Karpińska Katarzyna, Jaguszewski Sebastian, Wlazło Łukasz, Ossowski Mateusz, Nowakowicz-Dębek Bożena

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

|

T. 101, nr 5

310--313

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań stężeń zanieczyszczeń gazowych występujących w gabinecie kosmetycznym w trakcie wykonywania zabiegów manikiur. Zbadano korelacje pomiędzy stosowaniem trzech typów lakierów a występującymi na stanowisku pracy stężeniami siarkowodoru, ditlenku węgla oraz lotnych związków organicznych. Większość z wykorzystywanych lakierów powodowała znaczący wzrost odnotowanych stężeń, jedynie lakier tradycyjny nieznacznie wpływał na analizowane parametry. Stwierdzono, że zmierzone stężenia zanieczyszczeń były na niskim poziomie, jedynie LZO przekraczały bezpieczne dla zdrowia wartości.

EN

Concns. of H2S, CO2 and volatile org. compds. (VOCs) present in the air in the beauty salon during manicure treatments were detd. and compared with the concn. of pollutants in the air before starting work. The concns. of H2S and CO2 recorded for all studied materials were low and did not exceed the TLV value. The measured VOCs values showed a significant variation (5.05-57.42 ppm) depending on the materials used and exceeded the safe for health values.

7

Wybrane aspekty kontroli jakości rozdrobnionych opon samochodowych oraz produktów ich modyfikacji

Burger Paulina, Zedler Łukasz, Haponiuk Józef, Formela Krzysztof

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2022

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nr specjalny

36--41

PL

Publikacja zawiera charakterystykę najczęściej stosowanych metod kontroli jakości rozdrobnionych odpadów gumowych oraz produktów ich modyfikacji według odpowiednich norm branżowych. Jedną z perspektyw rozwoju badań w tej dziedzinie są pomiary lotnych związków organicznych emitowanych z produktów recyklingu zużytych opon, stanowiące informację o jakości produktu oraz jego wpływie na środowisko naturalne i zdrowie człowieka.

8

Hazardous Organic Pollutants from Open Burning of Municipal Wastes in Southwest Nigeria

Elehinafe Francis Boluwaji, Okedere Oyetunji Babatunde, Ayeni Augustine Omoniyi, Ajewole Titus Oluwasuji

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 9

288--296

EN

The Southwest Nigeria has witnessed tremendous increase in the output of municipal wastes in the recent years. Non availability of government policy on solid wastes management or its lack of effectiveness where it exists makes unabated open burning the predominant means of municipal solid waste disposal in the region. Open burning of municipal wastes being a major source of anthropogenic air emissions was investigated for atmospheric loading of some hazardous organic pollutants using the emission inventory method. The specific pollutants considered in this study were volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo –p- dioxin (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzo furan (PCDF). The estimated release of VOCs, PAHs, PCBs, PCDD and PCDF from open burning of municipal wastes in the region over the 5-year period investigated were 64000 tonnes, 988 tonnes, 43 tonnes, 0.56 tonnes and 0.2 tonnes respectively. Given the serious human health implications associated with these hazardous organic pollutants, the study suggested conversion of wastes to energy as a possible solution since the region also faces energy challenges.

9

Deep Eutectic Solvents and Their Uses for Air Purification

Janicka Patrycja, Płotka-Wasylka Justyna, Gębicki Jacek

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 10

181--190

EN

Chemical compounds released into the air by the activities of industrial plants and emitted from many other sources, including in households (paints, waxes, cosmetics, disinfectants, plastic (PVC) flooring), may affect the environment and human health. Thus, air purification is an important issue in the context of caring for the condition of the environment. Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as liquids with environmentally friendly properties (non-volatile, biodegradable, non-toxic, cheap, easy to prepare) are a promising solution to this problem. This paper reviews the advances made in the application of DESs as sorbents for the purification of atmospheric and indoor air. The potential of DESs and their subclasses (including SUPRAmolecular Deep Eutectic Solvents, SUPRADESs) applications in air purification processes were also summarized.The authors believe that this review can be useful for future readers as a starting point for research in the field of DESs and their application in air purification.

10

Preliminary analysis of the state of municipal waste management technology in Poland along with the identification of waste treatment processes in terms of odor emissions

Pawnuk Marcin, Szulczyński Bartosz, den Boer Emilia, Sówka Izabela

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 3

3--20

EN

Waste management faces more and more serious challenges, especially given the growing amount of municipal waste generated in Poland and the resulting environmental impact. One of the significant environmental aspects of waste management is the emission of odorants and odors. Taking into account the odor problem, the majority of municipal waste generated is being collected as mixed waste (62% of municipal waste), which by weight contains approximately 32.7% of kitchen and garden waste. These organic fractions are mainly responsible for the emission of odor and odorants. Those substances can be emitted at every stage: from the waste collection at residential waste bins, through transport, waste storage, and transfer stations, up to various respective treatment facilities, i.e., mechanical-biological waste treatment plants, landfills, or waste incineration plants. The gathered data during the study showed that it is necessary to increase the share of different waste management methods, i.e., recycling, composting, or fermentation processes rather than landfilling to meet all necessary regulations and to fulfill provisions of the waste hierarchy. One of the actions indicated in the legal solutions is expansion, retrofitting, and construction of new sorting plants, anaerobic digestion plants, composting plants, and increase in thermal treatment capacity. Variety of different processes that could emit odors and a diversity of different odor-generating substances released from particular waste management steps should be taken into consideration when building new facilities which are suitable for waste treatment. The overall aim of the work was to characterize and summarize available knowledge about waste management system in Poland and to gather information about odor-generating substances emitted from different waste management steps and facilities, which could be a potential source of information for preparing legal solutions to reduce possible odor nuisance form broadly understood waste management.

11

Oddech codzienny

Ligor Tomasz, Rudnicka Joanna, Ratiu Ileana Andreea, Monedeiro Fernanda, Monedeiro-Milanowski Maciej, Buszewski Bogusław

Wiadomości Chemiczne

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2021

|

[Z] 75, 7-8

911--922

EN

The odor of human body has facilitated diagnosis for a long time. Sniffing the body, breath, urine and even feces became one of the useful methods in ancient medicine. For centuries, the sweet smell of the breath was associated with diabetes, the fishy smell was associated with liver disease, measles was associated with the smell of feathers, typhoid with the smell of fresh bread, and tuberculosis with stale beer. Hippocrates also linked the smell of the human body and disease, claiming that the smell of a sick person is different from that of a healthy one. He classified the characteristic odors of the body into sweet, musty, fishy and rotten. The father of chemical analysis of breath was Antonie Lavoisier, who found that carbon dioxide is exhaled by guinea pigs. The pioneer of modem breath analysis was Linus Pauling, who in 1971 presented the results of breath studies using gas chromatography (GC), showing the presence of over 200 substances. Exhaled air containing approximately 78% N2, 17% OSub>2, 3% CO2 and up to 6% water vapor. The exact concentrations of individual inorganic gases depend on many factors, mainly physical exercise, cardiac output, and lung ventilation. A mixture of many volatile organic compounds is a much smaller group of substances at concentrations 100 ppm. The substances in the breath can come from human metabolism and enter into the body by inhaled air and food. Volatile organic compounds present in the breath that can be divided into different chemical classes e.g. saturated hydrocarbons (ethane, pentane, aldehydes), unsaturated hydrocarbons (isoprene), ketones (acetone), sulfur-containing compounds (methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulphide, carbon disulphide, carbonyl sulphide) and containing nitrogen (amines). Endogenous substances in the breath can be used to track physiological and pathological processes in the body. Chemical analysis of the breath can provide information regarding biochemical processes in the organism and human health. Compared to many medical diagnostic methods, it is painless, non-invasive and safe. Nowadays, the main purpose of breath analysis is to identify volatile organic compounds that can be used as markers of various diseases. Research focused on detection of lung cancer based on specific volatile organic compounds in the exhaled air is carried out in many laboratories. Rapid and non-invasive methods for early detection of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is crucial for early diagnosis. This mini review presents background of breath, briefly describes main volatiles, their biochemical origin as well as potential application of exhaled gases analysis.

12

Estimating shipping emissions – A case study for cargo Port of Zadar, Croatia

Knezević V., Pavin Z., Čulin J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

615--620

EN

Reducing air pollutant emissions and energy consumption, as a necessary step to make ports more sustainable, is one of the crucial tasks and challenges of port management. Some of the port strategies to meet the term “green port” usually include reducing fuel consumption from vessels and vehicles in ports. This paper estimates the emission inventory of maritime traffic for the cargo Port of Zadar. For this research, emissions from cargo ships are estimated in the period from January 01. 2018 until October 01. 2019. The “bottom-up” methodology has been applied for estimating emissions, which includes detailed data on the ship’s characteristics (engine power, the load factor, fuel type, the emission factor) and time spent cruising and hotelling. The emissions from cargo ships have been estimated for three ship’s activities: cruising in the reduced speed zone, hotelling (time spent at berth), and maneuvering. The emission results (tons/year) refer to the pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and carbon dioxide (CO2) which represents greenhouse gases. Estimating emission inventory is the first step for planning effective port air quality control. Some recommendations for reducing emissions in port areas are emphasized in this paper.

13

Metody badań wykorzystywane w analizie LZO emitowanych z materiałów polimerowych

Formela Krzysztof, Jakubiak Karolina

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2021

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nr 3

33--38

PL

W artykule omówiono bieżące regulacje prawne dotyczące poziomów emisji związków z grupy lotnych związków organicznych (LZO), a także sposoby ograniczania ich poziomów w instalacjach przemysłowych. Przedstawiono również metody analityczne stosowane najczęściej w celu analizy ilościowej i jakościowej związków z grupy LZO emitowanych z różnego rodzaju materiałów polimerowych. Dodatkowo omówiono nowe źródła związków z grupy LZO generowane w procesie druku 3D czy procesach recyklingu materiałów polimerowych. Dalszy rozwój procedur analitycznych służących do charakterystyki związków z grupy LZO oraz włączenie ich do kontroli jakości umożliwią podjęcie konkretnych działań w celu efektywnej minimalizacji emisji.

EN

The article discusses the current legal regulations regarding the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions as well as methods of their reduction in industrial installations. The analytical methods that have so far been most often used for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of VOCs emitted from various types of polymeric materials are presented. In addition, new sources of VOCs generated in the 3D printing process or the recycling of polymer materials are discussed. The further development of analytical procedures for the characterisation of VOCs and their inclusion in quality control will make it possible to take specific actions to effectively minimise emissions.

14

Quick Detection of Aldehydes and Ketones in Automotive Textiles

Ma Yanxue, Xue Wenliang, Wei Mengyuan, Qian Jingfang

Autex Research Journal

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 2

192--197

EN

This study was aimed to develop a quick detection method to test aldehydes and ketones in textiles in order to control the quality of automotive textiles in the development process from fabric production to end-use in vehicles. In this study, a pretreatment of samples was applied to simulate the actual environment of textiles used in vehicles. Collected volatiles were reacted with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and then eluted with acetonitrile tetrahydrofuran. The eluent was analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography. Findings showed more than 90% volatiles could be detected in the established method; the lowest determination limit was 0.0297 mg/mL; and the lowest quantification limit was 0.0991 mg/mL, which meant sensitivity and capability of the method were high. Regression coefficients of linear models between volatile concentrations and chromatographic peak characteristics were >0.995, indicating that the method could effectively and efficiently determine the contents of volatiles in automotive textiles.

15

Design and development of an e-nose system for the diagnosis of pulmonary diseases

Binson V. A., Subramoniam M.

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 1

35--44

EN

Purpose: The aim of this paper was to discuss the design and development of an innovative e-nose system which can detect respiratory ailments by detecting the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) in the expelled breath. In addition to nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide, the expelled breath contains several VOCs, some of which are indicative of lung-related conditions and can differentiate healthy controls from people affected with pulmonary diseases. Methods: This work detailed the sensor selection process, the assembly of the sensors into a sensor array, the design and implementation of the circuit, sampling methods, and an algorithm for data analysis. The clinical feasibility of the system was checked in 27 lung cancer patients, 22 chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, and 39 healthy controls including smokers and non-smokers. Results: The classification model developed using the support vector machine (SVM) was able to provide accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 88.79, 89.58 and 88.23%, respectively for lung cancer, and 78.70, 72.50 and 82.35%, respectively for COPD. Conclusions: The sensor array system developed with TGS gas sensors was non-invasive, low cost, and gave a rapid response. It has been demonstrated that the VOC profiles of patients with pulmonary diseases and healthy controls are different, hence, the e-nose system can be used as a potential diagnostic device for patients with lung diseases.

16

Volatile organic compounds in motor vehicle interiors under various conditions and their effect on human health

Verner Jan, Sejkorová Marie, Veselík Petr

Zeszyty Naukowe. Transport / Politechnika Śląska

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2020

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z. 107

205--216

EN

The aim of this paper is to estimate the mass concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as benzene (B), toluene (T), ethylbenzene (E) and m-, p-, o-xylenes (X) inside of the driver-compartment of motor vehicles. The results were compared with the Czech limits for indoor environments and the external concentrations. The experiments were carried out on various routes with different methods of ventilation. The volatile emissions detected inside the vehicle were investigated in the city of Brno, Czech Republic. Cabin air was collected using desorption tubes and the samples were analysed by thermal desorption gas chromatography with a flame ionisation detector coupled with a mass detector. VOC concentrations detected in the cabin of the vehicle ranged from 2.93 µg.m-3 to 7.96 µg.m-3 for benzene, 1.42 µg.m-3 to 4.38 µg.m-3. for toluene, 44.06 µg.m-3 to 152.00 µg.m-3 for ethylbenzene and 63.07 µg.m-3 to 479.62 µg.m-3 for xylenes. The indoor limit value for benzene, according to the Czech standard, is 7 µg.m-3. Levels of toluene were consistently below the Czech hourly standard, whose value according to the Czech standard is 300 µg.m-3. According to our findings, various methods of ventilation are an important factor influencing the BTEX pollution levels within the interior of the vehicle. In addition, this paper presents the influence results of benzene on the health of passengers inside the cabin of the vehicle. The results show that all age categories, especially children under the age of two, are exposed to increased health risks.

17

Pozyskiwanie katalizatora Pt/Al2O3 do utleniania lotnych związków organicznych z procesu spalania biomasy

Maj Grzegorz, Krzaczek Paweł, Klimek Kamila, Piekarski Wiesław, Nazimek Dobiesław

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 9

1395--1398

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań doświadczalnych procesu otrzymywania monolitycznego katalizatora Pt/Al2O3 do utleniania lotnych związków organicznych (LZO) z procesu spalania biomasy. Otrzymany katalizator utleniał etylen ze stałą szybkością reakcji 11,90 (po redukcji w atmosferze wodoru) i 15,33 1/s (bez redukcji). Redukcja katalizatora platynowego nie miała istotnego wpływu na jego aktywność. Istotną korzyścią było otrzymanie katalizatora, który nie wymaga wstępnej redukcji platyny w atmosferze wodoru.

EN

Pt was applied on the ceramic monolith support by double impregnation method. At first, Al2O3 was deposited from a Na aluminate soln., then Pt from aq. [H3O]2[PtCl6](H2O) x soln. and the resulting catalyst system was calcinated at 500°C for 3 h. The catalyst activity was tested in ethylene oxidn. at 500°C by using the catalyst with or without a pretreatment with H2. The pre-treated catalyst showed slightly higher activity but only in the range of high conversions.

18

Badanie zdolności roślin doniczkowych do biofiltracji lotnych związków organicznych

Maziejuk Mirosław, Lisowski Wiesław, Sikora Tomasz, Osuchowski Łukasz, Sowa Jerzy, Hendiger Jacek, Kamińska Halina

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

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T. 99, nr 3

419--424

PL

Badano zdolności roślin ozdobnych do poprawiania jakości powietrza. Przedstawiono wyniki laboratoryjnych badań pochłaniania lotnych związków organicznych przez trzy gatunki popularnych roślin doniczkowych: sansewierię gwinejską (Sansevieria trifasciata), epipremnum złociste (Epipremnum aureum) i difenbachię seguiny (Dieffenbachia seguine). Ponadto przedyskutowano problemy związane z doborem technik pomiarowych umożliwiających ciągły monitoring jakości powietrza, zarówno podczas badań laboratoryjnych, jak i w obiektach rzeczywistych.

EN

Three species of ornamental plants (Sansevieria trifasciata, Epipremnum aureum, Dieffenbachia seguine) were used to improve the quality of the air in workplaces. The lab. tests confirmed removal of volatile org. comp. A new measurement techn. enabling continuous monitoring of the quality of the air in spaces was developed.

19

Deodorization of model biogas by means of novel non-ionic deep eutectic solvent

Słupek Edyta, Makoś Patrycja, Gębicki Jacek

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 1

41--46

EN

The paper presents new non-ionic deep eutectic solvent (DES) composed of natural and non-toxic components i.e. guaiacol, camphor and levulinic acid in 1:1:3 molar ratio as a promising absorbent for removal of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including dichloromethane, toluene, hexamethyldisiloxane and propionaldehyde from model biogas. The affinity of DES for VOCs was determined as vapour-liquid coefficients and the results were compared with several well-known DESs based on quaternary ammonium salt as well as n-hexadecane and water. For new DES, the absorption process was carried out under dynamic conditions. The results indicate that non-ionic DES has high affinity and capacity for VOCs being comparable to n-hexadecane. In addition, absorbed VOCs could be easily desorbed from DES using activated carbon and absorbent could be re-use minimum five times without significant loss of absorption capacity.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono nową niejonową ciecz eutektyczną (DES) złożoną z naturalnych i nietoksycznych składników tj. gwajakol, kamfora i kwas lewulinowy w stosunku molowym 1:1:3, jako obiecujący absorbent do usuwania wybranych lotnych związków organicznych w tym dichlorometanu, toluenu, heksametylodisiloksanu oraz aldehydu propionowego. W celu określenia powinowactwa DES do LZO, wyznaczono współczynniki podziału ciecz–para. Uzyskane wyniki porównano z popularnymi DES zawierającymi w strukturze czwartorzędową sól amoniową, a także z n-heksadekanem oraz wodą. Dla nowej DES, proces absorpcji przeprowadzono również w warunkach dynamicznych. Wyniki wykazały, że nowa niejonowa DES charakteryzuje się dużym powinowactwem do wybranych LZO oraz dużą pojemnością sorpcyjną, a parametry te są porównywalne do n-heksadekanu. Dodatkowo, zaabsorbowane LZO mogą być łatwo desorbowane przy użyciu węgla aktywnego. Dzięki temu, absorbent w postaci DES może być użyty minimum pięć razy bez znaczącego zmniejszenia pojemności sorpcyjnej

20

Zawartość lotnych związków organicznych w powietrzu na terenie jednostki ratowniczo-gaśniczej. Ocena potencjalnych źródeł ich pochodzenia oraz negatywnego wpływu na zdrowie strażaka

Łukawski Aleksander Szymon

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2019

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Nr 70 (tom 2)

21--44

PL

W artykule przebadano ilość lotnych związków organicznych (LZO) występujących w dwóch wybranych punktach na terenie wybranej jednostki ratowniczo-gaśniczej (JRG). Analizowano powietrze z garażu oraz kabiny samochodu gaśniczego za pomocą tubek dyfuzyjnych zawierających sorbent Tenax-TA®. Przy wykorzystaniu techniki chromatografii gazowej sprzężonej ze spektrometrią mas, oznaczono związki pochłonięte z powietrza. Oznaczono wysokie stężenia toluenu, m/p-ksylenów i benzenu. Wykorzystując otrzymane dane pomiarowe oraz dane o profilach i stężeniach LZO zaczerpnięte z literatury, przeanalizowano potencjalne źródła LZO oznaczonych w powietrzu wybranej JRG. Wykazano, że źródłami LZO w powietrzu były m.in. spaliny silników mechanicznych i pożary. W oparciu o dostępne dane opisano również potencjalny negatywny wpływ lotnych związków organicznych na zdrowie strażaków przebywających w jednostce ratowniczo-gaśniczej. Na podstawie porównania z publikacjami oceniono, że powietrze z terenu JRG, oddziałując chronicznie, może stanowić zagrożenie dla zdrowia strażaków.

EN

Concentrations of volatile organic compounds in ambient air of Firefighting and Rescue Unit were identified in this article. The sampling was done in the garage area and the cabin of the first response fire engine. Air sampling was performed with the diffusion tubes containing the Tenax-TA® sorbent. Analysis was done using gas the chromatography-mass spectrometry method. In result, there were found the significant concentrations of toluene, m/p-xylenes and benzene. The potential VOCs emission sources were identified due to comparison with literature. The comparison proved that the main sources of the VOCs emission were engine exhausts and fires. The potential negative health effects of the VOCs exposure for firefighters were also described. The concentrations of the VOCs found in ambient air were recognized as harmful to firefighters’ health.