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1
Content available Thermochromic materials in the paints and varnishes sector. Part II: progress in the field of pigments and coatings
Kopyciński Bartosz, Jaszcz Katarzyna, Zubielewicz Małgorzata
Ochrona przed Korozją
|
2025
|
nr 7
190--205
EN
Gaining knowledge in the field of color perception and measurement allows for the continuation of considerations on thermochromism. This article, which is the second part of the authors’ review, is devoted to the progress in the field of pigments and coatings with thermochromic properties. The article presents, in a concise and accessible way, the most important information on thermochromic materials, both of organic and inorganic origin. The reader is introduced to the physicochemical characteristics of thermochromic pigments and the mechanisms of their action. The state of knowledge on the latest achievements in this field is reviewed, taking into account modern methods of synthesis of thermochromic pigments together with examples of coatings obtained with their participation. An analysis of the thermochromic pigments market was prepared, including a forecast of its value and size on a global basis.
PL
Zyskanie wiedzy z zakresu postrzegania i pomiaru barwy umożliwia kontynuację rozważań o termochromizmie. Niniejszy artykuł, stanowiący drugą część pracy przeglądowej autorów, poświęcony jest postępowi w dziedzinie pigmentów i pokryć malarskich o właściwościach termochromowych. W artykule w zwięzły i przystępny sposób przedstawiono najważniejsze informacje dotyczące materiałów termochromowych, zarówno pochodzenia organicznego, jak i nieorganicznego. Przybliżono czytelnikowi charakterystykę fizykochemiczną pigmentów termochromowych oraz mechanizmy ich działania. Dokonano przeglądu stanu wiedzy w zakresie najnowszych osiągnięć w tej materii, uwzględniając nowoczesne metody syntezy pigmentów termochromowych wraz z przykładami pokryć malarskich otrzymywanych z ich udziałem. Sporządzono analizę rynku pigmentów termochromowych obejmującą prognozę jego wartości i wielkości w ujęciu globalnym.
2
E-tekstylia dla żołnierza przyszłości
Just Patryk, Iwan Agnieszka, Przybył Wojciech
Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania
|
2025
|
Vol. 66, Nr 10
24--28
PL
Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia analizę potencjalnych zastosowań e-tekstyliów w wojsku, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem ich wpływu na funkcjonalność i bezpieczeństwo żołnierzy. Wykorzystano metody analizy literatury, syntezy oraz dedukcji, porównując istniejące rozwiązania cywilne i militarne. Przeprowadzone analizy wskazują, że e-tekstylia mają wysoki potencjał w zastosowaniach militarnych, jednak ich implementacja wymaga dalszych badań nad odpornością na warunki atmosferyczne oraz optymalizacją systemów zasilania.
EN
This article presents an analysis of the potential applications of e-textiles in the military, with particular emphasis on their impact on soldiers’ functionality and safety. The study employs literature analysis, synthesis, and deduction methods to compare existing civilian and military solutions. The results indicate that e-textiles have significant potential for military applications. However, their implementation requires further research on durability under environmental conditions and the optimization of power supply systems.
3
Content available Thermochromic materials in the paints and varnishes sector. Part I: perception and measurement of color
Kopyciński Bartosz, Duda Alicja, Jaszcz Katarzyna, Zubielewicz Małgorzata
Ochrona przed Korozją
|
2024
|
nr 6
152--164
EN
Considerations about thermochromism should begin with exploring the issue of color. Only the assimilation of the basic laws and phenomena that rule the world of colors, and the resulting classification systems, will allow for a proper understanding of this matter. This article presents the most important information regarding color perception, especially from a mathematical perspective, in a concise and accessible way. Color spaces known and used in the paint and varnish sector are described, including: CIELab, and commercially important color classification systems, such as RAL or Natural Color System. The methods of color measurement along with dedicated equipment and standards that are used in the everyday work of a coatings technology specialist are presented. A brief review of the state of knowledge in the field of chromism and its various types was made.
PL
Rozważania o termochromizmie należy rozpocząć od zgłębienia zagadnienia barwy. Dopiero poznanie podstawowych praw i zjawisk rządzących światem kolorów, a także wynikających z nich systemów klasyfikacji, pozwala na zrozumienie tej materii. W artykule w zwięzły i przystępny sposób przedstawiono najważniejsze informacje dotyczące postrzegania barw, zwłaszcza w ujęciu matematycznym. Opisano znane i stosowane w sektorze farb i lakierów przestrzenie barw, m.in. CIELab, oraz systemy klasyfikacji kolorów o znaczeniu komercyjnym, takie jak RAL czy Natural Colour System. Opisano metody pomiaru barw oraz przeznaczony do tego sprzęt i odpowiednie normy, których używa się w codziennej pracy technologa wyrobów lakierowych. Dokonano przeglądu stanu wiedzy w zakresie chromizmu oraz różnych jego odmian.
4
Content available Active vibration control of pipe-shaped robot arm
Peter Marcin Adam, Leniowska Lucyna, Grochowina Marcin
Engineering Transactions
|
2024
|
Vol. 72, iss. 4
389--402
EN
Robotic systems, because of their construction, are susceptible to vibrations that significantly affect their accuracy. Consequently, many efforts are made to eliminate vibrations and stabilize the structure as effectively as possible through the use of various solutions. This article presents the results of research on the use of piezoelectric elements- micro fiber composite (MFC) to reduce vibrations in a thin-walled tube, serving as a model of a lightweight robot arm. The aim of the research is to develop an effective method for vibration cancelation of considered arm model. In our approach, MFC elements were used to perform dual roles: as sensors and actuators. The object model was obtained based on measurements taken on a laboratory stand using an acquisition card and the xPC Target (Matlab) environment. Based on the obtained data, an ARX-type model was developed, and an optimal controller was selected for application in the designed active vibration reduction system. The article includes the results of tests carried out for several different vibration-inducing signals, confirming the effectiveness of the applied vibration-reduction method.
5
Content available The use of moisture-responsive materials in 4D printing
Al Nahari B.B.M.A., Zarbane K., Beidouri Z.
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2023
|
Vol. 119, nr 1
5--13
EN
Purpose: The objective of this research paper is to compile a list of key moisture-sensitive smart materials used in 4D printing. These materials have applications in various fields, including industrial and medical, and the list can be used as a reference for creating 4D-printed sensors and actuators. Design/methodology/approach: The smart materials used in 4D printing are discussed, and a description of each material is given, including its principle, applications and areas of use. Findings: We have discovered a large number of different materials that are sensitive to moisture and have identified those that are most essential for use in 4D printing. Research limitations/implications: According to the results of this research, the moisture-sensitive materials used in 4D printing have very limited use and application, and the majority of these materials are still in the research and development stage. Originality/value: This review article provides researchers interested in using smart materials to exploit 4D printing in the industrial and medical fields, as well as in many other disciplines, with a means to identify the most widely used and prevalent moisture-sensitive materials.
6
Content available The application of piezoelectric materials to convert kinetic energy into electrical energy
Jureczko Mariola, Filas J., Mrówka Maciej
Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering
|
2023
|
Vol. 121, nr 2
231--237
EN
The main goal was to determine the efficiency of converting kinetic energy into electrical energy in piezoelectric materials. The article presents research results regarding the relationship between the number of piezoelectric transducers, the generated voltage, and the relationship between the pressure force and the induced voltage. Design/methodology/approach Experimental research began with determining whether the voltage generated by piezoelectric transducers connected in series is proportional to their number. The spacers were then applied to see if this increased the performance of the test platform. The latest tests were carried out at the author's measurement station. Findings The authors of the work researched electricity generation by piezoelectric materials, confirming their potential but showing limitations related to the brittleness of the materials. The work suggests the possibility of improving the efficiency of these materials by examining the influence of the pressure frequency on the obtained value of the generated voltage. Research limitations/implications The main limitation was the need to develop an optimal test platform design that would effectively use the piezoelectric potential of the transducers while preventing their damage. The results were not entirely satisfactory; therefore, future research is intended to optimise the parameters of transducers and the test platform to maximise efficiency in converting mechanical energy into electrical energy. Practical implications A practical application of the obtained results may be using energy produced using piezoelectric membranes in renewable energy, for example, to power streetlamps, road signs, or other low-power devices. Originality/value The main originality of the research is the possibility of its practical application. Research on such many piezoelectric membranes connected in series is rare, which makes this configuration original.
7
Aktywne i inteligentne materiały opakowaniowe
Gajlewicz Izabela
Przemysł Spożywczy
|
2022
|
T. 76, nr 5
36--42
PL
Zainteresowanie rozwojem inteligentnych i aktywnych materiałów opakowaniowych wzrasta, ponieważ producenci żywności starają się pozytywnie wpływać na zrównoważony rozwój i środowisko swoich produktów, przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu ich jakości i bezpieczeństwa. Aktywne materiały opakowaniowe zawierają składniki zwiększające ich funkcjonalność. Przykładami takich składników są: środki przeciwdrobnoustrojowe, przeciwutleniacze czy stabilizatory UV. Inteligentne materiały opakowaniowe zawierają elementy wykrywające, które zapewniają wskazanie zmiany kontrolowanych parametrów żywności, takich jak jakość, dojrzałość lub bezpieczeństwo. W artykule omówiono kilka rozwiązań stosowanych w opracowywaniu aktywnych i inteligentnych materiałów opakowaniowych dla przemysłu spożywczego.
EN
The interest in the development of intelligent and active packaging materials, especially biodegradable ones, is increasing as food producers try to improve the sustainable development and environmental impact of their products, while maintaining their quality and safety. Active packaging materials contain ingredients that increase their functionality, such as antimicrobials agents, antioxidants, UV stabilizers. Smart packaging materials contain sensing elements that provide an indication of changes in food parameters such as quality, maturity or safety. The article discusses several solutions used in the development of active and intelligent packaging materials in the food industry.
8
Content available Instalacja do wytwarzania proszku ferromagnetycznego metodą elektrolizy w warunkach laboratoryjnych
Sołtys Krzysztof, Bartel Sebastian, Kluszczyński Krzysztof
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny
|
2022
|
R. 98, nr 9
77--81
PL
Artykuł prezentuje koncepcję własnej metody wytwarzania proszku ferromagnetycznego w warunkach laboratoryjnych na małą skalę przy wykorzystaniu procesu elektrolizy chemicznej. Autorzy opracowali projekt i zbudowali stanowisko badawcze, którego kluczowym elementem jest separator magnetyczny, analizowany z wykorzystaniem programów FEMM i CFD. Proszki ferromagnetyczne, uzyskane z użyciem dwóch różnych elektrolitów: wodnego roztworu NaCl oraz wodnego roztworu FeSO4 poddano testom potwierdzających ich magnetyczne właściwości.
EN
The article presents the concept of own method of producing ferromagnetic powder in small-scale laboratory conditions using the chemical electrolysis process. The authors developed a project and built a test stand, the key element of which is a magnetic separator, analyzed with the use of FEMM and CFD programs. Ferromagnetic powders obtained with the use of two different electrolytes: aqueous NaCl solution and aqueous FeSO4 solution were tested to confirm their magnetic properties.
9
Content available A new BEM for modeling and simulation of 3T MDD laser-generated ultrasound stress waves in FGA smart materials
Fahmy Mohamed A.
Computer Methods in Materials Science
|
2021
|
Vol. 21, No. 2
95--104
EN
The goal of this study is to present a new theory known as the three-temperature memory-dependent derivative (MDD) of ultrasound stress waves in functionally graded anisotropic (FGA) smart materials. It is extremely difficult to address the difficulties related to this theory analytically due to its severe nonlinearity. As a result, we suggest a new boundary element method (BEM) to solve such equations. The suggested BEM technique incorporates the benefits of both continuous and discrete descriptions. The numerical results are visually represented to demonstrate the impacts of MDD three temperatures and anisotropy on the ultrasound stress waves in FGA smart materials. The numerical findings verify the proposed methodology’s validity and accuracy. We may conclude that the offered results are useful for comprehending the FGA smart materials. As a result, our findings contribute to the advancement of the industrial applications of FGA smart materials.
10
Content available Concept of an adaptive-tuned particles impact damper
Żurawski Mateusz, Zalewski Robert, Chiliński Bogumił Daniel
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
|
2020
|
Vol. 58 nr 3
811--816
EN
The most popular devices for attenuation of mechanical vibrations are dampers or shock absorbers. Two main energy dissipation strategies can be generally distinguished: passive and active (semi-active). Passive vibration isolation methods are the most commonly used, mainly because of their simplicity and low maintenance costs. Among passive vibration attenuation techniques, also Particle Impact Dampers (PID) are involved. Classical PID solutions have some certain limitations. This paper aims at presenting the new concept of an adaptive tuned PID damper that can pretend to be placed among semi-active energy dissipation methods.
11
Content available Investigations of applications of smart materials and methods in fluid valves and drives
Milecki Andrzej, Rybarczyk Dominik
Journal of Machine Engineering
|
2019
|
Vol. 19, No. 4
122--134
EN
In the paper the investigations performed at the Division of Mechtronic Devices at Poznan University of Technology in the area of application of both: smart materials in electro-hydraulic and electro-pneumatic valves, and new methods to control of hydraulic servo drives, are presented. In a first part the piezo bender actuator is shortly described and its application in servo valve is proposed. This actuator replaced the torque motor in the available on the market servo valve. The new valve simulation model is proposed. The simulation and investigations results of the servo valve with the piezo bending actuator are included. In the next part of the paper the application of piezo tube actuator in flapper-nozzle pneumatic valve is described. The test stand and investigations results are presented. Later, in the article, the Model Following Control (MFC) and Fractional order Control (FoC) methods are described. Their application in control of electrohydraulic servo drive is proposed. Some investigations results are included in the paper, showing the advantages of those control methods.
12
Content available The integration of a material structure with sensors and effectors - from theory to technology
Lipski Stanisław, Betiuk Marek
Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji
|
2019
|
no. 3
39--45
EN
One of the directions of modern development in the field of material research is the inclusion of features, enabling them to detect external stimuli and change their own properties in order to adapt to changes in the environment. Such materials evoke a new design philosophy that combines the actions of sensors, executive mechanisms, and control functions in one structure, which are capable of changing their response, depending on changes detected in the environment. In the article, the authors confront the expectations of theoretical solutions with the practical possibilities of modern technologies for the creation of intelligent engineering materials.
PL
Jednym z kierunków współczesnego rozwoju w dziedzinie badań materiałowych jest włączenie cech, umożliwiając im detekcję bodźców zewnętrznych i zmianę ich własnych właściwości w celu dostosowania się do zmian w środowisku. Takie materiały wywołują nową filozofię ich projektowania, która łączy działania sensorów, mechanizmów wykonawczych i funkcji sterujących w jednej strukturze, zdolnej do zmiany swojej reakcji w zależności od zmian wykrywanych w otoczeniu. W artykule autorzy konfrontują oczekiwania teoretycznych rozwiązań z praktycznymi możliwościami współczesnych technologii tworzenia inżynierskich materiałów inteligentnych. Dodatkową zaletą referatu są liczne przykłady nowych osiągnięć na świecie w tej dziedzinie z odniesieniami do współczesnej literatury naukowej.
13
Content available Semi-active torsional vibration isolation utilizing magnetorheological elastomer
Marzuki W. M. R. W., Muthalif A. G. A., Nordin N. H. D.
Vibrations in Physical Systems
|
2018
|
Vol. 29
art. no. 2018014
EN
In rotating machinery, unattenuated excessive torsional vibration leads to damage and excessive wear. This type of vibration, which is transferred from one structure to another can be estimated using torsional transmissibility factor (TTF). The value of the TTF describes the ratio of output to input and reaches its peak at the natural frequency. Hence, the ability to vary coupling stiffness of two rotating shafts will allow the control of the TTF towards better performance and preventions from fatigue loading. Traditionally, passive rubbers are used as a flexible coupling in between two shafts. However, the constant passive stiffness of the material limits its performance. To address this issue, an adaptive coupling based on magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) is proposed to achieve better TTF at varying frequencies. Mathematical modelling, simulation study and experimental results of MRE for torsional vibration isolation are presented in this work. Natural frequency obtained from the TTF shows an increase of about 3 Hz when current changed from 1 to 6 A.
14
Content available remote Przegląd rozwiązań aktywnej kontroli drgań dla narzędzi skrawających
Kasprowiak M.
Stal, Metale & Nowe Technologie
|
2018
|
nr 3-4
18--23
PL
W artykule przedstawiono problematykę drgań występujących w trakcie obróbki skrawaniem, negatywne konsekwencje, jakie za sobą niosą, a także to, w jaki sposób wpływają na proces obróbki skrawaniem. Omówiono również nowoczesne materiały wykorzystywane w aplikacjach tłumiących drgania, niemniej jednak zasadniczą część publikacji stanowi przegląd opublikowanych rozwiązań konstrukcyjnych wspomagających walkę ze zjawiskiem drgań towarzyszącym procesowi skrawania.
EN
The paper presents the issue of vibrations during the machining process, negative consequences caused by them and how they influence the machining process. Moreover, smart materials used in vibration damping have been discussed. The main part of the paper describes a review of published solutions which support the fight with the vibration phenomenon during machining.
15
Content available remote Finite Element Analysis of the local effect of a piezoelectric patch on an aluminum plate
Lebied A., Necib B., Sahli M.
Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering
|
2017
|
Vol. 21, nr 2
233--242
EN
We have been accustomed to traditional materials such as wood, leather, wool... and have known the revolution of plastics and composites materials. Recently, we have known other innovations: these of smart materials able to change the shape as the piezoelectric materials. This work deals with the electro-mechanical modeling of these structures by the finite element method. It consists on to model and to simulate deformations in a square aluminum plate subjected to an electric field. This is achieved by using PZT piezoelectric transducers that have such particularity to deform under the influence of an electric field. The study of the deformed aluminum plates equipped with a PZT patch is considered and these types of materials are commonly used in aeronautics and astronautics, which is the context of our study. We have clearly shown the effect of the electromechanical properties of different piezoelectric materials, the transverse piezoelectric coefficient d31 and the longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient d33 of PZT patch on the final response of the intelligent structure.
16
Content available Operational characteristics of rotating magnetoreological clutches and brakes
Bajkowski J.
Journal of Machine Construction and Maintenance - Problemy Eksploatacji
|
2017
|
no. 3
7--12
EN
The following article is devoted to research on particular operational characteristics of prototypes of rotating magnetorheological clutches and brakes. The experiments were conducted on a specialized test stand, including a high power servo-motor, torque meters, and thermal sensors. In addition to the generally determined relationship of the clutch or brake torque transmitted over time and depending on the electric current, it has been shown that the particular operational characteristics of these devices are necessary for the full operational picture of the performance of the device. These are, among others, the torque versus rotational speed, temperature, and operational time dependencies.
PL
Praca poświęcona jest badaniom prototypów sprzęgieł i hamulców magnetoreologicznych pracujących w ruchu obrotowym. Zostały one przeprowadzone na specjalistycznym stanowisku badawczym. Obok powszechnie wyznaczanych zależności przenoszonego momentu obrotowego sprzęgła lub hamulca w funkcji czasu i w zależności od wartości natężenia prądu płynącego w solenoidach tych urządzeń i sterującego natężeniem pola magnetycznego wytwarzanego wokół cieczy magnetoreologicznej wykazano, że do pełnego obrazu eksploatacyjnych warunków pracy niezbędne jest wyznaczenie dodatkowych charakterystyk tych urządzeń. Są nimi między innymi wyznaczane w pracy charakterystyki ilustrujące zależności momentu obrotowego w funkcji obrotów, temperatury i inne.
17
Content available Structural tests of freight wagons on the basis of signals generated by piezoelectric macro fiber composites
Płaczek M., Wróbel A., Buchacz A.
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
|
2017
|
Vol. 11, no. 3
210--216
EN
Paper presents a report of a research work that concerns possibilities of freight wagons modernization using new composite materials. The main aim of presented work was to verify the possibility of inference from the dynamic response of the wagon about the changes in its technical condition. During the presented works tests on real objects were carried out using Macro Fiber Composite (MFC) piezoelectric transducers glued to the freight wagon’s frame. The dynamical response of the wagon was measured while the object was driving. On the next stage the measured signal was generated on a laboratory stand using electrodynamic modal shaker and vibrations of the laboratory model were measured. Measured signals were juxtaposed on charts and analysed. The aim of this work was to verify if it is possible to detect the change in the system using measurements of vibrations that are being generated during exploitation of the freight wagon.
18
Content available Influence of Terfenol-D powder volume fraction in epoxy matirx composites on their magnetomechanical properies
Mech R., Kaleta J.
Acta Mechanica et Automatica
|
2017
|
Vol. 11, no. 3
233--236
EN
In this paper the investigations of magnetostriction as well as DC magnetic properties for composites doped with Terfenol-D particles are presented. All investigations were performed for the materials with 35%, 46% and 70% volume fraction of the Terfenol-D particles surrounded by epoxy matrix. Moreover, the bulk Terfenol-D alloy was tested. The obtained results show that the magnetization of the composite materials increases with increasing the volume fraction of Terfenol-D particles. Similar dependence as for magnetization was observed for the magnetostriction measurements. Although the magnetostriction of composite material is smaller than for solid Terfenol-D it is still tens of times bigger than in case of traditional magnetostrictive materials. Obtained results gives opportunity to use these materials for variety applications such as actuators and sensors.
19
Content available Vibration analysis for vehicle with vacuum packed particles suspension
Makowski M., Zalewski R.
Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics
|
2015
|
Vol. 53 nr 1
109--117
EN
The paper concerns an effect of the damping force controlling a vehicle suspension system. The investigated vehicle suspension system consists of innovatory Vacuum Packed Particles controllable dampers which allow controlling the vehicle body vibration. The main objective of performed and presented in the paper studies is to determine properties of the Vacuum Packed Particles (VPP) damper and propose a preliminary control strategy. The control in the vehicle suspension system can be realized by controlling the underpressure resulting in various jamming mechanisms in the granular core. Some algorithms of vibration control are also proposed and discussed.
20
Content available remote Magnetostriction of field-structural composite with Terfenol-D particles
Kaleta J., Lewandowski D., Mech R.
Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering
|
2015
|
Vol. 15, no. 4
897--902
EN
The paper describes the magnetomechanical properties of magnetostrictive composites containing a 70% volume fraction of Terfenol-D powder. Except for a reference specimen, composites were subjected to polarization during curing of the resin. The results of tests showed that polarization, its direction and type have an effect on the properties of the produced composites. The highest values of magnetostriction from the manufactured composite samples were obtained for the perpendicularly polarized specimen. For a pre-stress of 7 MPa the strain amounted to 720 ppm. The results indicate that the magnetostriction of the composite increases owing not only to the proper crystallographic orientation of the material, which is usually [1 1 2], but also to the proper preparation of the specimen in this case through polarization.
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