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1

Ochrona odgromowa i przepięciowa instalacji na dachach budynków zgodnych z dyrektywą EPBD

Wincencik Krzysztof

Wiadomości Elektrotechniczne

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2025

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R. 93, nr 2

12--16

PL

W artykule przedstawiono informacje na temat ochrony przepięciowej dla instalacji PV w związku z planowanymi modernizacjami budynków. Zwrócono uwagę na aktualne wymagania norm dotyczących ochrony przepięciowej instalacji PV. Przedstawiono informacje o zapisach nowej edycji norm IEC-EN 62305 z roku 2024 odnoszących się do doboru SPD dla potrzeb ochrony instalacji PV.

EN

The article provides an overview of surge protection measures for photovoltaic (PV) systems in the context of planned building retrofits. The author draws attention to the current standards and regulations concerning surge protection of PV systems. Additionally, the text presents details from the 2024 edition of the IEC-EN 62305 standards, specifically addressing the selection of surge protective devices (SPDs) for the protection of PV systems

2

Super twisting sliding mode controller for multi-functional grid-connected inverter in photovoltaic system

Dehghani Mahla, Mardaneh Mohammad, Shafiei Mohammad Hossein, Hasanvand Saeed

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 74, nr 1

105--125

EN

In this paper, the performance of a super twisting sliding mode controller (ST-SMC) is investigated for a multifunctional single-stage inverter that connects a photovoltaic (PV) system to the three-phase utility grid supplying the non-linear load. In this work, the single-stage inverter is controlled to improve power quality by compensating the current harmonics of nonlinear load and to inject maximum power from the PV system to the grid with ST-SMC controller. In this way, the ST-SMC controller is implemented to adjust the DC bus voltage to the value determined by the maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm, as well as to the single-stage inverter current control using the synchronous reference frame theory. According to the simulation results, the ST-SMC controller provides high robustness and better performance in transient and steady state conditions. The results show that the total harmonics distortion (THD) of the grid current is reduced to 1.75% and the DC bus voltage reaches its set-point at 0.08 second with a small amount, approximately 0.05%, of the overshoot. In addition, the superiority and accuracy of the proposed scheme is verified by replacing conventional SMC and PI controllers with super twisting sliding mode controllers. Evaluate the suggested scheme’s performance is done using the MATLAB/Simulink software.

3

Voltage stability analysis for grid connected PV system using optimized control on IOT based ANFIS

Kumar T. Praveen, Ganapathy S., Manikandan M.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 2

259--266

EN

The growing prevalence of sensitive power electronic loads and PV system installations in distributed power system have sparked serious concerns about the maintenance of Power Quality (PQ). The non-linear current drawn by these sensitive loads lead to significant amount of voltage instabilities at the Point of Common Coupling (PCC), while intermittency associated with the Photovoltaic (PV) system incites grid instability. Thus, the poor PQ has adverse impact over the lifetime of every components interfaced to the distributed power system, ensuing enormous economic losses. With the aim of enhancing the stability of the distributed power system by curbing the PQ issues, a Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM), which is an effective Flexible AC Transmission Systems (FACTS) controller is selected in this work. Moreover, the output from the PV is maximized with the aid of Boost Integrated Landsman Converter (BILC) and Cascaded Adaptive Network-based Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) approach. Moreover, the essential parameters that impact the operation of the proposed topology is tracked and monitored in Internet of Things (IoT) platform. The entire approach is evaluated experimentally and through MATLAB simulation.

PL

Rosnące rozpowszechnienie wrażliwych obciążeń energoelektronicznych i instalacji systemów fotowoltaicznych w rozproszonym systemie elektroenergetycznym wywołało poważne obawy dotyczące utrzymania jakości energii (PQ). Nieliniowy prąd pobierany przez te wrażliwe obciążenia prowadzi do znacznych niestabilności napięcia w punkcie wspólnego sprzężenia (PCC), podczas gdy przerywanie związane z systemem fotowoltaicznym (PV) powoduje niestabilność sieci. Zatem niska jakość PQ ma niekorzystny wpływ na cały okres eksploatacji wszystkich komponentów podłączonych do rozproszonego systemu elektroenergetycznego, powodując ogromne straty ekonomiczne. W celu zwiększenia stabilności rozproszonego systemu elektroenergetycznego poprzez ograniczenie problemów PQ, w tej pracy wybrano statyczny kompensator synchroniczny (STATCOM), który jest skutecznym sterownikiem elastycznych systemów transmisji prądu przemiennego (FACTS). Co więcej, moc wyjściowa fotowoltaiki jest maksymalizowana za pomocą zintegrowanego konwertera Landsman Boost (BILC) i opartego na kaskadowej sieci adaptacyjnej systemu wnioskowania rozmytego (ANFIS) opartego na śledzeniu maksymalnego punktu mocy (MPPT). Co więcej, istotne parametry mające wpływ na działanie proponowanej topologii są śledzone i monitorowane w platformie Internetu Rzeczy (IoT). Całe podejście jest oceniane eksperymentalnie i poprzez symulację MATLAB-a.

4

Effect of overflowing by seawater on the power of a ship’s photovoltaic panels under extensive sea waves

Zeńczak Wojciech, Zapałowicz Zbigniew

Polish Maritime Research

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2024

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nr 2

83--91

EN

Since the International Maritime Organization has paved the way towards zero emissions, more frequent applications of transition fuels in newly constructed ships have been observed. Fuels such as LNG or methanol are characterised by lower emissions when burned in engines. In order to diminish fuel consumption, and hence the rate of emission, suport for the performance of a ship’s engines with energy from renewable sources such as photovoltaic (PV) installations is increasingly common. The efficiency of PV panels decreases with an increase in temperature, and it is therefore important to cool them. However, the cooling systems for PV panels impose additional financial outlays as well as a higher demand for electric power, which is needed to run the circulating pumps. A natural cooling process can occur in some vessels via high sea waves, when the ship’s decks are flooded by outboard water, although such cooling has an accidental and periodic character, as it results from weather conditions. Despite this, its potential demands a closer examination. This paper presents experimental research carried out with an experimental setup that allowed us to simulate the process of flooding of a PV panel with water waves of various frequencies, resulting from choppy periods at sea. Depending on the weather conditions and the character of flooding, our results indicate that an increase in the power of the PV module of about 18% is obtainable. Our research shows that when the intervals between flooding are longer, the periodic character of the temperature changes obtained by flooding the front surface of a PV panel with water is more distinctive.

5

Influence of Selected Weather Conditions on the Photovoltaic System Efficiency in Central Poland – Case Study

Sarniak Mariusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 2

177--186

EN

The article details the data obtained from monitoring the photovoltaic (PV) system in 2021-2023, equipped with a module for measuring basic weather parameters. The PV system under consideration, with a peak output of 3.2 kWp, is connected to the electricity grid and is mounted on the flat roof of the building. The annual relative yields of the generated energy were about 10% less than estimated, and their monthly distributions were asymmetric. In the "summer" months (i.e., from April to September), the PV system generated, on average, about 75% of the whole year’s energy. The histograms of the PV system's active power output showed that, on average, about 40% of the time, the PV inverter operated in underloaded mode. For selected weather conditions measured on site, a regression analysis was conducted with the active output power of the PV system. The main objective of the work was to develop a comprehensive method for analysing PV plant monitoring data and the impact of weather conditions on its performance. The proposed method was realized as a case study for central Poland but can be implemented anywhere.

6

Design a 91-multilevel inverter circuit using solar PV system sources

Juma’a Hameed G., Atyia Thamir H.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 11

127--133

EN

The process of power conversion reduces power stability while raising harmonics and losses. The benefits of multilayer inverter technology can help traditional inverters make up for their drawbacks. Technologies using multilevel inverters have lately acquired popularity as an affordable substitute for a variety of industrial applications. A few distinguishing features of this topology are a reduced component count, decreased switching losses, and an improved output voltage/current waveform. The reduction of harmonic components in the inverter output voltage/current is the most important requirement for multilevel inverters. Five distinct renewable energy sources make up the system that this study proposes. It is advised to use five PV solar systems with voltages of (1:3:5:15:21E) values. The complete DC sources were added together to provide a 91-level output voltage, which is (1:3:5:15:21E). The MATLAB application is used to design the system.

PL

Proces konwersji mocy zmniejsza stabilność zasilania, jednocześnie zwiększając harmoniczne i straty. Zalety wielowarstwowej technologii inwerterowej mogą pomóc tradycyjnym inwerterom nadrobić ich wady. Technologie wykorzystujące falowniki wielopoziomowe zyskały ostatnio popularność jako przystępny cenowo substytut dla różnych zastosowań przemysłowych. Kilka cech wyróżniających tę topologię to zmniejszona liczba elementów, mniejsze straty przełączania i ulepszony przebieg napięcia/prądu wyjściowego. Redukcja składowych harmonicznych w napięciu/prądzie wyjściowym falownika jest najważniejszym wymaganiem dla falowników wielopoziomowych. Pięć różnych źródeł energii odnawialnej tworzy system proponowany w tym badaniu. Zaleca się stosowanie pięciu systemów fotowoltaicznych o napięciach (1:3:5:15:21E). Kompletne źródła prądu stałego zostały dodane razem, aby zapewnić 91-poziomowe napięcie wyjściowe, które wynosi (1:3:5:15:21E). Do zaprojektowania systemu wykorzystano aplikację MATLA.

7

An advanced layered converter with fuzzy logic management for PV arrays

Benchaa Youcef, Houari. Merabet Boulouiha, Mouloud Denai

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 8

245--250

EN

Due to its potential in the industrial sector, photovoltaic energy transmission has posed a fascinating challenge in recent decades. The utilisation of line transformers, which have a variety of problems including substantial voltage dips, expensive installation costs, and higher load losses, is one of the most urgent difficulties with such a system. This paper provides an alternate method based on a high-gain DC/DC interleaved boost converter with a low input voltage, a high input current, and an output voltage that is more than three times that of the typical boost converter. The input current is split over the three phases of the interleaved converter; as a result, the current stress on the circuit and the semiconductor devices is decreased, which adds to a decrease in total losses. In addition, the voltage stress is minimised compared to the interleaved converter's high output voltage. Additionally, a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller based on fuzzy logic control (FLC) is intended to guarantee that the PV system performs at peak efficiency. Lastly, simulation studies using the MATLAB Simulink environment are shown to demonstrate the efficacy of the suggested architecture.

PL

Ze względu na swój potencjał w sektorze przemysłowym fotowoltaiczna transmisja energii stanowiła fascynujące wyzwanie w ostatnich dziesięcioleciach. Wykorzystanie transformatorów liniowych, z którymi wiąże się wiele problemów, w tym znaczne spadki napięcia, wysokie koszty instalacji i większe straty obciążenia, jest jedną z najpilniejszych trudności związanych z takim systemem. W tym artykule przedstawiono alternatywną metodę opartą na przetwornicy podwyższającej napięcie DC/DC z przeplotem o wysokim wzmocnieniu, przy niskim napięciu wejściowym, wysokim prądzie wejściowym i napięciu wyjściowym, które jest ponad trzykrotnie większe niż w przypadku typowej przetwornicy podwyższającej napięcie. Prąd wejściowy jest rozdzielany na trzy fazy konwertera z przeplotem; w rezultacie zmniejsza się obciążenie prądowe obwodu i urządzeń półprzewodnikowych, co przyczynia się do zmniejszenia całkowitych strat. Ponadto napięcie napięciowe jest zminimalizowane w porównaniu z wysokim napięciem wyjściowym konwertera z przeplotem. Dodatkowo kontroler śledzenia punktu mocy maksymalnej (MPPT) oparty na sterowaniu logiką rozmytą (FLC) ma zagwarantować, że system fotowoltaiczny działa z maksymalną wydajnością. Na koniec pokazano, że badania symulacyjne z wykorzystaniem środowiska MATLAB Simulink demonstrują skuteczność sugerowanej architektury.

8

A novel method to improve the power quality via hybrid system

Othman Raghad Adeeb, Alyozbaky Omar Sh.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 6

167--174

EN

Ever increasing electricity demand as well as the rapid depletion of fossil fuels have increased the need for hybrid power systems that integrate distributed energy resource (DER) systems; such as solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and battery storage systems; with electrical grids. Therefore, this present study used MATLAB/Simulink to demonstrate the ability of DER inverters to provide reactive power that regulates grid voltage, decreases the total harmonic distortion (THD), decreases the amount of active power lost, and improves the capacity and power quality of a modified IEEE 13-bus test system. The study found that the injection/Absorption of the reactive power from a 400KW (PV-Battery) system in bus 675, 500KW (PV-Battery) system in bus 671, and 200 KW.h battery storage system in bus 634 decreased the power output of the main generator by 24.6%. When used in situ, the reactive power capability of the DER inverters significantly improved the voltage while an injection of reactive power decreased the THD voltage of bus 675 phase B by 81.26% when absorbing reactive power as well as decreased active power losses.

PL

Stale rosnące zapotrzebowanie na energię elektryczną oraz szybkie wyczerpywanie się paliw kopalnych zwiększyły zapotrzebowanie na hybrydowe systemy zasilania, które integrują systemy rozproszonych źródeł energii (DER); takie jak systemy fotowoltaiczne (PV) i systemy magazynowania baterii; z sieciami elektrycznymi. Dlatego w niniejszym badaniu wykorzystano MATLAB/Simulink do wykazania zdolności falowników DER do dostarczania mocy biernej, która reguluje napięcie sieci, zmniejsza całkowite zniekształcenia harmoniczne (THD), zmniejsza ilość utraconej mocy czynnej oraz poprawia wydajność i jakość mocy zmodyfikowany system testowy IEEE 13-bus. Badanie wykazało, że wtrysk/pobór mocy biernej z systemu 400KW (PV-Battery) w magistrali 675, 500KW (PV-Battery) w magistrali 671 i 200KW.h systemu magazynowania baterii w magistrali 634 zmniejszyło moc moc głównego generatora o 24,6%. W przypadku zastosowania in situ, moc bierna falowników DER znacznie poprawiła napięcie, podczas gdy wprowadzenie mocy biernej zmniejszyło napięcie THD szyny 675 fazy B o 81,26% podczas pochłaniania mocy biernej, a także zmniejszyło straty mocy czynnej.

9

A Novel Intelligent Neural Network Techniques of UPQC with Integrated Solar PV System for Power Quality Enhancement

Rudraram Ramesh, Chinnathambi Sasi, Mani Manikandan

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2023

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Vol. 69, No. 3

605--613

EN

A Novel Intelligent control of a Unified Power Quality Conditioner (UPQC) coupled with Photovoltaic (PV) system is proposed in this work. The utilization of a Re-lift Luo converter in conjunction with a Cascaded Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) method facilitates the optimization of power extraction from PV sources. UPQC is made up of a series and shunt Active Power Filter (APF), where the former compensates source side voltage quality issues and the latter compensates the load side current quality issues. The PV along with a series and shunt APFs of the UPQC are linked to a common dc-bus and for regulating a dc-bus voltage a fuzzy tuned Adaptive PI controller is employed. Moreover, a harmonics free reference current is generated with the aid of CNN assisted dq theory in case of the shunt APF. The results obtained from MATLAB simulation.

10

Economical analysis of electric vehicles in Poland

Bienek Filip, Szczygieł Ireneusz, Rutczyk Bartłomiej

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 1

55--62

EN

The paper presents results obtained from calculations conducted to receive information on the capability of photovoltaic systems to power electric vehicles in regular use. The annual distance travelled was divided in nine categories. Every aspect of this analysis was suitable for Polish market and parameters given by the climate that is connected with geographical location of Poland. It is worth mentioning that one of the key elements is the law for renewable energy, that is the key aspect to economical benefits that come from so called green investments. Energy law was also taken into account during this simulation. All those aspects together summarized to a conclusions that Polish market is not as competitive as other European markets when electric propulsion is present in the system.

11

The impact of selected parameters on the efficiency of a photovoltaic installation with bifacial modules in local conditions

Walichnowska Patrycja, Idzikowski Adam, Mahdi Sahib M.

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2023

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Vol. 12

87--93

EN

The article presents a comparison of the results of simulation by a photovoltaic installation with bifacial modules. The analyzed 20 kWp PV installation was located in the Kuyavian-Pomeranian Voivodeship. The article compares how the energy production of installations with bifacial modules changes depending on the angle of inclination, the distance between the rows of modules and the orientation. The results obtained in the study indicate that albedo is an important, but not the only parameter to be considered when designing a farm with bifacial modules.

12

Sliding Mode Control-Based MPPT and Output Voltage Regulation of a Stand-alone PV System

Manuel Nelson Luis, İnanç Nihat

Power Electronics and Drives

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2022

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Vol. 7 (42)

159--173

EN

When it comes to reducing emissions caused by the generation of electricity, among different renewable energy sources, the solar energy gains prominence, due to its geographical availability, simplicity of implementation, and absence of physical moving parts. However, the performance of photovoltaic systems is dependent on environmental conditions. Depending on temperature and solar irradiation, the photovoltaic (PV) system has an operating point where maximum power can be generated. The techniques that are implemented to find this operating point are the so-called maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms. Since weather conditions are variable in nature, the output voltage of the PV system needs to be regulated to remain equal to the reference. Most of the existing studies focus either on MPPT or on voltage regulation of the PV system. In this paper, the two-stage PV system is implemented so that both MPPT and voltage regulation are achieved simultaneously. Additionally, an improved version of the perturb and observe (P&O) algorithm based on artificial potential fields (APF), called APF-P&O, is presented. According to the results of the simulations carried out in MATLAB/Simulink software, the APF-P&O method is more efficient than the conventional method.

13

Experimental research of the impact of ship’s rolling on the performance of PV panels

Zeńczak Wojciech, Zapałowicz Zbigniew

Polish Maritime Research

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2022

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nr 4

132--144

EN

The aim of the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to reduce by half the amount of greenhouse gases emitted by marine ships by 2050, and its vision of the fastest total decarbonisation in the maritime shipping industry within the present century, calls for implementation with various means of decarbonisation. The IMO approaches the process of decarbonisation in two phases. Firstly, short-term, compact projects are to be considered, next, more complex, medium- and long-term solutions should be aimed at. The preferred arrangements to be applied are photovoltaic systems. Their performance depends to a high degree on the solar incidence angle. In the case of a ship swinging as a result of its course in relation to the wave and incidence direction, the incidence angle undergoes significant periodic changes with a significant effect on the power generated by the PV panels. As a result, the total amount of energy produced by the PV panels diminishes. The paper presents experimental research results obtained on the stand that allowed the investigation of PV panels in simulated marine conditions. Two characteristic positions of a PV panel’s rotation axis in relation to the solar rays’ incidence direction were investigated. It was proved for both variants that the rolling period and solar incidence angle affected the power generated by the PV panel.

14

Sposoby na rentowność systemów PV

Marona Michał

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

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2022

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nr 10

PL

W ostatnich latach fotowoltaika stała się główną siłą napędową rozwoju OZE w Polsce. Moc zainstalowana w źródłach generujących energię elektryczną z promieniowania słonecznego na koniec lipca 2022 r. wyniosła 10,6 GW. Regulacje stymulujące rozwój rynku OZE w Polsce, poprzez cele wyznaczone w Krajowym Planie na Rzecz Energii i Klimatu czy w unijnym planie „RePowerEU”, które determinowane są obecnymi wyzwaniami energetycznymi, klimatycznymi i polityczno-geograficznymi, każą optymistycznie patrzeć w przyszłość polskiego rynku fotowoltaiki.

15

Design of thermoelectric radiant cooling – photovoltaic panels system in the building

Abdulghafor Israa Ali, Mnati Mohannad Jabbar

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2022

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Vol. 43, no. 4

85--108

EN

In this study, a theoretical model is presented to investigate the performance of a thermoelectric (TE) radiant cooling system combined with photovoltaic (PV) modules as a power supply in a building with an ambient temperature reaching more than 45◦C. The combined system TE/PV performance is studied under different solar radiation by using the hourly analysis program and photovoltaic system software. The thermal and electric characteristics of TE are theoretically investigated under various supplied voltages using the multi-paradigm programming language and numerical computing environment. Also, a theoretical analysis of heat transfer between the TE radiant cooling system and an occupied zone from the side, and the other side between the TE radiant cooling system and duct zone is presented. The maximum power consumption by TE panels and building cooling load of 130 kW is predicted for May and June. The 145 units of PV panels could provide about 50% of the power required by TE panels. The thermal and electric characteristics of TE panels results show the minimum cold surface temperature of 15°C at a supplied voltage between 6 V and 7 V, and the maximum hot surface temperature of 62°C at a supplied voltage of 16 V. The surface temperature difference between supplied current and supplied power increases as supplied voltage increases. At a higher supplied voltage of 16 V, the maximum surface temperature difference between supplied current, and supplied power of 150°C, 3.2 A, and 48 W, respectively. The cooling capacity increases as supplied voltage increases, at a surface temperature difference of –10°C and supplied voltage of 16 V, the maximum cooling capacity is founded at about 60 W. As supplied voltage decreases the coefficient of performance increases. The maximum coefficient of performance is about 5 at the surface temperature difference of –10°C and supplied voltage of 8 V.

16

Contribution to the optimization and control of a photovoltaic system connected to the grid based a five levels inverter

Ais Belgacem

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2021

|

R. 97, nr 4

70--74

EN

This paper is aimed to optimizing and improving the performance of a Photovoltaic system connected to the Grid based a five levels inverter using conventional and advanced methods. The MPPT methods considered in this study include Sliding Mode Control (SMC) and Perturb and Observe (PO). We used a five level inverter controlled by passive methods to connect the PV system to the grid. The DC link voltages are controlled by using a closed loop called clamping bridge and an adaptive fuzzy logic PI controller (AFLC-PI). A PV model and power converters are modeled in Matlab SimpowerSystems toolbox and the MPPT and control algorithms are tested under different operating conditions to analyze the performance and limitations of each algorithm.

PL

Artakuł analizuje możliwoścoi poprawy właściwości i optymalizacji systemu fotowoltaicznego podłączonego do sieci I bazującego na przekształtniku piątego rzędu. Wykorzystano metodę MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking), sterowanie ślizgowe SMC. System is modelowany w Matlabie Simpopwer System Toolbox.

17

Modeling, design and energy management of a residential standalone photovoltaic-fuel cell power system

Aggad Fatima, Allaoui Tayeb, Tamer Amina, Denai Mouloud

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2020

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R. 96, nr 8

79--87

EN

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the potential of integrating photovoltaic and fuel cell technologies for standalone residential applications. The paper presents a detailed modelling of the photovoltaic (PV) array and maximum power tracking control, proton-exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell stack, electrolyser and hydrogen storage tank. An energy management strategy is proposed to control the power flow in the system to satisfy the demand of typical residential load profiles under different operating conditions. In the proposed power management strategy, PV constitutes the primary energy source of the system, while the fuel cell represents the back-up supply when solar energy is unavailable. The overall model is simulated in Matlab/Simuink.The proposed model will provide qualitative information on the optimal rating and size of the PV array, fuel cell and storage devices characteristics to satisfy the energy/cost requirements for a residential application in rural/remote areas.

PL

Celem tego artykułu jest ocena potencjału integracji technologii fotowoltaicznej i ogniw paliwowych do zastosowań mieszkaniowych. W pracy przedstawiono szczegółowe modelowanie układu fotowoltaicznego (PV) i kontrolę śledzenia maksymalnej mocy, stos ogniw paliwowych z membraną wymiany protonów (PEM), elektrolizer i zbiornik wodoru. Zaproponowano strategię zarządzania energią w celu kontrolowania przepływu energii w systemie, aby zaspokoić zapotrzebowanie na typowe profile obciążeń mieszkaniowych w różnych warunkach pracy. W proponowanej strategii zarządzania energią ogniwo fotowoltaiczne stanowi podstawowe źródło energii systemu, a ogniwo paliwowe stanowi zapasowe źródło zasilania, gdy energia słoneczna jest niedostępna. Ogólny model jest symulowany w Matlab / Simulink. Proponowany model dostarczy informacji jakościowych na temat optymalnej oceny i wielkości tablicy fotowoltaicznej, ogniwa paliwowego i cech urządzeń magazynujących, aby spełnić wymagania dotyczące energii / kosztów dla zastosowań mieszkaniowych na obszarach wiejskich / odległych.

18

Zastosowanie energii słonecznej w przestrzeni miejskiej

Rojek Konrad

Elektro Info

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2020

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nr 12

72--74

PL

Miasta odgrywają coraz większą rolę w łagodzeniu zmian klimatu oraz przystosowywania się do tego procesu. Wykorzystanie takiego potencjału przejawia się przede wszystkim poprzez integrację technologii energii odnawialnej z lokalnymi systemami energetycznymi. W artykule opisano istniejące rozwiązania technologiczne często stosowane w obszarach miejskich, takie jak systemy PV (ang. photovoltaics systems), PV zintegrowane z budynkiem (BIPV, ang. building-integrated PV) i różne technologie solarno-termalne.

EN

Cities play an increasingly important role in mitigating and adapting to climate change. The use of such potential manifests itself primarily through the integration of renewable energy technologies with local energy systems. The article describes existing technological solutions often used in urban areas, such as photovoltaics systems (PV), building-integrated PV (BIPV) and various solar thermal technologies.

19

Ograniczenia mocy generatora PV przyłączanego do sieci elektroenergetycznej

Wiatr Julian

Elektro Info

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2020

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nr 11

42--43

PL

Po wybudowaniu i uruchomieniu instalacji PV przyłączanej do sieci elektroenergetycznej często występuje zjawisko odłączania przez falownik od Systemu Elektroenergetycznego. Przyczyna tego zjawiska wynika z braku dopasowania generowanej mocy w układzie PV do możliwości sieci elektroenergetycznej, do której dołączony jest prosument. Projektanci często spełniają oczekiwania inwestora projektując układ PV o wymaganej mocy, możliwej do uzyskania w danych warunkach nasłonecznienia oraz usłonecznienia, bez analizy układu sieci elektroenergetycznej.

20

Intermittent power smoothing control for grid connected hybrid wind/PV system using battery-EDLC storage devices

Jayalakshmi N.S., Gaonkar D.N., Karthik R.P., Prasanna P.

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 69, nr 2

433--453

EN

Wind and solar radiation are intermittent with stochastic fluctuations, which can influence the stability of operation of the hybrid system in the grid integrated mode of operation. In this research work, a smoothing control method for mitigating output power variations for a grid integrated wind/PV hybrid system using a battery and electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) is investigated. The power fluctuations of the hybrid system are absorbed by a battery and EDLC during wide variations in power generated from the solar and wind system, subsequently, the power supplied to the grid is smoothened. This makes higher penetration and incorporation of renewable energy resources to the utility system possible. The control strategy of the inverter is realized to inject the power to the utility system with the unity power factor and a constant DC bus voltage. Both photovoltaic (PV) and wind systems are controlled for extracting maximum output power. In order to observe the performance of the hybrid system under practical situations in smoothing the output power fluctuations, one-day practical site wind velocity and irradiation data are considered. The dynamic modeling and effectiveness of this control method are verified in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. The simulation results show that the output power variations of the hybrid wind/PV system can be significantly mitigated using the combination of battery and EDLC based storage systems. The power smoothing controller proposed for the hybrid storage devices is advantageous as compared to the control technique which uses either battery or ultracapacitor used for smoothing the fluctuating power.