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1

Ślad węglowy modernizacji taboru autobusów miejskich na pojazdy elektryczne akumulatorowe i wodorowe

Fice Marcin, Komenda Danuta

Energetyka

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2025

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nr 4

258--268

PL

Ślad węglowy stanowi istotny wskaźnik oceny oddziaływania produktu lub usługi na środowisko, obejmując emisje gazów cieplarnianych w całym cyklu życia, a nie tylko bezpośrednie emisje dwutlenku węgla z pojazdów. W analizie uwzględniono główne gazy cieplarniane: dwutlenek węgla (CO2), metan (CH4) i podtlenek azotu (N2O), które są istotne w kontekście sektora transportu. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki obliczeń śladu węglowego miejskiej usługi transportowej w Wodzisławiu Śląskim, przeprowadzonych zgodnie z wytycznymi protokołu GHG (Greenhouse Gas Protocol). Analizie poddano zarówno istniejący tabor z silnikami Diesla, jak i scenariusze modernizacji floty na pojazdy elektryczne zasilane akumulatorowo oraz wodorowe. Obliczenia obejmowały emisje bezpośrednie (zakres 1), emisje pośrednie związane z zakupioną energią elektryczną (zakres 2) oraz inne emisje pośrednie, takie jak produkcja komponentów autobusów, źródła paliw i energii oraz działalność operacyjna przedsiębiorstwa transportowego (zakres 3). Wyniki wskazują, że całkowity ślad węglowy jest silnie uzależniony od źródła pochodzenia paliwa i energii. W analizowanym przypadku, transport określany jako „zeroemisyjny” może generować wyższy ślad węglowy w porównaniu z tradycyjnymi pojazdami z silnikami spalinowymi, szczególnie gdy energia elektryczna lub wodór pochodzą z nieodnawialnych źródeł. Dodatkowo, produkcja akumulatorów może znacząco zwiększyć całkowite emisje gazów cieplarnianych. Do przeprowadzenia obliczeń wykorzystano dane z kilkudziesięciu źródeł literaturowych oraz wyniki rzeczywistych testów autobusów o danych producentów. Analiza podkreśla również, że wyniki śladu węglowego mogą się różnić w zależności od zastosowanych źródeł danych i przyjętych założeń.

EN

The carbon footprint is a key indicator for assessing the environmental impact of a product or service, encompassing greenhouse gas emissions throughout the entire life cycle, not just the direct carbon dioxide emissions from vehicles. The analysis considers major greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O), which are particularly relevant in the transport sector. This article presents the results of a carbon footprint assessment of municipal transport services in Wodzisław Śląski, conducted in accordance with the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol guidelines. The study covers both the existing diesel-powered bus fleet and scenarios for its modernization to battery-electric and hydrogen-powered vehicles. The calculations include direct emissions (Scope 1), indirect emissions from purchased electricity (Scope 2), and other indirect emissions (Scope 3) such as emissions related to the production of vehicle components, sources of fuels and energy, and the operational activities of the transport company. The results indicate that the total carbon footprint is highly dependent on the origin of the fuel and energy used. In the analyzed case, so-called “zero-emission” transport may result in a higher carbon footprint compared to conventional diesel-powered vehicles, particularly if the electricity or hydrogen is derived from non-renewable sources. Moreover, battery production can significantly increase total greenhouse gas emissions. The assessment was based on data from several dozen scientific sources and real-world tests of buses, including manufacturer data. The analysis also highlights that carbon footprint results may vary depending on the data sources and assumptions applied.

2

Activity of Polish organisations participating in the EMAS scheme to reduce the emission of air contaminants

Nycz-Wróbel Jadwiga

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2024

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z. 191

387--404

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this paper was to present the undertakings of Polish enterprises participating in the EMAS scheme, dealing with waste and sewage management, water supply and land reclamation, implemented in order to reduce air contaminants emissions. Design/methodology/approach: The assumed research method was based on the analysis of secondary sources in form of environmental statements. The selection of sample was targeted and the research involved a complete analysis among 19 companies participating in the EMAS scheme, selected based on their business profile and dealing with waste and sewage management, water supply and land reclamation. The analysis described herein allowed to identify most common initiatives aimed at reduction of emissions ad indicate specific solutions applied in that area. Findings: Most frequent solutions include: vehicle replacement, use of renewable sources of energy, use of low-emission technologies, devices or systems, failure prevention systems, monitoring, analysis and measurement of emissions. Possibilities to apply specific solutions have been indicated considering different profiles of activity. Research limitations/implications: The fact that data in environmental reports are not uniform, which makes them difficult to analyse, is the limitation of the described research. Exemplary solutions are not provided in all environmental reports. Further research might focus on the analysis of initiatives taken by Polish manufacturing or power engineering companies in the area of waste management. Practical implications: The key input of the described research is the list of specific solutions that could be implemented in organisations with different profiles of activity in order to reduce emissions of air contaminants. Social implications: Exemplary solutions beneficial in terms of air quality improvement, and also general life quality improvement, have been presented. Originality/value: The outcome of this study may supplement previous research concerning the EMAS scheme, providing specific examples of solutions that could be implemented in organisations to reduce emissions of air contaminants.

3

Reducing methane emissions on livestock ships in order to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and promote future maritime sustainability

Elmallah Mamdouh, Shouman Mohamed, Elgohary Mohamed Morsy

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

797--804

EN

One of the main causes of climate change and global warming is greenhouse gas emissions. Livestock makes up 15% of the world's greenhouse gases (GHG), whereas maritime shipping accounts for 3%. Cattle can produce about 500 grams of methane a day per cow. This study demonstrates that livestock ships are an extremely high source of methane emissions. This study also offers innovative scientific techniques for lowering methane gas emissions from livestock ships. The MV Gelbray Express Livestock ship is selected to investigate the overall emissions generated by the main engine and the livestock on board. Main engine CO2 emissions and livestock CO2 equivalent emissions are theoretically calculated during 24-hour sailing under engine full load and livestock full capacity. The study revealed that livestock CO2 equivalent emissions account for 43% of the total CO2 emissions emitted by the engine and the livestock. To decrease livestock methane emissions, ZELP (Zero Emissions Livestock Project) has patented a unique catalytic technique for capturing and neutralizing methane generated during enteric fermentation in ruminant animals such as cows. Theoretical results show that using the ZELP mask reduces CO2 equivalent emissions by 58 000 kg per day at a livestock capacity of 4000 cattle onboard the MV Gelbray Express Livestock ship.

4

Barriers for inclusion of user practices in technology development in Blue Denmark

Kristensen Rasmus Gammelby, Børsen Tom Holmgaard

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 3

631--640

EN

As the world collectively looks to technology to drive sustainable transition and salvage what is left of our world, users are increasingly exposed to technological solutions claimed to drive sustainable transition. These solutions are rarely developed with an offset in their practice, and this is a challenge as technology can only aid in deconstructing the climate crisis if end-user practices are reflected in the technical solutions. Nothing is gained if no one is motivated or able to pick up these solutions. Sustainability is rarely used in conjunction with how end-users will adopt and utilize technology. Wasted or inefficient distribution of resources should be addressed to optimize and increase the chances of a green transition. This also holds for the maritime sector in Denmark, where technology development is limited to the applicability of technological artifacts without taking notice of end-user practices. This paper applies qualitative ethnographic research to show that there is a disconnect between, on the one hand, funders, technology developers, and decision-makers and, on the other hand, technology end-users and practitioners in the Danish maritime sector. The first does not consider the latter's perspective even though it is claimed important. We argue that if technology is to replace or assist any human practice and solve for example the climate crises, then knowledge of users’ practices must be key to developing technological solutions for sustainable development. During the ethnographic work, the stage of funding the development of sustainable technology was observed to be the very first point in the path of technological development, where user inclusion should be considered. Therein lies the connection to sustainability: If users are omitted, technology cannot effectively and positively assist sustainable transition.

5

Methane Emission in a Small-Scale Rice Field under Two Different Water Management Strategies – An Insight for Landscape Level Adjustments

Bunquin Michelle Anne B., Bugia Sophia Alelie Cotoner, Buladaco II Marcial S., Rocamora Patrick M.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 11

218--227

EN

The main purpose of this study was to optimize the methods for determining methane emission in a continuously flooded (CF) and an alternately wetted and dried rice system. A field experiment was conducted at Block B1, Pili Drive, Los Baños, Laguna for one cropping season to evaluate the CH4 emission in both FP and AWD treatment plots. Fertilizer application rates were similar across treatments and were based on the recommended rate. Gas sampling was done weekly at 0, 15, and 30 – minute intervals and gas samples were analyzed using a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame-ionization detector (FID). Results showed that FP plots emitted methane at 15.07 to 459.14 mg CH4 day-1 m-2, which was higher than those produced in AWD plots which ranged from 1.68 to 36.26 mg CH4 day-1 m-2 throughout the cropping period. In both treatments, a decreasing trend in methane emission was observed which was attributed to the depleting carbon source of methanotrophs where methane was utilized rather than produced at an unfavorable redox potential for methane production. Global warming potential (GWP) of 7.000 kg CO2 -eq and 1.350 kg CO2 -eq was contributed by FP and AWD treatments, respectively. Overall, CH4 emission was reduced by 80–85% when AWD was employed without having a yield compromise. The result of this pilot study is limited to a 1.300 m2 field area but it showed a significant comparison between the two water management strategies in rice systems. Also, the learnings in this study will be used further for landscape greenhouse gas measurements in major rice-producing areas in the Philippines and ultimately will contribute to the carbon footprint assessment of rice cultivation.

6

Effectiveness of current technology in GHG reduction – A literature survey

Klakeel T., Anantharaman M., Islam R., Garaniya V.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

171--176

EN

In 2018 during the 72nd session of the Maritime Environmental Protection Committee (MEPC) IMO adopted its initial strategy for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) from the ships to meet the Paris Agreement Goals, 2015. This is considered as a major milestone in formulizing a clear strategy by IMO towards its objective of reducing the global GHG emissions from the ships. The strategy had two primary objectives: the first was to decrease total annual GHG emissions by at least 50% by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. The second objective was to promote the phasing out of GHG emissions entirely. In 2020, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) conducted a study which revealed that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from shipping had increased by 9.6%. The rise in global maritime trade was identified as the main factor behind this increase. IMO's 2020 study also concluded that reducing GHG emissions by focusing only on energy-saving technologies and ship speed reduction would not be enough to meet the IMO's 2050 GHG reduction target. Therefore, greater attention needs to be given to the use of low-carbon alternative fuels. To understand the effectiveness of currently available technologies in reducing GHG emissions from ships, a literature survey was conducted in this study. The survey examined a range of related articles published between 2018 and 2022. This study aimed to identify the current stage and the quantity of literature available on various technologies and, more importantly, serve as a decision-making support tool for selecting a technology under specific circumstances in a quantitative manner. The technologies were divided into four groups: those that utilize fossil fuels, those that use renewable energy, those that use fuel cells, and those that use low-carbon or alternative fuels. The literature survey was conducted using Web of Science (WoS) and Google Scholar. The results of this study will also help to identify clear research gaps in comparing the effectiveness of various available technologies to reduce GHG emissions. Ultimately, the aim is to develop a comprehensive strategy that can be used to reduce GHG emissions from shipping and contribute to the global fight against climate change.

7

An analysis of the carbon footprint In maritime transport: challenges and opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Karaś A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 1

199--203

EN

The process of decarbonization and the pursuit of zero-emissions growth are a challenge for maritime transport, while strict environmental regulations regarding greenhouse gas emissions call for changes in both organizational and technological processes. The aim of the article is to present the problem of carbon footprint in relation to the maritime transport industry . The article discusses the negative impact of sea transport on the environment. The main research objective was to shed light on carbon footprint in the context of maritime transport as well as to identify the possibilities of its reduction, including through regulatory measures. Various research methods were used in the study, including a literature review, a review of the documentation of IMO regulations, reports and an analysis of technologies implemented to reduce pollutant emissions in maritime transport.

8

The analysis of offshore industry transition - acceleration from oil & gas to wind

Kołakowski P., Rutkowski G.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 2

375--384

EN

The present paper provides an overview of the current state and future trends of the offshore sector worldwide, as well as the relationship between the oil and gas (O&G) and the wind power industry offshore. Study on the offshore energy transition basis on review of literature, reports, and outlooks of main energy agencies, classification societies, and main offshore companies - their pathways and ambitions. A comparative analysis of the oil prices to their extraction at sea. Analysis of new build and scrapped drilling units, and their utilization. This is followed by correlation analysis between the emergence of new projects in O&G and wind farms offshore. The new and cheaper technology, and ambitions to reduce greenhouse (GHG) emission to zero levels, favor renewable. The results disclose that the main O&G companies start investing in renewable technologies. The offshore energy transition has already begun and accelerating. Nevertheless, full transition will take a while, as the global power demand is still too high to be covered only by a renewable source of energy. The number of annual O&G assets decommissioning is double in size compared to the new projects, and Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit (MODU) utilization average of 60%. Offshore wind develops dynamically, and the forecasts show that this trend stands at the same high level to cross a number 100 GW produced from offshore wind globally in 2025, but there is a visible lack of Mobile Offshore Wind Power Service Operations Units (MOWU). If well planned there is room for mutual benefits between O&G and wind within the offshore sector due to re-orientation measures.

9

Metan z kopalń węgla kamiennego jako zagrożenie górnicze i źródło energii

Łukaszczyk Zygmunt, Badura Henryk

Rynek Energii

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2022

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Nr 2

32--38

PL

W artykule omówiono wpływ metanu wydzielającego się do atmosfery na powstawanie efektu cieplarnianego. Analiza literatury z tej dziedziny wykazuje, że wielkość tego wpływu nie jest określona jednoznacznie. Przeciwdziałanie wypływowi metanu z kopalń węgla do atmosfery jest jednak bardzo zasadne, zarówno z uwagi na efekt cieplarniany i na możliwość wykorzystanie metanu do produkcji energii cieplnej i prądu elektrycznego. Do przedstawienia problemów związanych z odmetanowaniem kopalń wykorzystano miesięczne dane pomiarowe z okresu dwudziestu siedmiu lat. Stwierdzono, że mimo likwidacji wielu kopalń wydzielana ilość metanu posiada tendencję nieznacznie rosnącą. Na podstawie danych pomiarowych z jednej z kopalń stwierdzono, że wahania ilości metanu ujmowanej systemem odmetanowania mogą być bardzo znaczne, co powoduje wzrost kosztów zagospodarowania metanu. Zaproponowano sposób lepszego wykorzystania metanu kopalnianego jako źródła produkcji energii elektrycznej oraz ciepła.

EN

The article discusses the influence of methane emitted into the atmosphere on the greenhouse effect. The analysis of the literature in this field shows that the size of this impact is not clearly defined. However, counteracting the outflow of methane from coal mines into the atmosphere is very justified, both due to the greenhouse effect and the possibility of using methane for the production of heat and electricity. Monthly measurement data from a period of twenty-seven years was used to present the problems related to methane drainage from mines. It was found that despite the closure of many mines, the emitted amount of methane tends to increase slightly. Based on the measurement data from one of the mines, it was found that fluctuations in the amount of methane captured by the methane drainage system may be very significant, which increases the costs of methane management. A method of better use of mine methane as a source of electricity and heat production has been proposed.

10

Automation of dairy cow feeding as the method for reduction of greenhouse gas emission, originating in animal production

Siatka Kamil

Polish Technical Review

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2022

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No. 1

2--9

EN

The increasing number of the population and the related intensification of animal-origin food production are indicated as the source of climatic changes. The present paper contains the information concerning the impact of animal production on anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases (GHG). A special attention was paid to the problems connected with milk production. The selected methods for mitigation of GHG emission, derived from dairy farms, were presented. The recent part of the paper was dedicated to the comparison of energy consumption in automatic (AFS) and conventional (CFS) feeding systems and the potential profits, resulting from the application of automatic feeding systems.

PL

Rosnąca liczba ludności i związana z tym intensyfikacja produkcji żywności pochodzenia zwierzęcego wskazywane są jako źródło zmian klimatycznych. W niniejsze pracy zawarto informacje dotyczące wpływu produkcji zwierzęcej na antropogeniczną emisję gazów cieplarnianych (GHG). Szczególną uwagę poświecono kwestiom związanym z produkcją mleka. Przedstawiono także wybrane metody łagodzenia emisji GHG pochodzącej z gospodarstw mlecznych. Ostatnią część pracy poświęcono porównaniu energochłonności automatycznych (AFS) i konwencjonalnych (CFS) systemów żywienia oraz potencjalnym korzyściom wynikającym z użytkowania automatycznych systemów żywienia.

11

Forecasting greenhouse gas emissions of the Slovak Republic based on grey models

Vojteková Mária, Blažeková Oľga, Pavlicko Michal

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 48, nr 1

117--134

EN

Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has become a necessity and not an option to sustain the environment in both human and natural systems. The Slovak Republic (SR), like the European Union (EU), aims to become greenhouse gas neutral by 2050. To reach this ambitious target, emissions will need to fall by 55% compared to those in the base year 1990. Therefore, forecasting GHG emission amounts is important. The grey model is one of the widespread mathematical forecasting methods. There exist studies that have used some types of grey models to predict GHG but not in the case of the Slovak Republic. We have optimized the length of the input sequence in the rolling mechanism to enhance the forecast accuracy of a new grey model combining the Bernoulli equation with the rolling mechanism. Standard grey model, nonlinear grey Bernoulli model, and grey model with rolling mechanism were used to prove the validity of our optimization and to compare prediction performance among grey models. The novel model was also used for a long-term forecast of GHG emissions in the SR for the years from 2020 to 2040 and compared with officially reported projections. Calculated values showed that the SR is on a good way to reach set targets towards climate change mitigation.

12

Application of LandGEM mathematical model for the estimation of gas emissions from contaminated sites. A case study of a dumping site in Lahore, Pakistan

Alam Asifa, Chaudhry M. Nawaz, Ahmad Sajid Rashid, Ullah Rizwan, Batool Syeda Adila, Butt Talib E., Alghamdi Huda Ahmed, Mahmood Adeel

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 48, nr 1

69--81

EN

Decomposition of organic waste in dumping sites and landfills prompts the uncontrolled emission of greenhouse gases which enhances global warming and related issues. The present investigation estimated the total landfill gas, methane, carbon dioxide and non-methane organic compounds emissions from Mahmood Booti dumping site located at Lahore, Pakistan from 1996 to 2045. LandGEM 3.02 model was utilized to evaluate the gas emission with the volumetric methane 50%, production potential (170 m3/Mg), and methane generation rate (0.050/year). The findings demonstrated that organic and food wastes had the maximum quantity in the solid waste stream (63.46%). Methane measured from solid waste was 1.150E+03 (Mg/year) in 1997 in the first year after waste was accepted by landfill while the maximum methane generation rate happened from 2014 to 2018, i.e., from 4.049×104 to 4.654×104 Mg/year, respectively. The study finding highlighted that all gases emissions have an increasing/rising trend up to 2021 and then gradually their level will decrease because most of the organic fractions of solid waste would degrade with time. The findings of this study can be used to identify the impacts and contribution of MBODS in the global emission of greenhouse gases. The study concludes that proper management of landfill gas will not only decreases greenhouse gas emissions, diminishing adverse impacts on public health but can also be used as a sustainable energy source.

13

Issues of biodegradable components in municipal solid waste: short overview of the problem and its possible solution in Ukraine

Prykhodko Veronika, Safranov Tamerlan, Shanina Tatyana

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2022

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Vol. 15, no. 2

157--167

EN

The paper focuses on the problem of biodegradable waste in municipal solid waste in Ukraine. More then 60% of the total municipal solid waste mass in Ukraine is biodegradable waste. At present, this waste group is almost completely dumped on waste disposal sites and landfills that lead to “resource value” loss and to environmental problems. The work presents a classification of the group of biodegradable waste in municipal solid waste as well as quantitative characteristics of the group and the results of data variability analysis. Methane emission and disruption of the natural cycles of nutrients, in particular carbon, are considered as the environmental problems, related to such waste disposal on the waste dumps. Based on the biodegradable waste classification, the main possible ways of the problem solution that will help to achieve a “zero waste” goal for this group are presented. Efficient use of such waste as recyclable material resources is possible in case of easily-decomposed organic waste separation at the waste generation moment.

14

Some Issues Quantifying Low-carbon of an Achievement Energy and Industry

Ziganshin Malik G.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2021

|

Tom 23

446--457

EN

In this work, for use as a unified tool within the framework of ISO 50001, a methodology for rating assessment of the processing of emissions with global pollutants is proposed, which was developed by the authors and recommended for use by state documents of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. It is distinguished by the absence of not transparences elements. As the initial data, the actual background concentrations (according to WMO data), the annual ceiling of greenhouse gas emissions and the maximum permissible emissions of toxic compounds, information on the characteristics of emission sources are taken for the enterprise, and as operational constants, the global warming potentials of greenhouse gases (GWP100) and officially approved values of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic compounds (MPC). The method is based on the equation (presented here at annotation in a simplified form), which gives a numerical indicator (rating) R of the efficiency of a production facility in terms of hazardous emissions into the atmosphere, taking into account greenhouse gases and energy costs arising from their removal. Currently, the technique is adapted to the energy sector; for wider adaptation to various industries, a low-carbon rating program has been drawn up for boiler houses, thermal power plants and industrial enterprises. It also meets the needs of understanding and predicting possible deviations of emission parameters from the standardized indicators. Therefore, it can serve as a tool within the framework of ISO 50001, providing objective control over the choice of means to ensure compliance with the requirements for harmful components emissions including greenhouse gases in the design and modernization of production facilities. The developed program is embedded for Russian enterprises in the shell of the ‘1C: Enterprise’ platform – a software product for automating accounting and management at enterprises. The program can also be used in the software shell of the automated accounting of the activities of a particular organization in a one or the other country.

15

Mikrobiogazownie szansą na ograniczenie emisji metanu z rolnictwa

Szymańska Magdalena

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

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2021

|

nr 12

38--40

PL

Metan jest gazem cieplarnianym o ponad 20-krotnie większej efektywności ocieplania klimatu w stosunku do dwutlenku węgla. Jest on także prekursorem powstawania szkodliwego ozonu troposferycznego (O3). Jego szkodliwy wpływ na środowisko został dostrzeżony przez decydentów i skłonił ich do rozpoczęcia prac nad europejską dyrektywą metanową.

16

Potencjał hydrorafinowanego oleju roślinnego (ang. HVO - Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil) jako biopaliwa wysokoreaktywnego w dwupaliwowych układach zasilania

Chojnowski Janusz, Nogas Patrycja

Biuletyn Wojskowej Akademii Technicznej

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2021

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Vol. 70, nr 2

73--87

PL

w czasach intensywnych badań dotyczących zmniejszenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych do atmosfery z sektora motoryzacyjnego inżynierowie i badacze znajdują efektywne rozwiązania umożliwiające osiągnięcie ten cel. Emisję dwutlenku węgla można zmniejszyć poprzez zwiększenie sprawności silnika spalinowego lub zmniejszenie zawartości węgla w spalanym paliwie. Połączeniem obu tych założeń może być wykorzystanie nowoczesnych układów zasilania dwupaliwowego do silników o zapłonie samoczynnym (zs), w których dawką pilotażową paliwa wysokoreaktywnego jest hydrorafinowany olej roślinny HVO) będący ekologicznym substytutem oleju napędowego. temat wykorzystania HVO jako paliwa pilotażowego jest niezbadany empirycznie, jednak informacje dostępne na jego temat wskazują na zasadność takich zastosowań.

EN

In times of increased efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere from the automotive sector, engineers and researchers are finding effective solutions to achieve this goal. The reduction of carbon dioxide emissions can be achieved by increasing the efficiency of the internal combustion engine or by reducing the carbon content in the fuel burned. The combination of both of these assumptions can be the use of modern dual-fuel systems for diesel engines in which the pilot dose of highly reactive fuel is hydrotreated vegetable oil (HVO), which is an ecological substitute for diesel oil. The topic of the use of HVO as a pilot fuel is empirically unexplored, however the available information on it indicates the validity of such applications.

17

Climate agreement. Race to carbon neutrality from Rio via Kyoto and Paris to Glasgow

Pavliuk Nonna

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2021

|

Vol. 14, no. 4

145--156

EN

This paper demonstrates an influence of the anthropogenic Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) emission trend on climate talks aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The influence of commitments to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, undertaken by the largest emitter countries within the framework of international treaties (the Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement), on the fossil energy consumption and CO 2 emissions from the combustion of various types of fuel by these countries has been analyzed. Emissions from the European Union (EU), as well as consumption of renewable and alternative energy sources by countries are beyond the subject of this paper. The paper focuses on the obligations that the largest emitters of greenhouse gas emissions are ready to undertake in order to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The impact of the country’s choice of the base year on its ambitious climate action to reduce emissions has been evaluated. Challenges that the countries may face in the implementation of the Net Zero by 2050: A Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector, developed by the International Energy Agency (IEA), have been identified.

18

Economic and Climate Efficiency of Agriculture in the EU

Wysokiński Marcin, Gołasa Piotr, Bieńkowska-Gołasa Wioletta, Lenort Radim, Gromada Arkadiusz, Golonko Magdalena, Trębska Paulina, Gradziuk Piotr, Bórawski Piotr

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2020

|

Tom 22, cz. 2

1014--1027

EN

The article in the theoretical part draws attention to the phenomenon of climate change and two-way relations between these changes and agriculture. Agriculture as an economic sector is extremely sensitive to any climatic disturbances. However, as a greenhouse gas (GHG) emitter, it contributes to this process. In the era of significant reductions in GHG emissions, it is becoming increasingly important to obtain the highest economic effects with the smallest external effects (e.g. GHG). The purpose of the article is therefore to determine the level of GHG emissions in agriculture and the economic and climate efficiency of agriculture in EU countries and comparison to other sectors of the economy. The DEA method was used in the study. Calculations were made based on Eurostat data. It was found that the share of GHG emissions of agriculture in the EU represents 10-11% of all emissions in the European Union. Agriculture is the least economically and climatically effective sector of the EU economy. Comparing the agriculture of individual countries, the highest efficiency was achieved by Italy, Cyprus, the Netherlands, Slovakia and Finland, the lowest – Lithuania, Poland and Latvia.

PL

W artykule w części teoretycznej zwrócono uwagę na zjawisko zmian klimatycznych oraz dwukierunkowych relacji pomiędzy tymi zmianami a rolnictwem. Rolnictwo jako sektor gospodarki jest niezwykle wrażliwy na wszelkie zaburzenia klimatyczne. Z drugiej strony jako emitent gazów cieplarnianych (GHG) m swój udział w tym procesie. W dobie znaczących redukcji emisji GHG coraz istotniejszą kwestią jest otrzymywanie jak najwyższych efektów ekonomicznych przy jak najmniejszych efektach zewnętrznych (np. GHG). Celem artykułu jest zatem określenie poziomu emisji GC w rolnictwie oraz efektywności ekonomiczno-klimatycznej rolnictwa w krajach UE oraz w porównaniu do innych działów gospodarki. W opracowaniu wykorzystano metodę DEA. Obliczeń dokonano na podstawie danych Eurostatu. Stwierdzono, że udział emisji GC rolnictwa w UE stanowi 10-11% wszystkich emisji we Wspólnocie. Rolnictwo jest najmniej ekonomiczno-klimatycznie efektywnym sektorem gospodarki UE. Porównując natomiast rolnictwo poszczególnych krajów, najwyższą efektywność osiągnęły Włochy, Cypr, Holandia, Słowacja i Finlandia, najniższą Litwa Polska i Łotwa.

19

Jeszcze o elektroprosumeryzmie

Kolbuszewski Tadeusz

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2020

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R. 76, nr 12

646

PL

Uniknięcie katastrofy klimatycznej wymaga natychmiastowego działania i jest jednym z najważniejszych wyzwań XXI wieku. Będzie możliwe dzięki uzyskaniu równowagi między emitowaniem a pochłanianiem gazów cieplarnianych. Neutralność klimatyczna na świecie musi zostać osiągnięta najpóźniej do 2050 roku. Działania wszystkich sektorów gospodarki powinny doprowadzić do redukcji emisji gazów cieplarnianych, tak aby globalny przyrost temperatury nie przekroczył 1,5°C.

20

Saturation of the absorption of thermal radiation by atmospheric carbon dioxide

Kubicki Jan, Kopczyński Krzysztof, Młyńczak Jarosław

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2020

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T. 10, nr 1

77--81

EN

The article presents a concise review of the works concerning the impact of an increase ofthe concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on the increase ofits absorption of thermal radiation. Attention was paid to differences in the results of calculations presented in the works byvarious authors. Experimentalverification was carried out, which confirmed the possibility of saturation of the process of thermal radiation absorption byCO2in the atmosphere. Possibilities of improving climate models by using direct measurement results ofexperimental works were pointed out.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zwięzły przegląd prac dotyczących wpływu wzrostu stężenia dwutlenku węgla w atmosferze na wzrost w niej absorpcji promieniowania termicznego. Zwrócono uwagę na różnice wyników obliczeń w pracach różnych autorów. Przeprowadzono weryfikację eksperymentalną, która potwierdziła możliwość nasycenia się procesuabsorpcji promieniowania termicznego dla CO2w atmosferze. Wskazano możliwości doskonalenia modeli klimatycznych poprzez wykorzystywanie bezpośrednich wyników pomiarów w pracach eksperymentalnych.