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1

Effect of enzymatic-bacterial bioproduct on PLA biodegradation under industrial composting conditions

Lisewska Daria, Mazuryk Alicja, Szymańska Lauren, Krasinska Oksana, Żarski Arkadiusz, Janczak Katarzyna

Polimery

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2025

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Vol. 70, nr 1

19--29

EN

The effect of the new bioproduct in the form of granulate and liquid concentrate on PLA biodegradation during industrial composting was investigated. The analysis included compost parameters, PLA mass loss, structural changes (SEM) and chemical properties (FTIR-ATR, O/C ratio). The effectiveness of the bioproduct, especially in liquid form, in accelerating PLA degradation and improving compost properties was confirmed what matters for sustainable waste management.

PL

Zbadano wpływ nowego bioproduktu w postaci granulatu i płynnego koncentratu na biodegradację PLA podczas przemysłowego kompostowania. Analiza obejmowała parametry kompostu, utratę masy PLA, zmiany strukturalne (SEM) i właściwości chemiczne (FTIR-ATR, stosunek O/C). Potwierdzono skuteczność bioproduktu, szczególnie w postaci płynnej, w przyspieszaniu degradacji PLA i poprawianiu właściwości kompostu, co ma znaczenie dla zrównoważonego zarządzania odpadami.

2

Tribological properties of PLA-based composites produced by 3D printing

Bohun L., Mierzwiński D., Tepla T., Gądek S., Nykiel M., Vasylieva A.-M.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 128, nr 1

5--17

EN

Purpose: The current trends in the development of additive technologies, which are actively used in various industries, have been analysed. Special attention was found to be paid to polylactic acid (PLA), an environmentally friendly and biodegradable polymer widely used in 3D printing due to its low melting point and cost-effectiveness. The tribological properties of PLA were improved by adding clay in different concentrations and changing the filling type during printing. The highest indicators of wear resistance and the minimum coefficient of friction were found in the PLA/0.1Clay composite with Grid 90/85 filling. Such a type of filling provided optimal tribological properties for all composites due to the implementation of an abrasive wear mechanism accompanied by plastic deformation. It was revealed that the introduction of clay plasticized the material, which resulted in the widening of the sliding tracks. Design/methodology/approach: Pure PLA and PLA/Clay composites with different clay concentrations (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 g per 50 g PLA) were used for the study. The samples were printed with Sphere/100, Grid 90/100 and Grid 90/85 infill to study the effect of structure and density on tribological properties. Density, clay distribution (SEM), tribological tests, as well as wear track structure and friction mechanisms were investigated. The nature of clay distribution in the obtained filaments was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on a JSM-IT200 scanning electron microscope (Tokyo, Japan). To establish the elemental composition of the clay used to create the filaments, X-ray fluorescence analysis was performed on a CEP-01 Elvax Light X-ray spectrometer. The hardness of the samples was measured by indentation according to the Shore method on the Shore hardness tester HT-6510D. Tribological studies of the obtained samples were carried out according to the ball-on-disk scheme on the Tester T-01M computerized friction machine. The microstructure of the surfaces of the studied samples was analysed using an MBS-9 microscope. Findings: The influence of the chemical composition of PLA/Clay and the type of filler on the tribological characteristics, including wear resistance, wear intensity and friction mechanisms, was evaluated. The optimal composite composition (PLA/0.1Clay) and the type of filler (Grid 90/85) were determined to ensure the best performance properties. Research limitations/implications: The work focuses on PLA/Clay composites and dry friction conditions, which require further research for other fillers and operating environments. The results provide a basis for developing environmentally friendly wear-resistant materials with improved tribotechnical properties. Practical implications: The study demonstrates the potential of PLA composites for parts operating in friction pairs without lubrication, particularly in the automotive, medical and textile industries. The results contribute to the development of additive manufacturing for manufacturing wear-resistant parts with complex geometries. Originality/value: The article comprehensively analyses the influence of the composition of PLA composites with the addition of clay and the type of filling during 3D printing on tribological properties. The proposed combination of materials science and tribological methods for optimizing polymer properties significantly contributes to the development of environmentally friendly materials and 3D printing technologies.

3

The influence of polymer materials and internal density on the parameters of fused filament fabrication samples during tensile testing

Gontarz-Kulisiewicz Małgorzata, Budzik Grzegorz, Dziubek Tomasz, Sobolewski Bartłomiej, Przeszłowski Łukasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 9

410--427

EN

This article presents a strength analysis of selected polymer materials (ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), PLA (polylactic acid), HABS (hard acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), HIPS (high-impact polystyrene), PC/ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene with polycarbonate), and S&S (strong and soft)) used in the FFF method based on a static tensile test. Standardized type 1A specimens with varying filling densities of the internal grid structure were tested, specifically at densities of 13%, 15%, 20%, 65%, 80%, and fully filled. Additionally, the fractures of the samples following the strength tests were examined and described.

4

Layer adhesion investigation of three dimension printed parts by controlling the environment temperature

Saleh Ammar Mahdi, Jaber Adil Shbeeb, Jabbar Mohammed Sattar

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 3

74--83

EN

Layer adhesion refers to the evaluation of the bond strength between layers in a 3D-printed part. Generally, 3D printed products are built layer by layer where the adhesion between layers may be vary depending on many factors also according to materials used. Furthermore, all the 3D printed parts experience layer separation over time. This issue goes back mainly to the effect of temperature during 3D printing operations. In this research a new technique has been developed, that focuses on studying and controlling the temperature of the environment around the 3D printer. This approach aims to enhance the adhesion or welding process between printed layers. Where at the proper temperature the layer becomes more elastic which facilitates the fusion process of the new layer with existing ones, thereby increasing the mechanical properties of the 3D printed parts. There are many techniques applied to control the temperature where in this study the control system that has been implemented, consists of a digital thermostat equipped with sensors. The system monitors and adjusts the temperature by using an electrical wire heater placed inside the encloser. Many materials are used as base material in 3D printers like PLA, ABS, PETG, etc., and each of these materials has a different optimum temperature, this study focused on PLA materials as the test material, even though they are widely used in 3d printer field, where having a good printing flexibility, on the other hands this material has the biggest influences by the weather conditions, which can lead to failure happened between layers after a short while of time. The experiments were done by selecting three environment temperatures (40,45 and 50 ℃), the number of walls (4,6, and 8walls), and finally printing speed (70,80and 90 mm/sec) to test the adhesion between layers. The results exhibited that the effect of encloser temperature on the 3d printer process was 62.07% over all the other printer parameters, Notably, the increase in the strength of adhesion for the printed parts reached 32.37% at an encloser temperature of 40 ℃. Keywords: 3D-printer, PLA filament, layer adhesion strength, environment temperature.

5

Implement the artificial neural network concept for predicting the mechanical properties of printed polylactic acid parts

Al-Wswasi Mazin, Al-Khaleeli Weam A., Aufy Samah A.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 5

73--83

EN

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an industrial process that involves creating three-dimensional (3D) parts based on computer-aided design (CAD) models. Various methods and techniques have been developed in the recent decade to enhance this industry. This research observes the influence of 3D printing parameters using fused deposition modeling (FDM) on the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of polylactic acid (PLA) specimens. This is precisely to study the effects of infill density, infill pattern, and layer thickness and determine the optimal parameters. The compression test samples have been designed based on ASTM D695 standards and manufactured using a Creality Ender-5 Pro 3D printer. Then, a Taguchi design of experiments method has been used, and nine experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effects of the mentioned parameters. Also, analysis of variance (ANOVA) declared that the infill density is the most noticeable parameter with a contribution of 83.56% to the variation in UCS. On the other hands, both infill pattern and layer thickness had minimal impact. However, the ideal configuration to earn maximum UCS value has been recorded as 80% infill density, a gyroid infill pattern, and a 0.3 mm layer thickness based on ANOVA analysis. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model has been developed to enhance predictive capabilities. This is by training a three-layer architecture with inputs of infill density, infill pattern, and layer thickness. It is confirmed by two calculation outcomes that the ANN has performed high predictive accuracy: a regression coefficient (R) of 0.9974 and slight deviation between experimental and predicted UCS values. These results show the considerable role of infill density in increasing the compressive strength, as well as approve the ANN as a trusted tool for predicting mechanical properties of 3D-printed components. This research presents profound investigation for optimizing FDM parameters to enhance the mechanical performance of 3D-printed parts.

6

Mechanical analysis and sensitivity evaluation of PLA scaffolds for bone tissue repair using FEA and Taguchi experimental design

Vásquez Diego, Medina Luis, Martínez Gabriela

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2025

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Vol. 27, no. 1

69--81

EN

The design of three-dimensional scaffolds for bone regeneration poses challenges in balancing mechanical strength, porosity and degradability. This study aimed to optimize the geometric parameters of polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds fabricated via 3D printing, focusing on pore size, porosity, and geometric configurations to enhance mechanical performance and biological functionality. Methods: Two geometric configurations – orthogonal and offset orthogonal – were evaluated with pore sizes ranging from 400–1000 μm and porosities between 55–70%. Finite element analysis (FEA) in ANSYS Workbench was used to simulate mechanical behavior, while the Taguchi experimental design determined the optimal parameter combinations. Statistical analyses, including ANOVA, assessed the significance of each factor. Results: The study identified a pore size of 400 μm as optimal for structural strength, while a porosity of 70% provided a balance between stability and cell growth. Orthogonal geometries distributed stress more uniformly, reducing critical stress concentrations compared to offset configurations. ANOVA revealed that pore size was the most significant factor, followed by porosity and geometry, achieving a model reliability of R2 = 98.42%. Conclusions: The findings highlight the importance of geometric optimization for improving scaffold mechanical properties while maintaining biological functionality. This study offers a robust framework for designing patient-specific scaffolds tailored to bone tissue engineering applications.

7

Wytrzymałość mieszaniny skrobia termoplastyczna/polilaktyd

Garbarski Jacek, Fabijański Mariusz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 3

381--386

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań mieszaniny TPS/PLA o różnych proporcjach składników. Wykonano próby rozciągania statycznego dla każdej z badanych mieszanin. Wielkościami mierzonymi były wytrzymałość, odkształcenie oraz moduł Younga.

EN

Granules of thermoplastic starch (TPS), polylactide (PLA) and their mixts. in mass proportions of 25, 50, 75% were formed using a injection molding machine. Static tensile tests were performed for each of the tested mixts. The measured values were force, strain and Young’s modulus. TPS/PLA blends showed much higher strength parameters than each of the component materials separately.

8

Mechanical Properties of Material Extrusion Printed Samples Made of PLA After Treatment in an Acetone Bath

Szczygieł Paweł, Kowalska Natalia

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2024

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Vol. 15, Nr 2 (56)

71--82

EN

This paper presents a study of the effect of chemical treatment using pure acetone on strength specimens made from PLA polylactide produced by 3D FDM/FFF printing technology. The strength specimens were designed in accordance with the ISO 527 standard. The chemical treatment was carried out using baths at different time intervals. The hardness of the samples was measured, and a tensile test was performed. The results show that with prolonged contact with acetone, the hardness of the material decreases by approximately 45% compared to untreated samples. When analysing the tensile tests, it was noted that the tensile strength decreases with longer chemical bath time. At the same time, the material becomes more ductile, resulting in a high elongation at break in tension of up to 40% relative to untreated samples.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badanie wpływu obróbki chemicznej przy użyciu czystego acetonu na wytrzymałość próbek wykonanych z polilaktydu PLA w technologii druku 3D FDM/FFF. Próbki wytrzymałościowe zostały zaprojektowane zgodnie z normą ISO 527. Obróbkę chemiczną w roztworze acetonu przeprowadzono w różnych odstępach czasu. Zmierzono twardość próbek i przeprowadzono statyczną próbę rozciągania. Wyniki wskazują, że przy dłuższym kontakcie z acetonem twardość materiału spada o około 45% w porównaniu z próbkami niepoddanymi obróbce. Analizując testy rozciągania, zauważono, że wytrzymałość na rozciąganie zmniejsza się wraz z wydłużeniem czasu trwania kąpieli chemicznej. Jednocześnie materiał staje się bardziej plastyczny, co powoduje, że wydłużenie przy zerwaniu jest o 40% większe w porównaniu do próbek niepoddanych obróbce chemicznej.

9

Testing of the prototype of a one-way fuel system valve

Bernaczek Jacek, Cichosz Piotr

Polish Technical Review

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2024

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No. 4

2--8

EN

The subject of the publication is the research of a prototype of a one-way fuel system valve manufactured using the additive technique. The valve design was developed in the CAD environment in the aspect of manufacturing the model using the additive technique. The models were subjected to numerical analysis of stress distribution using the finite element method FEM in order to confirm the dimensional, shape and material conditions. The manufacturing process was developed using the thermoplastic modeling technique FFF (Fused Filament Fabrication) from two commonly used model materials, i.e. PLA and ABS. The physical models were subjected to bench tests. Based on the numerical analysis of FEM and experimental tests based on the manufactured prototypes, the specified assumptions were confirmed.

PL

Przedmiotem publikacji są badania prototypu jednokierunkowego zaworu instalacji paliwowej wytwarzanego techniką przyrostową. Opracowano konstrukcję zaworu w środowisku CAD w aspekcie wytworzenia modelu techniką przyrostową. Modele poddano numerycznej analizie rozkładu naprężeń metodą elementów skończonych MES celem potwierdzenia uwarunkowań wymiarowo kształtowych i materiałowych. Opracowano proces wytwarzania techniką modelowania tworzywem termoplastycznym FFF (ang. Fused Filament Fabrication) z dwóch powszechnie wykorzystywanych materiałów modelowych, tj. PLA i ABS. Modele fizyczne poddano badaniom stanowiskowym. Na podstawie analizy numerycznej MES oraz badań doświadczalnych w oparciu o wytworzone prototypy potwierdzono sprecyzowane założenia.

10

Otrzymywanie i degradacja kompozytów na bazie polilaktydu i paździerzy konopnych modyfikowanych stearyną

Biniaś Dorota, Drabek Weronika

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 7 (27)

63--73

EN

As a result of the work carried out, composites were obtained whose matrix was polylactide (PLA) and the filler was hemp shives with the addition of stearin. Using a heating press, composites with different shares of both PLA and hemp shives were obtained. The amount of stearin was always 15% in relation to the mass of hemp shives used. Samples were prepared from the obtained composites to test the biodegradation process, which were measured and weighed. The biodegradation process was carried out in the environment, placing the appropriately prepared batches of composites in compost derived from grass. Samples were taken at monthly intervals to analyze changes in mass and thickness and morphological assessment. The degradation process of the obtained composites was carried out for 3 months. The mass of the samples after the first month of biodegradation did not change significantly, however, with the biodegradation time, the masses of the tested composite samples decrease. The thickness of composite samples after the first month of biodegradation increased in relation to the initial value, which may be caused by the adsorption of water from the substrate. However, after three months of biodegradation, a decrease in thickness was observed for all samples in comparison to the initial value. Analysis of the surface morphology of the composite samples carried out using a stereoscopic microscope and a scanning electron microscope confirmed the biodegradation process for the obtained composites. Stearin, which is a mixture of fatty acids, used as a composite modifying additive turned out to be a nutrient for microorganisms present in the compost, which accelerated the decomposition of the samples. As a result of the conducted research, it can be stated that the obtained composite has properties that support ecological processing, which is in line with the assumptions of a circular economy.

11

Study of cellular structures built from self-similar models and repeatable structures manufactured by FDM/FFF technology

Rudnik Mateusz

Polimery

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2024

|

Vol. 69, nr 3

173--178

EN

Appropriate recursive formulas were obtained for generating repeatable and self-similar cel-lular structures obtained from PLA using the FDM/FFF method. The H1s, H2s self-similar models show mechanical self-similarity relationships based on simulation and compression test. In addition, the H1s models show higher displacement values than the H1i recurrent models. For the results of the H2s models, it is not conclusive whether they show higher displacement values.

PL

Uzyskano odpowiednie formuły rekurencyjne do generowania powtarzalnych i samopodobnych struktur komórkowych otrzymanych z PLA metodą FDM/FFF. Zbadano wytrzymałość na ściskanie otrzymanych w ten sposób struktur. Modele samopodobne H1s, H2s wykazują zależności mechanicznego samopodobieństwa na podstawie symulacji i testu ściskania. Ponadto modele H1s wykazują wyższe wartości przemieszczeń niż modele rekurencyjne H1i. Dla wyników modeli H2s nie jest jednoznaczne, czy wykazują one wyższe wartości przemieszczeń.

12

Liquid heat capacity of an amorphous poly(lactic acid)

Skotnicki Marcin, Czerniecka-Kubicka Anna, Zarzyka Iwona, Pyda Marek

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 5

283--291

EN

The experimental and computed liquid heat capacity of an amorphous PLA was presented. The liquid heat capacity of PLA above the glass transition 333 K (60°C) is linked to the molecular motions and computed as the sum of vibrational, external (anharmonic), and conformational contributions. The largest contribution to the liquid heat capacity, Cp(liquid) of PLA comes from the vibrational motions calculated as the group and skeletal vibrational heat capacity. The external contribution to Cp(liquid) was calculated as a function of temperature from experimental data of the thermal compressibility and expansivity of the liquid state. The contribution of conformational heat capacity to the total heat capacity of an amorphous liquid PLA was calculated by fitting the experimental liquid heat capacity, after subtracting the vibrational and external parts, to the obtained heat capacity based on a one-dimensional Ising-type model with two discrete states. The parameters described in these states can characterise the macromolecule’s stiffness, cooperativity, and degeneracy. The computed and experimental data of Cp(liquid) showed good agreement at the investigated temperature region.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono eksperymentalna i obliczoną pojemność cieplną ciekłego amorficznego PLA. Pojemność cieplna cieczy PLA powyżej temperatury przejścia szklistego 333 K (60°C) jest powiązana z ruchami molekularnymi i została obliczona jako suma składników wibracyjnych, zewnętrznych (nieharmonicznych) i konformacyjnych. Największy wkład w pojemność cieplną cieczy, Cp(liquid) PLA, pochodzi z ruchów wibracyjnych, obliczonych jako pojemność cieplna wibracji grupowych i szkieletowych. Zewnętrzny wkład do Cp(liquid) został obliczony jako funkcja temperatury na podstawie danych eksperymentalnych z użyciem parametrów ściśliwości i rozszerzalności cieplnej cieczy. Wkład konformacyjnej pojemności cieplnej do całkowitej pojemności cieplnej amorficznego ciekłego PLA został obliczony przez dopasowanie eksperymentalnej pojemności cieplnej cieczy, po odjęciu części wibracyjnych i zewnętrznych, do otrzymanej pojemności cieplnej opartej na jednowymiarowym modelu typu Ising z dwoma dyskretnymi stanami. Parametry opisane w tych stanach mogą charakteryzować sztywność, kooperatywność i degenerację makrocząsteczki. Obliczone dane Cp(liquid) wykazały zgodność z danymi eksperymentalnymi w badanym zakresie temperatury.

13

Lignosulfonamides as a new group halogen free flame retardant for PLA

Majka Tomasz M., Zawadzka Zuzanna, Piech Radosław

Polimery

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2024

|

Vol. 69, nr 11-12

681--693

EN

Dibutyl-lignosulfonamide (DBA), N-butyl-N-dodecyl-lignosulfonamide (NNA) and didodecyl-lignosulfonamide (DDA) were used as halogen-free flame retardants (HFFR) of PLA. Lignosulfonamides were used in amounts of 3, 6 and 9 wt%. The composites were analyzed by TGA, DSC and micro-combustion calorimetry (MCC). Lignosulfonamides were shown to reduce PLA flammability by up to 40%. The lowest flammability was obtained with the highest HFFR content. The reduction in flammability can be explained by the release of SO2 at the early stage of biocomposite decomposition, which promotes the formation of coke and char, acting as a local insulator.

PL

Dibutylo-lignosulfonamid (DBA), N-butylo-N-dodecylo-lignosulfonamid (NNA) i didodecylo-lignosulfonamid (DDA) użyto jako bezhalogenowe środki obniżające palność (HFFR) PLA. Lignosulfonamidy stosowano w ilości 3, 6 i 9 % mas. Kompozyty poddano analizie TGA, DSC oraz mikrokalorymetrii spalania (MCC). Wykazano, że lignosulfonamidy zmniejszają palność PLA nawet o 40%. Najmniejszą palność uzyskano przy największej zawartości HFFR. Zmniejszenie palności można wyjaśnić wydzielaniem się SO2 na wczesnym etapie rozkładu biokompozytów, który promuje powstawanie koksu i zwęgliny, działających jak miejscowy izolator.

14

Effect of shells number and machining on selected properties of 3D-printed PLA samples

Kowalska Natalia, Szczygieł Paweł, Skrzyniarz Michał, Błasiak Sławomir

Polimery

|

2024

|

Vol. 69, nr 3

186--190

EN

Effect of shells number (1–5) on tensile properties of PLA samples printed using the FDM/FFF technique was investigated. The crack surface was also analyzed. The best properties were obtained for 4-shell sample. However, due to the large coefficient of variation (>> 10%) in the case of elongation, 3-shell sample was selected for testing the machining impact. Such a large coefficient of variation can be explained by the presence of voids between the layers. The greater the number of layers, the greater the structure defects. Machining increases surface smoothness while reducing tensile strength and practi¬cally unchanged elongation at break.

PL

Zbadano wpływ liczby warstw (1–5) na właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu próbek PLA otrzymanych techniką FDM/FFF. Analizie poddano także powierzchnie pęknięć. Najlepsze właściwości uzyskano dla próbki 4-warstwowej. Jednak, ze względu na duży współczynnik zmienności (>> 10%) w przypadku wydłużenia, do badań wpływu obróbki skrawaniem wytypowano próbkę 3-warstwową. Tak duży współczynnik zmienności można wyjaśnić obecnością pustych przestrzeni pomiędzy warstwami. Im większa liczba warstw, tym większe defekty struktury. Obróbka skrawaniem zwiększa gładkość powierzchni przy jednoczesnym zmniejszeniu wytrzymałości na rozciąganie i praktycznie niezmienionym wydłużeniu przy zerwaniu.

15

Influence of size on the compressive properties of cellular structures manufactured by additive technologies

Rudnik Mateusz

Mechanik

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2024

|

R. 97, nr 4

6--15

EN

This article is a continuation of research on hexagonal cell structures. Previous research has dealt with cell structures in normalized models, where it was shown that cell structures should be studied from a single cell to a suitably generated iterative model based on recursive formulas. The aim of this paper was to compare manufactured cell structures with an appropriately defined formula. Printed models of the hexagonal structure subjected to compression showed that, in the case of the Polylactic Acid Blue material, as the size of the side length of the hexagonal cells increased, the quality of the generated diagrams also increased, which informed the undesired effects of the compressive force in the tests. In the case of cells manufactured from the PA2200 material, it was noted that the maximum force acting on the cell structure decreased with increasing cell side length, however, no undesirable situations occurred during testing in contrast to structures manufactured from Polylactic Acid base materials. In the case of Polylactic Acid materials, special attention had to be paid to the Polylactic Acid Gray material. The models were printed with the same parameters, from the same Stereolitography language file, had a slightly higher mass and were subjected to the same compression test, yet showed significant differences in the tests carried out compared to the other models.

PL

Artykuł jest kontynuacją badań dotyczących struktur komórkowych heksagonalnych. Poprzednie badania dotyczyły struktur komórkowych w modelach znormalizowanych. Wykazano, że struktury komórkowe należy badać od pojedynczej komórki do odpowiednio wygenerowanego modelu iteracyjnego opartego na wzorach rekurencyjnych. Celem pracy było porównanie wytworzonych struktur komórkowych o odpowiednio zdefiniowanym wzorze. Wydrukowane modele struktury heksagonalnej poddanej ściskaniu wykazały, że w przypadku materiału Polylactic Acid Blue wraz ze wzrostem długości boku komórek heksagonalnych wzrastała także jakość generowanych diagramów, co informowało o niepożądanych efektach działania siły ściskającej. W przypadku struktur komórkowych wykonanych z materiału PA2200 zauważono, że maksymalna siła działająca na strukturę komórkową zmniejszała się wraz ze wzrostem długości boku struktury komórkowej, jednakże podczas badań nie wystąpiły żadne niepożądane sytuacje w porównaniu ze strukturami wytwarzanymi z materiałów na bazie kwasu polimlekowego. W przypadku materiałów z polikwasu mlekowego szczególną uwagę należało zwrócić na materiał z szarego kwasu polimlekowego. Modele zostały wydrukowane z tymi samymi parametrami, z tego samego pliku, który został zapisany w języku stereolitograficznym, a jednak miały nieco większą masę i zostały poddane temu samemu testowi ściskania, a mimo to wykazały istotne różnice w przeprowadzonych testach w porównaniu z pozostałymi modelami.

16

Comparative analysis of selected parameters of thin-walled samples produced using FFF/FDM 3D printing technology

Musiałek Mateusz

Mechanik

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2024

|

R. 97, nr 12

40--42

EN

The article presents a comparative analysis of specimens produced using FFF/FDM 3D printing technology. The specimens were designed according to ISO 868. The hardness of the specimens was measured, and accuracy as well as the mass of selected colors were measured. The PLA material was chosen due to its wide application and popularity. The dimensional accuracy of the specimens was assessed. The nominal values are considered as a reference for determining the percentage accuracy for each specimens. The data obtained from this study can help to identify the optimal configurations that guide the production of components using filaments through printing.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono analizę porównawczą próbek wyprodukowanych w technologii druku 3D FFF/FDM. Próbki zaprojektowano zgodnie z normą ISO 868. Zmierzono twardość próbek i wykonano pomiary dokładności oraz pomiar masy wybranych kolorów. Materiał PLA został wybrany ze względu na bardzo szerokie zastosowanie i popularność. Oceniono dokładność wymiarową próbek. Wartości nominalne są uważane za odniesienie do określenia procentowej dokładności każdej próbki. Dane uzyskane z tego badania mogą pomóc zidentyfikować optymalne konfiguracje, które determinują produkcję komponentów z użyciem filamentów poprzez drukowanie.

17

Predicting mechanical strength and optimized parameters in FDM-printed polylactic acid parts via artificial neural networks and desirability analysis

Abdulridha HInd H., Abbas Tahseen F., Bedan Aqeel S.

Management Systems in Production Engineering

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2024

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nr 3 (32)

428--437

EN

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a commonly used additive manufacturing (AM) technique in both domestic and industrial end-product fabrications. It produces prototypes and parts with complex geometric designs, which has the major benefits of eliminating the need for expensive tooling and flexibility. However, the produced parts often face poor part strength due to anisotropic fabrication strategies. The printing procedure, the kind of material utilized, and the printing parameters all have a significant impact on the mechanical characteristics of the printed item. In order to predict the mechanical properties related to printed components made with the use of FDM and Polylactic Acid (PLA) material, this study concentrates on developing a prediction model utilizing Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). This study used the Taguchi design of experiments technique, utilizing (L25) orthogonal array as well as a Neural Network (NN) method with two layers and 15 neurons. The effect of FDM parameters (layer thickness (mm), percentage of infill density, number of top/bottom layers, shell thickness (mm), and infill overlap percentage) on ultimate tensile and compressive strength (UTS and UCS) was examined through analysis of variance (ANOVA). With an ANOVA result of 67.183% and 40.198%, respectively, infill density percentage was found to be the most significant factor influencing UCS and UTS dependent on other parameters. The predicted results demonstrated valuable agreement with experimental values, with mean squared errors of (0.098) and (0.326) for UTS and UCS, respectively. The predictive model produces flexibility in selecting the optimal setting based on applications.

18

Selected properties of MDF boards bonded with various contents of recycled PLA foil bags

Borysiewicz Igor, Wronka Anita

Annals of Warsaw University of Life Sciences - SGGW. Forestry and Wood Technology

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2024

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No. 128

49--56

EN

Selected properties of MDF boards bonded with various contents of recycled PLA foil bags. MDF boards used in furniture manufacturing contain toxic formaldehyde, which can seep into the air, soil, and water due to improper storage. Nowadays, new types of binders are being sought to replace formaldehyde-based adhesives, giving the fibreboards new properties such as biodegradability and non-toxicity. This elaboration presents the research results for MDF boards bonded with polylactide (PLA) obtained from biodegradable plastic bags. Samples were made from wood fibers and 1 mm PLA particle fraction. Six types of samples with different PLA contents were produced: 10, 12, 15, 20, 30, and 50 by weight. For each type of sample, properties such as modulus of rupture and modulus of elasticity; thickness swelling and water absorption after 2 h and 24 h, and density profile, were determined. Unfortunately, MDF boards made with PLA bag particles do not possess sufficient physical and mechanical properties to replace formaldehyde-based glue. However, they have potential for use in other applications, such as packaging.

PL

Wybrane właściwości płyt MDF klejonych z różną zawartością worków foliowych PLA z recyklingu. Płyty MDF wykorzystywane w meblarstwie zawierają toksyczny formaldehyd, który przez nieodpowiednie składowanie może przenikać do powietrza, gleby oraz wody. W dzisiejszych czasach poszukuje się nowych rodzajów spoiw, które będą zdolne zastąpić kleje oparte na formaldehydzie, nadając płytom nowe właściwości, takie jak biodegradowalność i nietoksyczność. Niniejsze opracowanie przedstawia wyniki badań dla płyt MDF klejonych polilaktydem (PLA) pozyskanym z biodegradowalnych toreb foliowych. Próbki zostały wykonane z włókien drzewnych i frakcji cząstek PLA o wielkości 1 mm. Wyprodukowano sześć rodzajów próbek o różnej zawartości PLA: 10, 12, 15, 20, 30 i 50 części masowych płyty. Dla każdego rodzaju próbek określono takie właściwości jak wytrzymałość na zginanie i moduł sprężystości, spęcznienie i nasiąkliwość po 2 h i 24 h oraz profil gęstości. Recyklingowane cząstki toreb PLA niestety nie posiadają wystarczających właściwości fizycznych i mechanicznych, aby zastąpić klej mocznikowo-formaldehydowy, jednakże mają potencjał do wykorzystania ich w innych celach np. opakowaniach.

19

Investigate the Effect of Chemical Post Processing on the Surface Roughness of Fused Deposition Modeling Printed Parts

Abdulridha HInd Hadi, Abbas Tahseen Fadhil, Bedan Aqeel Sabree

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 2

47--60

EN

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology is one of the rapidly growing techniques used for producing various complicated configurations without the need for any tools or continuous human intervention. However, a low quality of surfaces results for the layered production used in FDM. It is essential to investigate a suitable method for enhancing the accuracy and quality associated with FDM parts. This study aims to investigate the impact of different parameters such as the percentage of infill density, the shell thickness, layer thickness, and the number of top/bottom layers, as well as the percentage of infill overlap on part quality and the improvement of surface finish for printed specimens achieved through post-processing. Polylactic acid (PLA) material is used in building test specimens through the FDM approach. The experiments are carried out based on the Taguchi design of experiment method using (L25) orthogonal array. Using an analysis-of-variance approach (ANOVA), it is possible to understand the significance of the FDM parameters in order to find optimal parameter combinations. The results indicate that the application of the vapour smoothing procedure (VSP) treatment enhances the surface quality of FDM components to a microstage with minimal dimensional variation. The dichloromethane chemical has been found to exhibit excellent surface finish at an infill density of 50%, a layer thickness of 0.1 mm, a shell thickness of 2.8 mm, five top/bottom layer numbers, and 0.25 infill overlap.

20

Novel pla composites modified with steel fibres and (3-thiopropyl) polysilsesquioxane derivatives

Pakuła Daria, Sztorch Bogna, Romańczuk-Ruszuk Eliza, Marciniec Bogdan, Przekop Robert E.

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 4

707--713

EN

In recent years, a significant increase in the development of new composite materials with desirable mechanical, thermal or surface properties has been observed. One of the popular polymers on the market is polylactide. This article explores how to modify the polymer using steel fibres and organosilicon compounds (SSQ-SH, SSQ-SH-OCT, and SSQ-SH-OFP) to enhance its properties. Test samples were obtained by injection molding with varying concentrations of 0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2.5%, and 5% of steel fibres. Mechanical tests, including tensile strength, elongation at break, and impact strength, were conducted, along with an analysis of the contact angle. The modified samples showed higher impact strength values, with the PLA /steel fibres /SSQ-SH sample seeing an increase of 12%. The addition of modifiers with fluoroalkyl groups led to a contact angle increase of 8.5% compared to neat PLA. Thermal tests (TGA) were also carried out to determine the influence of fibres and organosilicon compounds on decomposition.