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1

The modern worker in the context of indu Stry 5.0: balancing human, technology, and sustainable development

Pryhodii Mykola, Bazyl Liudmyla, Orlov Valerii

Zeszyty Naukowe Wyższej Szkoły Technicznej w Katowicach

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2025

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T. 21

153--168

EN

The article examines the readiness of vocational education (VE) applicants and graduates in Ukraine to work under Industry 5.0 conditions. The study is motivated by the urgent need to shift vocational education from the technology-driven paradigm of Industry 4.0 toward a human centered, sustainable, and resilient model, which demands the integration of new competencies. The primary objective was to assess the current level of preparedness among VE students and graduates, and to evaluate the balance between the technological, socio-emotional, and ethical (sustainable development) components of their professional competencies. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining a quantitative online survey (n = 273) with qualitative semi structured interviews (n = 15) of VE students and graduates. Key findings reveal an uneven level of readiness. While graduates demonstrate basic digital literacy, their practical experience with innovative technologies such as AI and robotics remains limited. Conversely, social and emotional skills – including teamwork, communication, and adaptability – were found to be relatively well developed. Despite high levels of environmental and social awareness among respondents, these principles are not yet sufficiently embedded in practical training. The study concludes that gaps exist in the integration of technological and ethical components, highlighting the need to strengthen practical technology courses and systematically incorporate sustainable development principles into VE curricula.

PL

Artykuł analizuje gotowość kandydatów i absolwentów instytucji kształcenia zawodowego (WE) na Ukrainie do pracy w warunkach Przemysłu 5.0. Badania wynikają z pilnej potrzeby przejścia od paradygmatu Przemysłu 4.0, opartego na technologii, do modelu zorientowanego na człowieka, zrównoważonego i odpornego na kryzysy, który wymaga integracji nowych kompetencji. Głównym celem była ocena obecnego poziomu przygotowania studentów i absolwentów szkół zawodowych oraz ocena równowagi między komponentami technologicznymi, społeczno-emocjonalnymi i etycznymi (zrównoważony rozwój) w ich kompetencjach zawodowych. Zastosowano podejście mieszane, łącząc ilościową ankietę internetową (n = 273) z jakościowymi, częściowo ustrukturyzowanymi wywiadami (n = 15) ze studentami i absolwentami szkół zawodowych. Kluczowe ustalenia wskazują na nierównomierny poziom gotowości. Chociaż absolwenci wykazują podstawową znajomość technologii cyfrowych, ich praktyczne doświadczenie z innowacyjnymi technologiami, takimi jak sztuczna inteligencja i robotyka, pozostaje ograniczone. Z kolei umiejętności społeczne i emocjonalne – w tym praca zespołowa, komunikacja i zdolność adaptacji – okazały się stosunkowo dobrze rozwinięte. Pomimo wysokiego poziomu świadomości ekologicznej i społecznej wśród respondentów, zasady te nie są jeszcze wystarczająco zakorzenione w kształceniu praktycznym. Badanie wykazało luki w integracji elementów technologicznych i etycznych, co podkreśla potrzebę wzmocnienia praktycznych kursów technologicznych i systematycznego włączania zasad zrównoważonego rozwoju do programów nauczania w dziedzinie etyki zawodowej.

2

Building ceramics - raw materials, technology, and economic importance

Konstanciak Anna

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2025

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Vol. 14

188--197

EN

The ceramics industry plays a key role in the economy, supplying materials essential for construction, electronics, metallurgy, and many other industries. In 2024, the production of ceramic products in Poland reached 118 million tons, including nearly 3 billion bricks and hollow blocks. The basic raw material for the production of building ceramics is clay rocks containing minerals such as kaolinite, illite, and montmorillonite. These deposits are found throughout the country, especially in the Świętokrzyskie, Częstochowa, and Tarnobrzeg regions. At the end of 2024, the balance of clay raw material resources was 2,014.6 million m3, and extraction increased by 20 % compared to the previous year. The ceramic production process includes raw material preparation, forming, drying, firing, and quality control. Modern technologies focus on automation, heat recovery, and the use of secondary raw materials. Building ceramics are characterized by high strength, weather resistance, fire resistance, and aesthetics. They are used in the production of bricks, roof tiles, tiles, clinker, and structural elements in traditional and energy-efficient construction. Production based on local raw materials reduces CO2 emissions and supports the regional economy. Thanks to its durability and environmental friendliness, building ceramics remain the material of the future, combining tradition with modern trends in sustainable development.

3

Ograniczenie sprawności w zakresie wybranych parametrów biomechanicznych i sensorycznych u pracowników 50+.Wstępna analiza badań własnych

Tokarski Tomasz, Kędzior Krzysztof

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2025

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nr 7

20-24

PL

Wraz z wiekiem pracownika zmienia się wiele parametrów mających wpływ na jego warunki pracy, w tym m.in. parametry biomechaniczne, takie jak siła czy równowaga, oraz parametry sensoryczne, takie jak wzrok i słuch. U pracowników w wieku 50+ te zmiany zaczynają być zauważalne. Badania w grupie 110 osób (54,5 ±4 lata), przeprowadzone przez Centralny Instytut Ochrony Pracy - Państwowy Instytut Badawczy (CIOP-PIB), wykazały, że wielkość tych zmian w przypadku osób od 50. do 65. roku życia ma znaczenie dla bezpieczeństwa pracy i ergonomii.

EN

Many parameters that affect working conditions change with age of employee, including biomechanical parameters such as strength and balance, as well as sensory parameters such as vision and hearing. Changes in these parameters in employees aged 50+ are beginning to be noticeable. on a group of 110 people (54.5 ±4 years old), conducted by the Central Institute for Labor Protection - National Research Institute (CIOP-PIB), showed that the size of these changes in the case of people aged 50 to 65 is important for work safety and ergonomics.

4

Najnowsza japońska „architektura materiałów”: szkło i drewno. Część 6B

Kido Ewa Maria, Cywiński Zbigniew

Świat Szkła

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2024

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R. 29, nr 6

13--17

5

On Naturally Unsustainable and Artificially Sustainable Development

Sztumski Wiesław

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2024

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Vol. 19, no. 2

35--54

EN

The author presents the hypothesis that in the absence of human interference, i.e. in natural conditions, development takes place spontaneously and is basically unsustainable, and it becomes sustainable only due to anthropogenic factors, i.e. artificially. Sustainable development takes place primarily in the sociosphere. People began to balance development only when they realized that rapid economic development was reaching a critical moment because of the rapid exhaustion of fossil and non-fossil raw material resources and unlimited overconsumption. This was initially ignored. It took several decades before it was taken seriously. Then the idea of controlled, or sustainable, development appeared. Since then, actions have been taken to reduce various categories of imbalances in an increasing number of areas of activity. Since then, the idea of sustainable development has become fashionable, important and lucrative, although utopian, because sustainable development is seen as a panacea for crises, inequalities and social contradictions. The publications of Donella Meadows (Limits to growth. A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind), of Ernst U. v. Weizäcker (Wir sind dran. Was wir ändern müssen, wenn wir bleiben wollen), and of Gaya Herrington, (Five Insights for Avoiding Global Collapse) contributed significantly to the implementation of this idea. They indicate that appropriate actions taken by 2040 will determine the future fate of humanity. To prove the validity of his hypothesis, the author used some publications on 17 general goals and 169 tasks.

PL

Autor prezentuje hipotezę, że przy braku ingerencji ze strony człowieka, czyli w warunkach naturalnych, rozwój dokonuje się żywiołowo i jest w zasadzie niezrównoważony, a zrównoważonym staje się dopiero za sprawą czynników antropogennych, a więc sztucznie.Rozwój zrównoważony dokonuje się przede wszystkim w socjosferze. Ludzie zaczęli równoważyć rozwój dopiero wtedy, gdy uświadomili sobie, że żywiołowy rozwój ekonomiczny zmierza do momentu krytycznego w wyniku szybkiego wyczerpania zasobów surowców kopalnych i niekopalnych oraz niegraniczonej nadkonsumpcji. Początkowo ignorowano to. Trzeba było kilkudziesięciu lat zanim potraktowano to poważnie. Wtedy pojawiła się idea rozwoju kontrolowanego, czyli zrównoważonego. Odtąd podejmuje się działania na rzecz redukcji różnych kategorii nierównowag w coraz większej liczbie obszarów działalności. Odtąd idea rozwoju zrównoważonego stała się modną, ważną i intratną, mimo że utopijną, dlatego że w rozwoju zrównoważonym upatruje się panaceum na kryzysy, nierówności i sprzeczności społeczne. Do implementacji tej idei przyczyniły się znacznie publikacje Donelli Meadows (Limits to growth. A Report for the Club of Rome's Project on the Predicament of Mankind), Ernsta U. v. Weizäckera (Wir sind dran. Was wir ändern müssen, wenn wir bleiben wollen) i Gayi Herrington (Five Insights for Avoiding Global Collapse. What a 50-Year-Old Model of the World Taught Me About a Way Forward for Us Today) Wskazuje się w nich, że odpowiednie działania podejmowane do 2040 r. zdecydują o dalszych losach ludzkości. W dowodzeniu słuszności swej hipo-tezy autor wykorzystał publikacje na temat 17 celów ogólnych i 169 zadań konkretnych sformułowanych w 2015 r. w Agendzie 2030, a w szczególności stopień realizacji ich na półmetku w 2023 r

6

Time-unit shifting in 2-person games played in finite and uncountably infinite staircase-function spaces

Romanuke Vadim

Journal of Mathematics and Applications

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2022

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Vol. 45

133--179

EN

A computationally efficient and tractable method is presented to find the best equilibrium in a finite 2-person game played with staircase-function strategies. The method is based on stacking equilibria of smaller-sized bimatrix games, each defined on a time unit where the pure strategy value is constant. Every pure strategy is a staircase function defined on a time interval consisting of an integer number of time units (subintervals). If a time-unit shifting happens, where the initial time interval is narrowed by an integer number of time units, the respective equilibrium solution of any “narrower” subgame can be taken from the “wider” game equilibrium. If the game is uncountably infinite, i. e. a set of pure strategy possible values is uncountably infinite, and all time-unit equilibria exist, stacking equilibria of smaller-sized 2-person games defined on a rectangle works as well.

7

Mathematical analysis of a MERS-Cov coronavirus model

DarAssi Mahmoud H., Shatnawi Taqi A. M., Safi Mohammad A.

Demonstratio Mathematica

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2022

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Vol. 55, nr 1

265--276

EN

In this study, we have proposed a mathematical model to describe the dynamics of the spread of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome disease. The model consists of six-coupled ordinary differential equations. The existence of the corona-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium points has been proved. The threshold condition for which the disease will die out or becomes permanent has been computed. That is the corona-free equilibrium point is locally asymptotically stable whenever the reproduction number is less than unity, and it is globally asymptotically stable (GAS) whenever the reproduction number is greater than unity. Moreover, we have proved that the endemic equilibrium point is GAS whenever the reproduction number is greater than unity. The results of the model analysis have been illustrated by numerical simulations.

8

Ekologia i równowaga

Trzaska Mariola

Zieleń Miejska

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2021

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Nr 3

22--23

PL

Trendy to kierunki, w których zmierzamy w różnych dziedzinach życia. Często słyszymy, że coś jest modne w tym sezonie i robimy wszystko, by być na topie. W architekturze krajobrazu to pojawiające się elementy w ogrodach, kolory i materiały, jakie będą dominować w otaczającej przestrzeni w nadchodzącym roku, są naszym wyznacznikiem. I co zaskakujące, trendy tak naprawdę nie idą nigdy w jednym kierunku, co daje szansę na modne aranżacje w różnych stylach, a także na łączenie kilku stylów w jednej aranżacji.

9

Reflection on the Human Living Environment in Connection with Sustainable Development

Sztumski Wiesław

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2021

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Vol. 16, nr 1

39--44

EN

The author reflects on the possibility of implementing the idea of sustainable development in the environment of human life in various areas and between them. He begins by answering the question what is the human living environment, presents the typology of the areas that make up this environment and indicates the role of human in destroying it. Then, he analyzes selected pairs of areas of the human living environment that are opposite to each other (genuine – artificial, external – internal, natural – social, real – virtual, as well as local – global) because of the possibility of maintaining a balance within them and between them. The balance is a prerequisite for effective implementation of the idea of sustainable development. Finally, he made several conclusions resulting from his reflection.

PL

Autor zastanawia się nad możliwością realizacji idei zrównoważonego rozwoju w środowisku życia człowieka w różnych obszarach i między nimi. Zaczyna od odpowiedzi na pytanie, czym jest ludzkie środowisko życia, przedstawia typologię obszarów tworzących to środowisko i wskazuje na rolę człowieka w jego niszczeniu. Następnie analizuje wybrane pary obszarów ludzkiego środowiska życia, które są przeciwstawne sobie (naturalne – sztuczne, zewnętrzne – wewnętrzne, przyrodnicze – społeczne, realne – wirtualne, a także lokalne – globalne) ze względu na możliwość utrzymania równowagi w nich i między nimi. Równowaga jest warunkiem koniecznym dla skutecznego wdrażania idei rozwoju zrównoważonego. Na koniec wyciągnął kilka wniosków wynikających z tej refleksji.

10

Legal Problems Concerning Implementation of Sustainable Ecotourism in Russia

Ivanova Svetlana

Problemy Ekorozwoju

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2021

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Vol. 16, nr 2

209--216

EN

This paper proposes a fresh look at ecotourism within the framework of sustainable development. The author discusses selected issues involved in the sphere of ecotourism and proposes new ways to improve its current practice in Russia. Answers to questions of the nature, significance, and consequences of ecotourism, the relationship between sustainable development and ecotourism, and the problems of sustainable use of wildlife have been given. The comparative study of practical experience in facilitating ecotourism initiatives overseas has allowed the author to argue their conclusions and recommend a specific scientific approach to the sustainable use of wildlife in Russia.

PL

W artykule zaproponowano nowe spojrzenie na ekoturystykę w kontekście zrównoważonego rozwoju. Autorka omawia wybrane zagadnienia z zakresu ekoturystyki i proponuje nowe sposoby doskonalenia jej dotychczasowych praktyk w Rosji. Przedstawiono propozycje odpowiedzi na pytania dotyczące natury, znaczenia i konsekwencji ekoturystyki, relacji między zrównoważonym rozwojem a ekoturystyką oraz problemów zrównoważonego użytkowania dzikiej przyrody. Analiza porównawcza praktycznych doświadczeń zagranicznych inicjatyw ekoturystycznych pozwoliła autorce zaproponować nowe naukowe podejście do zrównoważonego użytkowania dzikiej przyrody w Rosji.

11

Porównanie wybranych parametrów biomechanicznych osób po upadku oraz osób, które nie uległy upadkowi

Tokarski Tomasz

Bezpieczeństwo Pracy : nauka i praktyka

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2021

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nr 9

17-21

PL

Upadek, spowodowany na przykład utratą równowagi, stanowi bardzo częstą przyczynę wypadków przy pracy. Problem ten dotyczy zwłaszcza pracowników starszych. Okazuje się, że każdego roku blisko 1/3 osób po 65. roku życia ulega upadkom. Narażone są m.in. osoby o pogorszonych parametrach fizycznych. Do tych niekorzystnych zmian dochodzi wraz z postępującym procesem starzenia, a także na skutek uszkodzeń układu ruchu. Wraz z wiekiem rośnie więc częstość upadków, a ich skutki dla zdrowia stają się coraz poważniejsze. W artykule opisano badania nad osobami z grupy wiekowej 60-67 lat. Ich celem było: po pierwsze – porównanie wybranych parametrów biomechanicznych (tj. parametrów chodu, koordynacji wzrokowo ruchowej, siły mięśniowej oraz zdolności utrzymywania równowagi) osób po upadku oraz osób, które nie uległy upadkowi, a po drugie – wskazanie tych parametrów, które mogą mieć wpływ na większą skłonność do upadku. Tymczasem różnice pomiędzy parametrami uzyskanymi dla obu badanych grup okazały się niewielkie i statystycznie nieistotne.

EN

Falling out of balance is a very common cause of accidents at work. Older workers are particularly affected by this problem. It turns out that each year nearly 1/3 of people over 65 experience a fall. Particularly vulnerable are, inter alia, people with impaired physical parameters. These unfavourable changes occur along with the progressive aging process and as a result of damage to the locomotor system. Thus, the frequency of falls increases with age, and the effects on health become more severe. The article describes research on people in the 60-67 age group. Their aim was: firstly – to compare selected biomechanical parameters (i.e. parameters of walking, eye-hand coordination, muscle strength and the ability to maintain balance) of people after a fall and people who did not fall, and secondly – to indicate those parameters that may have an influence on a greater tendency to fall. Meanwhile, the differences between the parameters obtained for both studied groups turned out to be small and statistically insignificant.

12

Postural stability at different heights as well as in natural standing position and during tandem stance in female athletes who practice artistic gymnastics

Omorczyk Jarosław, Wrześniewski Krzysztof, Staszkiewicz Robert, Puszczałowska-Lizis Ewa

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 3

155--162

EN

Purpose: The aim of this work was the assessment of postural stability at different heights as well as in natural standing position and during tandem stance in female athletes who practice artistic gymnastics. Methods: The study comprised 34 athletes aged 8–12, practicing artistic gymnastics at a sports club „Korona Kraków”. The research tool was CQ-Stab 2P two-platform posturograph. The elevation was achieved using the Light SPL platform. The data were analyzed based on Wilcoxon signed-rank test and Spearman’s rank correlation. Results: The height at which the posturograph was set differentiated the path length of the statokinesiogram, both in the natural stance ( p = 0.035) and tandem stance (p = 0.012). When the posturograph was placed on the floor, statistically significantly higher sway area delimited by the COP point (p < 0.001), statokinesiogram path length (p < 0.001), mean amplitude of COP displacement (p < 0.001) and mean frequency of COP displacement (p = 0.048) values were recorded in the tandem stance position. On the other hand, when the posturograph was placed on a landing, statistically significantly higher sway area delimited by the COP point (p < 0.001), statokinesiogram path length (p < 0.001) and mean frequency of COP displacement (p < 0.001) values were recorded in the tandem stance position. Conclusions: Increasing height was accompanied by deterioration of stability indices. Postural stability improves with training experience.

13

Differentiating fallers from nonfallers using nonlinear variability analyses of data from a low-cost portable footswitch device: a feasibility study

Gonabadi Arash, Antonellis Prokopios, Malcolm Philippe

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 2

139--145

EN

Purpose: Falls are one of the main causes of injuries in older adults. This study evaluated a low-cost footswitch device that was designed to measure gait variability and investigates whether there are any relationships between variability metrics and clinical balance tests for individuals with a history of previous falls. Methods: Sixteen older adults completed a history of falls questionnaire, three functional tests related to fall risk, and walked on a treadmill with the footswitch device. We extracted the stride times from the device and applied two nonlinear variability analyses: coefficient of variation and detrended fluctuation analysis. Results: The temporal variables and variability metrics from the footswitch device correlated with gold-standard measurements based on ground reaction force data. One variability metric (detrended fluctuation analysis) showed a significant relationship with the presence of past falls with a sensitivity of 43%. Conclusion: This feasibility study demonstrates the basis for using low-cost footswitch devices to predict fall risk.

14

Classic and indicative methods in the analysis of the foot arch and foot loads in professional folklore dancers on the basis of stabilographic tests

Gorwa Joanna, Nowakowska-Lipiec Katarzyna, Guzik-Kopyto Agata, Wodarski Piotr, Michnik Robert

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 4

53--61

EN

Purpose: The proper shape of the foot determines its proper functioning and efficiency, which is significant as far as dancers are concerned. The aim of the study was to identify the arch of feet based on the Arch Index (AI), ability to maintain balance on the basis of stabilometric parameters and the distribution of loads acting on the feet of professional folk dancers. Methods: The study group was composed of 37 folk dancers and the reference group consisted of 56 healthy adults aged 19–45. Balance measurements were performed using the Zebris FDM-S measurement platform, Romberg test with eyes open. Test results were exported to the Matlab 2019b computing environment. The algorithm developed by the Authors in relation was used to calculate Arch Index for the right and left foot, for each test participant separately. Results: Statistical tests did not reveal statistically relevant differences between stabilometric parameters and loads affecting feet in the reference group and that of the dancers. The statistical tests revealed that the value of the AI differed significantly in the reference group and in the group of professional folk dancers (p = 0.05). The differences were also observed in the group of females (p = 0.003). No statistically relevant differences were observed in relation to the group of males (p = 0.116). The percentage of the feet with high arch in the group of dancers amounted to 26%; 33% of dancers’ feet were classified as the feet with low arch. Conclusions: The feet of professional folk dancers have a statistically more arched foot than the reference group.

15

Altered postural stability in elderly women following a single session of head-mounted display virtual reality

Cieślik Błażej, Serweta Anna, Federico Sara, Szczepańska-Gieracha Joanna

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2021

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Vol. 23, no. 1

107--111

EN

Purpouse: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single session of head-mounted display virtual reality on postural stability in elderly women. Methods: Forty-seven female subjects underwent a 20-minute virtual reality session. The mean age of the subjects was 70.12 years. As an immersive source, we used a relaxing virtual reality game with a head-mounted display device. The postural stability test was conducted using a Nintendo Wii force plate. Participants completed a set of three 30-s trials in which they took a quiet bipedal eyes-open stance while standing on a hard surface: before the virtual reality session, immediately after the virtual reality session, and 2 minutes after the virtual reality session. Centre of pressure parameters were analysed in the sagittal and frontal planes. Results: Analysing the results obtained immediately after the virtual reality session, significant differences were observed in almost all examined parameters. In the sagittal plane, centre of pressure path velocity increased by 10% (p < 0.01) and path standard deviation by 15% (p < 0.05). In the frontal plane, centre of pressure path velocity increased by 14% (p < 0.01). After 2 minutes, all examined parameters showed no significant difference compared to before the virtual reality session. Conclusions: Immediately after the virtual reality session, there was an increase in almost all examined parameters. However, after 2 minutes, all examined parameters had returned to baseline. Therefore, to reduce fall risk after a virtual reality session, it is recommended that the subject spend at least 2 minutes in a sitting position.

16

Analityczne modele eurokodowe i symulacje numeryczne wyboczenia technicznego prętów stalowych

Giżejowski Marian, Wiedro Paweł

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2020

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R. 76, nr 1-2

41--49

PL

Przedstawiono problematykę oceny nośności przy wyboczeniu technicznym prętów ściskanych, zwichrzeniu prętów zginanych w płaszczyźnie większej bezwładności przekroju oraz wyboczeniu giętno-skrętnym prętów zginanych w płaszczyźnie większej bezwładności przekroju i ściskanych. Przytoczono analityczne modele eurokodowe oraz dokonano identyfikacji zastępczej imperfekcji geometrycznej do budowy imperfekcyjnych modeli numerycznych wyboczenia technicznego. Na przykładzie oceny nośności przy wyboczeniu słupa stalowego porównano różne podejścia analityczne oraz numeryczne.

EN

Problems related to the technical buckling resistance of compressed members, lateral-torsional buckling of members bent in the plane of section greater moment of inertia and flexural-torsional buckling of members compressed and bent in the plane of section greater moment of inertia are presented. Analytical Eurocode models are quoted and equivalent geometric amplitudes to build imperfect numerical models have been identified. Various analytical and numerical approaches were compared on examples of the buckling resistance assessment of a real steel column.

17

The differences in postural stability between cross-country and Alpine skiers with intellectual disabilities

Gimunová Marta, Skotáková Alena, Grün Vojtěch, Jenčíková Kateřina, Daněk Leoš, Hlinský Tomáš, Svobodová Lenka, Kalichová Miriam, Válková Hana

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2020

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Vol. 22, no. 4

133--138

EN

The purpose of this study was to analyse differences in postural stability between athletes with ID competing in Alpine and Cross country (XC) skiing to assess the effect of special sports training on postural stability in persons with ID. Methods: Athletes with ID were divided into four groups by their discipline: Alpine skiers (n = 9), XC skiers 2.5 to 10 km (n = 10), XC skiers 500 to 1000 m (n = 18) and XC skiers 50 and 100 m (n = 10). All participants were asked to stand barefooted on the Zebris FDM platform (Medical GmbH, Germany) with their eyes open and closed. To compare differences between groups one-way ANOVA with Tukey HSD test was used. To compare the difference between the eyes open and closed, t-test was used. Results: Statistical analysis showed no significant differences between Alpine and XC skiers in analysed variables. The analysis of COP velocity showed superior postural stability in XC skiers 2.5 to 10 km compared to XC skiers 500 and 1000 m. In XC skiers 500 and 1000 m, XC skiers 2.5 to 10 km and Alpine skiers a significant increase in COP velocity was observed when having the eyes closed. In XC skiers 50 and 100 m, no statistically significant differences between the eyes open and closed conditions were observed. Conclusions: Despite different sports training, no difference between Alpine and XC skiers in postural stability was observed. When comparing XC skiers, better postural stability was observed in skiers running longer distances, suggesting that this sports training enhances balance skills needed in everyday life.

18

Effects of water injection to the fuel and air mixture on equilibrium gas composition in combustion products and selected parameters of the theoretical Otto cycle

Sucheta Andrzej

Combustion Engines

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2019

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R. 58, nr 2

95--102

EN

Moisturizing the intake air by spraying water in the liquid phase significantly lowers the intake air temperature, mainly due to the high value of latent heat of evaporation. The paper presents a methodology for calculating the parameters of the air-fuel mixture after water injection and during subsequent processes of the Otto cycle: compression, combustion and expansion of exhaust gases. For octane as a fuel, exemplary calculations have been carried out to investigate the effect of water injection on the composition of combustion products and selected parameters of the theoretical Otto cycle (temperature, pressure, output power and thermal efficiency).

19

Zastosowanie systemu analizy ruchu BTS do określenia chwili utraty stabilności

Matuszewska Agata, Liszkowski Jakub, Walczak Tomasz, Buśkiewicz Jacek

Aktualne Problemy Biomechaniki

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2019

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z. 17

69--76

PL

W pracy przeprowadzono próbę wyznaczenia chwili utraty stabilności dla upadków z pozycji statycznej. Pozycją początkową, jaką przyjmowała osoba badana, było stanie na dwóch nogach z rękami wzdłuż tułowia. Rejestracji ruchu dokonano dzięki wykorzystaniu systemu BTS. W celu wyznaczenia chwili utraty stabilności zaproponowano i opracowano własne miary i parametry, bazujące na pomiarach wykonanych z użyciem platform dynamometrycznych oraz systemu analizy ruchu. Dla analizowanego przypadku ruchu wielkości te pozwoliły na szacunkowe wyznaczenie chwili utraty stabilności.

EN

Assessing of human stability loss was performed at this work in case of falls from a static position. At the beginning patient takes the starting position as standing on two legs with hands along the thorax. Human motion registration was performed by using BTS system. In order to determine the instant of human stability loss the new measures and parameters were proposed, which based on measurements from force platforms and motion analysis system. These parameters allowed to assess the instant of stability loss for analyzed motion.

20

Do different muscle strength levels affect stability during unplanned gait termination?

Cen Xuanzhen, Jiang Xinyan, Gu Yaodong

Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics

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2019

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Vol. 21, no. 4

27--35

EN

Unplanned gait termination (UGT) widely occurs in various sports and daily life as a kind of stress response to unexpected stimulus. However, the body stability may be greatly affected when the body completely stops. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between muscle strength levels and body stability during UGT through comparing the plantar pressure. Methods: Twenty healthy participants (10 male and 10 female) with different lower limbs muscle strength and power were asked to perform planned gait termination (PGT) and unplanned gait termination (UGT) on an 8-m walkway. Related plantar pressure data including maximum pressure, maximum force, contact area and center of pressure were recorded with Footscan pressure platform. Results: Two types of gait termination have significant differences in the plantar pressure distribution. Maximum pressure and maximum force in the lateral metatarsal increased significantly during UGT, compared to PGT. At the same time, data from the current study suggested that there might be a correlation between the muscle strength levels of individual and the stability during the gait termination, especially between the muscle power and UGT, which means that the more excellent muscle power an individual has, the more stable the body is when UGT is performed. Conclusions: The findings suggest that different muscle strength levels could affect stability during unplanned gait termination.