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EN
Road accidents are one of the basic road safety determinants. Most research covers large territorial areas. The results of such research do not take into account the differences between individual regions, which often leads to incorrect results and their interpretation. What makes it difficult to conduct analyses in a narrow territorial area is the small number of observations. The narrowing of the research area means that the number of accidents in time units is often very low. There are many zero observations in the data sets, which may affect the reliability of the research results. Such data are usually aggregated, which leads to information loss. The authors have therefore applied a model that addresses such problems. They proposed a method that does not require data aggregation and allows for the analysis of sets with an excess of zero observations. The presented model can be implemented in different territorial areas.
EN
A crucial part of every adaptation planning and disaster risk reduction is estimation of vulnerable areas and risk in the future. Only a well-developed monitoring system could bring valuable information to create possible scenarios to set up adaptation plans. Monitoring systems of meteorological conditions, surface water, groundwater, landslides, seacoast, agricultural drought as well as their standards and methodologies, are crucial for establishing an effective warning system of every country, and thus are the subject of research conducted by national institutes. Therefore, the conditions of this national research (getting trained staff, equipment etc.) is essential to provide reliable information for a national adaptation plan and for economic assessment of climate change impacts. Poland has significant experiences in monitoring systems, data collecting and visualizing, as well as in the development of scenarios and risk maps. Methodologies and capacity building, necessary for their use, along with experiences and lessons, learned to get valuable information for disaster risk reduction, were presented by the authors from the research during the 24th session of the Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (COP 24) in Katowice (December 2018). The presentation contributed to the global adaptation process through experience sharing that is important for the relevant research conducted in the least developed countries.
EN
Soil erosion by water is one of the most important factors affecting contemporary landscape changes within the lowland geoecosystems in Central Europe. Soil erosion by water mainly depends on: rainfalls (especially its intensity and erosivity), length of slope and its inclination, type of cultivation and usage of land, anti-erosion treatments and susceptibility of soils to erosion. The aim of conducted research was to evaluate conditioning and magnitude of secular and extreme soil erosion processes in the Drawsko Lakeland with special considering of rainfall erosivity index (EI30). The main goal was realised through several research tasks. The first task involved examination of surface runoff and slope wash conditionings, course and quantity in the testing plot located within the Chwalimski Potok catchment. The second task was related to evaluate rainfall impact to soil erosion by water processes. It was realised by computation rainfall characteristics: intensity, kinetic energy and erosivity. In order to assess secular and extreme soil erosion impact to land relief changes, research were provided with additional details by conducting three field experiments with simulated rainfall. Stationary observation and quantitative researches of soil erosion (at testing plots) have been conducting within the Chwalimski Brook catchment for three hydrological years (2012–2014). The slope with the test area is located within the 1st order catchment being a subsystem of the Młynski Brook catchment and then followed by the upper Parsęta catchment. This area covers 4.8 hectares and is characterised by short slopes with small height variances up to 10 meters. Historically, the area was covered with agricultural crops, currently they cover about 10% of the area. The slope is covered with gleyic retisols and its average inclination is about 4 degrees with its south-east exposure. The measuring system of soil erosion covered 5 testing plots with different agricultural use (bare fallow, meadow, potatoes, spring and winter crops). Plots are 42 metres long and 4 metres width. In the bottom edge of each plot catchers with volume of 800 dm3 were installed. In this research, only data from black fallow were considered. Such tillage is recognised as a standard in soil erosion studies. Two experiments have been conducted in this testing plot. The third one has been conducted on slope located within an area of undulated morainic plateau in the Kłuda catchment. The slope is characterised by greater height variances than in Chwalimski Brook catchment. The slope, where the experiment has been conducted, is situated within local closed depression and is covered by sands underlain by boulder clay. Its average slope is about 10° with its southwest exposure. Although annual precipitation in the three-year measurement period was comparable with mean value from multi-year period (1987–2014), its intensity and erosivity were distinguishably lower. Such rainfall conditions are not favourable for extreme soil erosion by water processes, thus any relief forms from such geomorphological processes were not observed in the Drawsko Lakeland. Due to lack of that kind of forms, in 2013 and 2014, three field experiments were conducted. The main aim of experiments was to evaluate the impact of high intensity rainfall on soil surface. The first experiment consisted of 5, the second and the third of 4 rainfall simulations. The rainfall was created by using a purpose-built rain simulator, consisting of 3 and 6 sprinklers placed around the testing plot. Despite the slope inclination in the Kłuda catchment was 2.5 times steeper than Chwalimski Potok’s slope, surface runoff attained smaller volume, because of remarkably higher infiltration rate. In 2012–2014, surface runoff and soil loss has occurred 8 times each year. The maximal monthly surface runoff volume was registered in February 2012, and it equalled 10.1 dm3 m−2 and the maximal soil loss value was registered in May 2013 and equalled 3,198 kg ha−1. Annual runoff volumes were between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in 2012 and 38.8 dm3 m−2 in 2013, whereas annual soil loss values ranged from 740 kg ha−1 in 2012 to 5,700 kg ha−1 in 2013. Soil erosion values caused by simulated rainfall during field experiments were similar or significantly higher than annual values. Surface runoff was between 31.2 dm3 m−2 in the first experiment and 34.2 dm3 m−2 in the second one, whilst soil loss was between 4,632 kg ha−1 and 8,637 kg ha−1. The achieved experiment results have been compared with soil erosion rate achieved from stationary observations. The results show that runoff and soil loss considerably increase during rainfalls with high amount, intensity and erosivity. Furthermore, individual extreme erosive events may exceed annual (secular) soil erosion processes. Conducted stationary research indicates that annual soil erosion primarily depends on individual rainfall and erosive events, which considerably exceed mean values. In order to evaluate the soil susceptibility to erosion by water in the Drawsko Lakeland, high resolution potential and actual soil erosion risk maps were prepared. The qualitative assessment of soil erosion risk was based on geoinformation technologies. The model considers following conditions affecting the size of soil erosion: slope steepness and aspect, topographic factor LS (unit upslope contributing area), lithology, rainfall erosivity (Modified Fournier Index calculated from monthly and annual precipitation data) and land use and land cover from Corine Land Cover 2006. To prepare the map of potential soil erosion risk, land use from Corine Land Cover was not considered. Thematic maps have been reclassified into a 4-degree division. The results of the soil erosion risk assessment in the Drawsko Lakeland reveal the fact that a majority of its area is characterized by moderate or low erosion risk levels. Areas with high erosion risk are mostly located in the northern part of the Lakeland. The achieved results from stationary observations and field experiments may indicate that the soil loss magnitude significantly increases during rainfall with higher intensity, greater totals and accumulated in time rainfall events. This may confirm the high potential of soil erosion by water processes of above- -average magnitude and intensity in the discharge of material from agricultural used slopes.
EN
This paper investigates a simplified and fast numerical model of a solar updraft tower. The model applies a novel approach to the calculation of heat transfer from the outside environment to a collector in the tower. Complex calculations of heat transfer are replaced by a properly defined heat flux boundary condition- the value of which depends on the time of day and meteorological conditions. The model was validated by experimental results from a pilot plant in Manzanares, Spain. Calculations were performed in order to investigate the effects of the chimney’s height and the density of the solar radiation. Both of these dependencies were found to be logarithmic. The requirements for a 250 kW plant in various locations with different meteorological conditions were analyzed.
EN
The objective of the work was to determine the influence of selected meteorological elements on the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 in the air as well as arsenic, cadmium, lead and benzoapirene contents in PM10. The work is based on the data collected by the automatic measurement station located on ul. Konarskiego, Siedlce, in 2013-2017. ANOVA demonstrated that the heavy metal content throughout the year was significantly influenced by the month of the year. The lowest concentration of arsenic was recorded from May to August, and cadmium from January to March as well as from October to December. Similarly to cadmium, the lead content was the highest in the winter months (from October to March). The analysis of correlation revealed that air pollution was predominantly affected by air temperature, wind speed and air humidity. The relationship between the air temperature and pollutant content was negative. As the temperature increased, arsenic, cadmium, lead, benzoapirene and the PM10 contents declined. It was found that an increase in wind speed contributed to a significant decline in the concentration of PM10 and PM2.5. Moreover, wind speed affected the heavy metal content. Relative air humidity influenced the metal concentration from November to May, whereas an increase in wind speed contributed to a significant decline in the concentration of only PM10 in the period from January to November.
EN
High concentrations of nitrogen dioxide in the air, particularly in heavily urbanized areas, have an adverse effect on many aspects of residents’ health. A method is proposed for modelling daily average, minimal and maximal atmospheric NO2 concentrations in a conurbation, using two types of modelling: multiple linear regression (LR) an advanced data mining technique – Random Forest (RF). It was shown that Random Forest technique can be successfully applied to predict daily NO2 concentration based on data from 2015–2017 years and gives better fi t than linear models. The best results were obtained for predicting daily average NO2 values with R2=0.69 and RMSE=7.47 μg/m3. The cost of receiving an explicit, interpretable function is a much worse fit (R2 from 0.32 to 0.57). Verification of models on independent material from the first half of 2018 showed the correctness of the models with the mean average percentage error equal to 16.5% for RF and 28% for LR modelling daily average concentration. The most important factors were wind conditions and traffic flow. In prediction of maximal daily concentration, air temperature and air humidity take on greater importance. Prevailing westerly and south-westerly winds in Wrocław effectively implement the idea of ventilating the city within the studied intersection. Summarizing: when modeling natural phenomena, a compromise should be sought between the accuracy of the model and its interpretability.
PL
Celem pracy jest zbadanie możliwości prognozowania dziennego stężenia NO2 za pomocą metody losowego lasu – RF i porównanie wyników z wielowymiarową regresją liniową (LR) w oparciu o ten sam zestaw danych. Ponadto zbadano wpływ zwiększenia interpretowalności modelu na jego dokładność. W pracy przedstawiono dwie metody modelowania dziennych wartości minimalnych, średnich oraz maksymalnych stężeń NO2 w aglomeracji miejskiej: wielowymiarowa regresja liniowa (LR) oraz losowy las (RF). Wykazano, że metoda Lasu Losowego (Random Forest) może być skutecznie wykorzystywana do przewidywania dziennych wartości stężenia NO2. Największą dokładność otrzymano dla przewidywania średnich wartości dziennych stężenia z R2=0.69 oraz RMSE=7.47 μg/m3. Kosztem otrzymania jawnej postaci funkcji w modeli liniowym (LR) jest znacząco niższa dokładność przewidywania wartości stężenia (R2 od 0.32 do 0.57). Weryfikacja modeli na niezależnym materiale z pierwszej połowy 2018 roku potwierdziła poprawność modeli ze średnim błędem względnym dla średnich wartości dobowych stężeń równym 16.5% dla RF oraz 28% dla LR. Największy wpływ na stężenia NO2 w kanionie komunikacyjnym ma wiatr oraz natężenie ruchu. W modelowaniu maksymalnych wartości dobowych nabierają znaczenia temperatura powietrza oraz wilgotność względna powietrza. Przeważające zachodnie i północno-zachodnie wiatry we Wrocławiu skutecznie realizują koncepcję przewietrzania miasta w zakresie rozważanego skrzyżowania.
EN
The work is based on results of hourly measurements of the particles PM10 and PM2.5 as well as 24-h measurements of meteorological elements in Siedlce. Analysis spanned the years 2012-2016. Based on the Polish Index of Air Quality developed by the Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection (GIOŚ), there were determined numbers of days in six air quality classes. Analysis of the effect of meteorological conditions on particulate matter content in the air was based on 24-h concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 exceeding the standard value of 50 µg/m3 for PM10 and 25 µg/m3 for PM2.5. Variation in the excessive concentrations in weather conditions described by means of air temperature, air humidity, wind direction and speed was assessed by means of Wright path analysis. Satisfactory, poor and very poor air quality was recorded in winter only. Path analysis revealed that variation in pollution is affected by wind speed and direction as well as air temperature. Increased concentrations of particulate matter were found mainly on days with low wind speed and low air temperature.
PL
W pracy wykorzystano wyniki pomiarów godzinnych stężeń pyłów PM10 i PM2.5 oraz dobowych pomiarów elementów meteorologicznych w Siedlcach. Analizą objęto lata 2012-2016. Na podstawie Polskiego Indeksu Jakości Powietrza opracowanego przez Główny Inspektorat Ochrony Środowiska (GIOŚ) określono liczbę dni w sześciu przedziałach klas jakości powietrza. Analizę wpływu warunków meteorologicznych na zawartość w powietrzu pyłów oparto na stężeniach dobowych PM10 i PM2.5 przekraczających normę: 50 µg/m3 dla PM10 i 25 µg/m3 dla PM2.5. Zmienność ponadnormatywnych stężeń w warunkach pogodowych opisanych temperaturą powietrza, wilgotnością powietrza, kierunkiem i prędkością wiatru oceniono przy zastosowaniu analizy ścieżek Wrighta. Dostateczną, złą i bardzo złą jakość powietrza notowano jedynie w zimnej porze roku. Analiza ścieżek wykazała, że zróżnicowanie zanieczyszczeń zależy od prędkości i kierunku wiatru oraz temperatury powietrza. Podwyższone stężenia pyłów zawieszonych notowano głównie w dniach z małą prędkością wiatru i niską temperaturą.
PL
Artykuł porusza problematykę wpływu warunków solarnych, konstrukcyjnych i ekonomicznych na rentowność mikro siłowni fotowoltaicznych. W pierwszej części pracy wyznaczono rzeczywiste roczne uzyski energii elektrycznej dla instalacji pracujących w różnych rejonach Polski. Na ich podstawie wykonano symulację czasu zwrotu nakładów poniesionych na inwestycję w zależności od ich wielkości oraz ceny energii elektrycznej dostępnej z sieci elektroenergetycznej, której zmiany wyznaczono na podstawie opracowanych modeli prognostycznych. Z wykonanych analiz wynika, że dla najbardziej optymistycznego wariantu, w którym siłownia produkuje 1150 kWh/kWp energii rocznie a koszt związany z budową siłowni wynosi zaledwie 2,2 zł/Wp inwestor może liczyć na zwrot nakładów już po okresie 4-6 lat. Jeśli natomiast siłownia rocznie produkuje energię na poziomie 750 kWh/kWp, koszt budowy wynosi 5,5 zł/Wp to okres zwrotu wydłuża się od 14 do 21 lat.
EN
The article discusses the issue of the impact of meteorological, constructional and economic conditions on the profitability of micro photovoltaic power plants. In the first part of the work, real annual energy yields for installations working in various regions of Poland were determined. Based on them, the time of return of expenditures incurred on the investment was simulated depending on their size and the price of electricity available from the power grid, the changes of which were determined based on the developed forecasting models. The analysis shows that for the most optimistic variant, in which the gym produces 1150 kWh/kWp of energy per year and the cost related to the construction of the gym is only 2.2 PLN/Wp, the investor can count on the return of expenditures after 4-6 years. If, on the other hand, the power plant produces 750 kWh / kWp per year, the construction cost is 5.5 PLN/Wp is the payback period extends from 14 to 21 years.
9
Content available Analysis of water consumption in 2014-2017 in Toruń
EN
This work analyses the variability of water consumption in Toruń over the years 2014-2017. The difference between the largest annual water consumption (2016) and the smallest (2014) was 13.2%. Higher consumption values typically occurred in the warm half-year, except in 2015. The lowest values occurred in the winter months (February), and the highest in the summer months (from June to August). The largest dayto-day variations in water abstraction were recorded at Easter and Christmas. There were differences between the average water consumption on particular days of the week, with the largest differences being between Saturdays (the highest value) and Sundays (the lowest value). Average unit water consumption was in the range of 58.2 to 67.3 dm3·M-1·d-1. On the basis of multiple regression analysis, a set of the factors with the greatest impact on the daily variability of water consumption in the city (in the warm half-year) was indicated. These factors include: evaporation, day of the week, humidity and maximum temperature.
PL
W artykule dokonano oceny suszy hydrologicznej 2015-2016 - na tle wielolecia - w wybranych zlewniach dorzecza środkowej Odry. Analizie poddano ciągi codziennych przepływów z 35 stacji wodowskazowych zlokalizowanych w zlewniach dopływów Odry oraz Warty z wielolecia 1971-2015 oraz zimy 2016. Do opisu suszy hydrologicznej wykorzystano okresy niżówek hydrologicznych, wskaźnik wiarygodnej ekstremalnej suszy hydrologicznej (WSH) oraz wskaźnik suszy rzecznej (SDI).
EN
The article provides an assessment of the 2015-2016 hydrological drought - as compared to a multi-annual period - in selected Middle Oder River basin districts. The authors analysed daily flow sequences from 35 gauging stations located in the Oder's tributaries basin districts recorded in the years 1971-2015 and in winter 2016. For description of the hydrological drought, the authors use hydrological low water periods, the possible extreme hydrological drought index and the stream flow drought index.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono charakterystykę warunków meteorologicznych w północnej części Kaffiøyry (NW Spitsbergen, rys. 1) w sezonach letnich (21 VII – 31 VIII) w okresie 2012-2014 (tab. 1, rys. 2-9). Pomiary i obserwacje meteorologiczne prowadzono w ogródku meteorologicznym zlokalizowanym w pobliżu stacji polarnej UMK na morenie czołowo-bocznej Lodowca Aavatsmarka (φ=78°4’N, λ=11°51’E, h=11,5 m n.p.m.). Wykonywano je 4 razy na dobę, w terminach 00, 06, 12, 18 UTC (01, 07, 13, 19 LMT). W artykule uzyskane wyniki porównano z wieloletnimi wartościami większości elementów meteorologicznych obliczonymi z kilkudziesięciu sezonów letnich, w których zorganizowano Toruńskie Wyprawy Polarne w okresie 1975-2014 (tab. 1). W sezonach letnich 2012-2014 stwierdzono większą prędkość wiatru (5,3 m·s-1 w stosunku do 4,6 m·s-1 w wieloleciu 1975-2014). Przyczyniła się do tego przede wszystkim zwiększona jego prędkość w sezonie letnim 2012 r. (6,1 m·s-1). Świadczy to o wzroście działalności cyklonalnej na obszarze Spitsbergenu. Oprócz wiatru znaczącym zmianom podległy także wszystkie parametry temperatury powietrza (tab. 1). W największym stopniu wzrosła temperatura maksymalna (o 0,8 oC), a w najmniejszym minimalna (tylko o 0.4 oC). Warto też odnotować znaczny wzrost średniej dobowej amplitudy temperatury powietrza, o 0,5 oC. Ociepleniu klimatu w rejonie Kaffiøyry towarzyszy także znaczny wzrost opadów, który w latach 2012-2014 wyniósł nieznacznie powyżej 150% ich wielkości z lat 1975-2014. (tab. 1). Pozostałe elementy wymawiane w artykule nie wykazały większych zmian w porównaniu do danych wieloletnich.
EN
This article provides the characteristics of meteorological conditions in the north of Kaffiøyra (NW Spitsbergen, Fig. 1) in the summer seasons (21 July – 31 August) of 2012-2014 (Table 1, Figs 2-9). The observations and measurements were carried out at a meteorological site located near the NCU Polar Station on the terminal-lateral moraine of the Aavatsmark Glacier (φ=78°4’N, λ=11°51’E, h=11.5 m a.s.l.). The measurements were taken four times per day at 00:00, 06:00, 12:00 and 18:00 UTC (01:00, 07:00, 13:00 and 19:00 LMT). In this article, the obtained results are compared with multi-annual values of most meteorological elements obtained from a few dozen summer seasons, during which Toruń Polar Expeditions were organised in the years 1975-2014 (Table 1). In the summer seasons of 2012-2014, the observed wind speed was greater than in the years 1975-2014 (5.3 m· s-1 vs. 4.6 m·s-1, respectively). This was mainly due to its increased speed in the summer of 2012 (6.1 m·s-1) and it is also an indication of intensified cyclonic activity in the area of Spitsbergen at the time. Besides the wind, all other parameters of air temperature were also subject to considerable changes (Table 1). The maximum temperature of air increased the most (by 0.8 oC), whereas the change in minimum temperature was the smallest (only by 0.4 oC). A substantial increase in the mean diurnal amplitude of air temperature by 0.5 oC is also noteworthy. The warming of the climate of Kaffiøyra is accompanied by greater precipitation, which in the years 2012-2014 slightly exceeded 150% of its respective amount for 1975-2014 (Table 1). The other meteorological elements analysed in this article do not show any major changes as compared with the long-term data.
12
PL
Z wykonanych analiz wynika, że badana siłownia fotowoltaiczna w okresie od listopada do lutego wygenerowała 290 kWh energii elektrycznej co stanowi ok. 8% rocznej produkcji energii. Najwięcej energii (2,4MWh) zostało natomiast wytworzonej w okresie od kwietnia do sierpnia a jej udział stanowił aż 70% pozyskanej energii w okresie rocznym. W celu opracowania zależności wiążących wydajności poszczególnych systemów fotowoltaicznych (mono i polikrystalicznych oraz amorficznych) opracowano w programie Statistica modele regresyjne, dla których zmiennymi wejściowymi było natężenie promieniowania słonecznego oraz temperatura pracy paneli.
EN
From the studies conducted so that the test fitness photovoltaic period from November to February has generated 290 kWh of electricity which is approx. 8% of the annual energy production. Most energy (2,4MWh) were produced while in the period from April to August and its share made up 70% of the energy acquired during the year. In order to develop depending on the binding efficiency of each photovoltaic systems (mono and polycrystalline and amorphous) was developed in the program Statistica regression models for which the input variables was the intensity of solar radiation and the operating temperature of the panels.
EN
It is well known that the temporal dynamic of indoor and outdoor radon concentrations show complex patterns, which are partly not easy to interpret. Clearly, for physical reasons, they must be related to possibly variable conditions of radon generation, migration and atmospheric dispersion and accumulation. The aim of this study was to analyse long-time series of simultaneously measured indoor and outdoor radon concentrations, together with environmental quantities, which may act as control variables of Rn. The study was performed in Chiba, Japan, using two ionization chambers for parallel indoor and outdoor radon concentrations measurements over 4 years. Meteorological and seismic data were obtained from the Japan Metrological Agency (JMA).
EN
European wild pear (Pyrus pyraster, syn. Pyrus communis subsp. pyraster L.) is widely distributed in Europe, but rarely studied by dendrochronologists. This preliminary study was aimed to assess the age and effect of climate on tree-ring width in the largest Polish population of P. pyraster, in Biedrusko military area (western Poland). On the basis of samples from 21 trees, a chronology (BIE) was constructed, covering 45 years (1963–2007). Mean tree-ring width in the studied trees is 1.92 mm. The performed analyses (pointer years, correlations, and response function) indicate that tree-ring width is strongly dependent on weather conditions in the year preceding formation of the tree-ring. Annual rings of pear trees were wide after cold and rainy previous summer and after rainy previous October, while in the current year, ring width was affected by insolation in February and temperature in August (positive correlations) and precipitation in May (negative correlation). The low similarity of the ring-width pattern and effect of climate on tree-ring width between this population and a wild pear population from the Bielinek Reserve, located 200 km away, indicate that tree-ring width in this species is strongly dependent on habitat and there is a need to continue dendrochronological analyses.
PL
Istotnym czynnikiem wpływającym na efektywność założenia trawnika jest dobór odpowiednio przygotowanych mieszanek trawnikowych. O wyrównanych i pełnych wschodach traw na glebach lekkich decydują głównie sprzyjające warunki meteorologiczne.
PL
W pracy wykorzystano godzinne wyniki pomiarów stężeń pyłu zawieszonego PM10 oraz podstawowych elementów meteorologicznych rejestrowanych automatycznie w pięciu stacjach funkcjonujących w sieci pomiarowej Agencji Regionalnego Monitoringu Atmosfery Aglomeracji Gdańskiej (ARMAAG). Opracowaniem objęto okres kalendarzowej zimy (grudzień–luty) w latach 2004/2005–2009/2010. Zmienność stężeń zanieczyszczeń w warunkach pogodowych opisanych temperaturą i wilgotnością względną powietrza, ciśnieniem atmosferycznym oraz prędkością i kierunkiem wiatru, oceniono przy zastosowaniu analizy skupień, w tym metody k-średnich, z grupy metod niehierarchicznych. Kompleksowy wpływ warunków meteorologicznych na zmienność imisji pyłu PM10 w wyodrębnionych segmentach określono metodą liniowej regresji wielokrotnej, przy zastosowaniu procedury krokowej postępującej, na poziomie istotności p ≤ 0,05. Udział poszczególnych elementów pogody w kształtowaniu wielkości stężeń określono za pomocą współczynników regresji cząstkowej. Zastosowany algorytm wyodrębnił, w zależności od dzielnicy Trójmiasta, od 4 do 8 optymalnych skupień najwięcej – w Gdyni, odznaczającej się największą imisją pyłu zawieszonego. W większości przypadków głównym czynnikiem zróżnicowania pomiędzy wyodrębnionymi skupieniami był kierunek wiatru. W przeważającej części aglomeracji trójmiejskiej, w Gdyni i w Sopocie, największą imisję pyłu zawieszonego PM10 notowano przy wiatrach SE, podczas gdy w części południowej, w Gdańsku, podwyższone stężenia pyłu notowano przy wiatrach E we Wrzeszczu oraz W w Jasieniu. Skupienia grupujące największe stężenie PM10 charakteryzowały się w większości przypadków najniższą temperaturą powietrza i mniejszą prędkością wiatru, a ponadto często wyższym ciśnieniem i niekiedy nieco mniejszą wilgotnością względną powietrza, czyli warunkami panującymi przy pogodzie antycyklonalnej. Warunki meteorologiczne miały statystycznie istotny wpływ na stężenia PM10 we wszystkich skupieniach, ale zasadniczą rolę odgrywały temperatura powietrza oraz prędkość wiatru. Wiatr, niezależnie od kierunku, był na ogół efektywnym czynnikiem wentylacji przyczyniając się przede wszystkim do zmniejszenia zapylenia powietrza.
EN
The study contains an analysis of the influence of atmospheric circulation on the daily course of basic meteorological parameters and on the development of biothermal conditions within the Mrocza community. For the analysis, the hourly data of meteorological elements: temperature and relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation from Mrocza and lower synoptic maps were used. The winter, spring, summer and autumn conditions werecharacterized by data from four months of 2013: January, April, July and October respectively. Characteristics of the perceptible climate conditions were estimated on the basis of the universal thermal climate index. The analysis revealed significant differences in daily climatic and bioclimatic conditions with the inflow of the same air masses in different periods of the year. It was found that the most favorable biothermal conditions not charging the human body occur in the transitional seasons, i.e. spring and autumn during the advection of polar maritime air masses. The least favorable is arctic air especially in the winter season, when it is responsible for the occurrence of moderate and strong cold stress, as well as the tropical air coming summer and causing the appearance of moderate and strong heat stress.
EN
This study analyzed the temporal variation of tropospheric ozone (O3) in Poznan (midwestern Poland) on the basis of data collected from a State Environmental Monitoring air quality assessment station. The aim was to investigate the distribution and variation of O3 levels and to assess the relationship with nitrogen oxides (NOx) and meteorological conditions. These relationships were assessed by multiple regression analysis and cluster analysis. The O3 levels showed a high annual, seasonal and daily volatility, and were significantly influenced by meteorological conditions and NOx levels. High O3 levels were accompanied by above-average levels of radiation (Rad), air temperature (Ta) and wind speed (Ws), together with below-average values of NOx and humidity (Rh). Atmospheric pressure (Ph) had an ambiguous effect on O3 levels.
PL
Analizę czasowej zmienności ozonu troposferycznego w Poznaniu (środkowo-zachodnia Polska) podjęto na podstawie danych zebranych ze stacji oceny jakości powietrza Państwowego Monitoringu Środowiska. Celem pracy było poznanie rozkładu i zmienności stężenia O3 oraz ocena zależności między rozpatrywanym zanieczyszczeniem a zawartością NOx i przebiegiem warunków meteorologicznych. Do oceny zależności między rozpatrywanymi zmiennymi posłużyły analiza regresji wielokrotnej i analiza skupień. Stężenie O3 odznaczało się dużą zmiennością roczną, sezonową i dobową. Warunki meteorologiczne i zawartość NOx istotnie determinowały wielkość stężenia O3. Dużym stężeniom analizowanego zanieczyszczenia sprzyjały głównie ponadprzeciętne wartości: Rad, Ta i Ws oraz poniżej przeciętne wartości NOx i Rh. Niejednoznaczny wpływ na wartość stężenia O3 miało Ph.
EN
The quality of atmospheric air and the level of its pollution is inextricably linked with the development of humanity. Its prevalence and the lack of any natural protective barriers causes that it becomes a recipient of increasingly large amounts of different types of pollutants. This is particularly dangerous in the areas where both meteorological conditions and type of building prevent the spread of pollution. By using a portable gas micro-chromatograph it is possible to observe and analyze a seasonal impact of building density on carbon dioxide concentration and the effect of atmospheric conditions on CO2 level in the air in a specified area.
PL
Jakość powietrza atmosferycznego i poziom jego zanieczyszczenia są nierozłącznie związane z historią rozwoju ludzkości. Powszechność występowania powietrza i brak jakichkolwiek naturalnych barier ochronnych powoduje, że staje się ono odbiorcą coraz to większych ilości różnego rodzaju zanieczyszczeń. Bywa to szczególnie niebezpieczne w obszarach, w których zarówno warunki meteorologiczne, jak i rodzaj zabudowy uniemożliwiają rozprzestrzenianie się zanieczyszczeń. Dzięki zastosowaniu przenośnego mikrochromatografu gazowego można na wydzielonym obszarze lokalnie zaobserwować i spróbować przeanalizować sezonowy wpływ poziomu stężenia ditlenku węgla w zależności od gęstości zabudowy oraz wpływu warunków atmosferycznych na poziom koncentracji CO2 w powietrzu atmosferycznym.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono przebieg warunków meteorologicznych na Stacji H. Arctowskiego (Wyspa Króla Jerzego, Szetlandy Pd., Antarktyka) w 2012 roku. Pomiary prowadzono za pomocą automatycznej stacji meteorologicznej Davis Vantage Pro+ w interwale godzinnym. Przeanalizowano zmienność ciśnienia atmosferycznego, promieniowania słonecznego, temperatury i wilgotności powietrza oraz kierunku i prędkości wiatru w cyklu rocznym i dobowym. Uzyskane wyniki porównano z dłuższym okresem pomiarowym (1977-1999) oraz z równoległymi danymi z innych stacji prowadzących pomiary meteorologiczne na Wyspie Króla Jerzego.
EN
This paper presents the meteorological conditions at the Arctowski Station (King George Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica) in 2012. Measurements were carried out using an automatic weather station Davis Vantage Pro+. At the Arctowski Station the global solar radiation in the period from January 19 to December 31, 2012 amounted to 2985.3 MJ.m-2 (8.60 MJ.m-2.day-1). Taking into account the full year from 1 February 2012 to 31 January 2013, this totaled to 2909.6 MJ.m-2 (7.97 MJ.m-2.day-1). The highest monthly value of solar radiation occurred in December, 567.8 MJ.m-2 (18.32 MJ.m-2.day-1) and the lowest in June, 10.4 MJ.m-2 (0.35 MJ.m-2.day-1). The average annual air temperature was –1.5°C, with the highest monthly average in January (2.4°C) and lowest in June (–5.6°C). The maximum of air temperature was 9.6°C, and the minimum –17.2°C. In 2012 the average atmospheric pressure at sea level was 989.0 hPa, with a characteristic semi-annual oscillation of pressure with two minima: in summer (January 985.3 hPa) and winter (June 979.4 hPa) and two maxima: in autumn (April 996.7 hPa) and spring (September 994.9 hPa). The lowest pressure was 946.8 hPa and the highest 1020.7 hPa. At the Arctowski Station SW, NE, E and SE winds dominate in accordance with gradient of air pressure and the local orography. The average wind speed at 2 m above the ground was 4.8 ms-1, with maximum in winter (June 6.1 ms-1) and minimum in summer (December 3.1 ms-1). The maximum wind speed exceeded 40 ms-1. Relative air humidity was 83%. There is less humidity in summer (January 78%) than in winter (July, 87%). In the course of humidity indicate the day with low humidity during foehn winds. Arctowski Station area is warmer to other regions of King George Island (about 1°C in summer and 1.5°C in winter). On the King George Island and Antarctic Peninsula area occurred increase of air temperature. At the neighboring station Bellingshausen in the years 1968-2012 air temperature rise by 0.17°C/10 years.
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