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1

Effects of cacium ions on starch gelatinizaiton and particle flocculation

Tang Min, Luo Jiaxin

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2025

|

Vol. 61, iss. 5

art. no. 209962

EN

While interfering ions in water play a crucial role in altering starch's adsorption behavior on hematite, their effects on starch gelatinization properties have not been fully understood. The purpose of this research is to investigate how Ca2+ affects the morphology of caustic-gelatinized starch and its effectiveness in flocculating iron oxides. A series of tests and measurements were employed, including batch flotation, sedimentation, turbidity, viscosity, zeta potentials, Fourier Transform Infrared, powder contact angle, and surface force calculations. The results demonstrate that calcium ions inhibit starch gelatinization, as evidenced by increased turbidity and reduced viscosity. This reduces floc size and settling rate, ultimately weakening starch's flocculation efficiency. The mechanism likely involves calcium-mediated re-entanglement of stretched starch chains through interactions with the functional sites generated during alkaline gelatinization. The formation of Ca-starch crosslinking diminishes the starch gel's ability to flocculate fine particles.

2

Wpływ wartości pH oraz czasu mieszania na neutralizację i strącanie metali ciężkich w ściekach przemysłowych pochodzących z przetworzenia emulsji olejowych

Chrapczyńska Aleksandra, Chandzlik Magdalena, Kosior Aleksandra, Nikiel Karolina, Puchalik Anna, Szufłat Dariusz, Jużak Mariusz, Żoczek Łukasz, Grübel Klaudiusz

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

|

Nr 7-8

23-28

PL

Ścieki przemysłowe, w tym emulsje olejowe, trafiając do wód odbiornika mogą zakłócić funkcjonowanie biocenozy wód powierzchniowych oraz wpłynąć na jakość wód podziemnych. Dlatego też uzasadnione jest ich oczyszczanie/podczyszczanie pozwalające m.in. usunąć zawarte w nich metale ciężkie. Emulsje olejowe to kompozycje niemieszających się ze sobą cieczy, w których jedna ciecz jest rozproszona w drugiej w postaci drobnych kropelek. W artykule przedstawiono optymalizację metody neutralizacji i strącania metali ciężkich ze ścieków przemysłowych polegającą na określeniu wpływu odczynu oraz czasu mieszania na stężenia wybranych metali ciężkich tj. Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb, Zn i Cu. Do strącenia metali ciężkich wykorzystano środki strącające oraz flokulanty mineralne, dzięki którym we wszystkich wariantach uzyskano znaczne obniżenie wartości stężeń analizowanych metali ciężkich.

EN

Industrial sewage, including oil emulsions, that reaches receiving waters can disrupt the functioning of surface water biocenoses and affect groundwater quality. Therefore, their purification/pre-purification is justified, allowing, among other things, to remove heavy metals contained in them. Oil emulsions are compositions of immiscible liquids in which one liquid is dispersed in the other in the form of small droplets. This article presents an optimisation method for neutralising and precipitating heavy metals from industrial sewage. This method involves determining the effect of pH and mixing time on the concentrations of selected heavy metals, such as Cd, Ni, Cr, Pb, Zn and Cu. Precipitant agents and mineral flocculants were used to precipitate the heavy metals, significantly reducing their concentrations in all variants.

3

Natural Coagulants in Focus: Superior Performance over Iron-Based Agents in Cosmetic Wastewater Treatment

Qudus Abdul, Abayomi Habib Salam, Bogacki Jan

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

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Nr 10

24-29

EN

This study presents a comparative analysis of chemical and natural coagulants, focusing on the removal of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) from wastewater generated by the cosmetics industry. The novelty of this work lies in the use of bio-based materials, specifically wood powder and hazelnut shell powder, as alternative coagulants, and in evaluating their performance against conventional iron-based coagulants (PIX-110, PIX-111, PIX-112, PIX-113, and PIX-122) as well as the anionic flocculant AN 913 SH. Experimental results demonstrated that the natural coagulants significantly outperformed the most effective chemical coagulant (PIX-111), which achieved a TOC removal efficiency of 22.15%. In contrast, wood powder and hazelnut shells achieved TOC removal efficiencies of up to 80.3% and 82.16%, respectively. The use of natural coagulants also resulted in lower chemical consumption and reduced sludge production. Notably, iron-based coagulants substantially decreased the pH of the treated wastewater, necessitating post-treatment pH adjustment - a drawback not observed with natural coagulants. These findings underscore the potential of agricultural waste-derived materials as effective and environmentally sustainable alternatives for TOC removal in industrial wastewater treatment.

PL

Praca przedstawia analizę porównawczą skuteczności koagulantów chemicznych i naturalnych, koncentrując się na usuwaniu Ogólnego Węgla Organicznego (OWO) ze ścieków przemysłu kosmetycznego. Nowość pracy polega na zastosowaniu organicznych materiałów odpadowych, w szczególności wiórów drzewnych i mielonych łupin orzecha laskowego, jako alternatywnych koagulantów, oraz na ocenie ich skuteczności w porównaniu z konwencjonalnymi koagulantami na bazie żelaza (PIX-110, PIX-111, PIX-112, PIX-113 i PIX-122) oraz anionowym flokulantem AN 913 SH. Wyniki eksperymentów wykazały, że naturalne koagulanty znacząco przewyższały skutecznością najefektywniejszy koagulant chemiczny (PIX-111), o skuteczności usuwania OWO 22,15%. Natomiast wióry drzewne i łupiny orzecha laskowego umożliwiły usunięcie OWO odpowiednio do 80,3% i 82,16%. Zastosowanie naturalnych koagulantów skutkowało również niższym zużyciem chemikaliów i mniejszą produkcją osadu. Warto zauważyć, że koagulanty na bazie żelaza istotnie obniżały pH oczyszczanych ścieków, co wymagało dodatkowej korekty pH - efekt ten nie występował w przypadku koagulantów naturalnych. Wyniki te podkreślają potencjał materiałów pochodzących z odpadów rolniczych jako skutecznych i ekologicznie zrównoważonych alternatyw do usuwania OWO w oczyszczaniu ścieków przemysłowych.

4

Study on the effect of flocculation pretreatment with a single flocculant on wastewater from municipal waste transfer stations

Li Haixia, Tian Yue, Ge Hao, Jiang Kaiwen, Wu Ying, Zhou Baochang

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 51, nr 3

57--68

EN

The authors investigated efficient flocculation methods for the treatment of effluents from municipal waste transfer stations. First, the fluctuation of effluent quality parameters from samples collected at municipal waste transfer stations was analyzed to deeper understand the characteristics of this type of wastewater. Eight flocculants were employed to treat the effluent samples. By controlling variables, the turbidity (Tur), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), and ammonium nitrogen NH + 4 - Nlevels of the supernatant were measured to determine the optimal concentration, dosage, and settling time of the flocculation. The results indicated that inorganic flocculants exhibited a certain flocculation effect on municipal waste transfer station sewage. However, due to the formation of small flocs, extended flocculation times, and changes in effluent color, they were not suitable for direct ap-plication in industrial wastewater.

5

Coagulation/flocculation for effective removal of green bromocresol using NP/Fe₃O₄: a statistical optimization approach for sustainable wastewater treatment

Attouch Mariam, Goudali Otman, Hatimi Badreddine, Sanad Asmae, Bensemlali Meryem, Joudi Meryeme, Aarfane Abdellatif, Labjar Najoua, Bakasse Mina, Nasrellah Hamid

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2025

|

Vol. 26, iss. 4

200--211

EN

Natural phosphate/Fe3O4 (NP/Fe3O4) was prepared by modifying natural phosphate with ferric chloride (FeCl3). The resulting composite was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify functional groups and X-ray diffraction (XRD) to analyze its crystalline structure. A Box-Behnken design model was used to optimize three operational parameters: the initial pH, the dosage of NP/Fe3O4, and the initial concentration of green bromocresol (GBC), aiming to achieve maximum GBC removal from wastewater. Experimental tests were carried out using a six-beaker jar test setup to replicate the treatment process under controlled conditions. The findings revealed that GBC removal efficiency peaked at 97% when the pH was maintained between 4 and 7. This high efficiency demonstrates the effectiveness of NP/Fe3O4 as an adsorbent for wastewater treatment. Additionally, the study emphasized the crucial role of statistical optimization techniques in enhancing the removal of pollutants and improving the overall efficiency of treatment processes.

6

Analiza technologiczno-ekonomiczna metod poprawy własności sedymentacyjnych osadu czynnego

Góra Wojciech

Technologia Wody

|

2024

|

Nr 1 (83)

37-44

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problem wypływu osadu czynnego z osadników wtórnych w komunalnych oczyszczalniach ścierów wraz z technologiczno-ekonomiczna analizą porównawczą metod poprawy jego własności sedymentacyjnych. We wstępie opisano współzależne czynniki wpływające na zdolność osadu do sedymentacji i zagęszczania oraz przedstawiono wpływ tężenia osadu czynnego w odpływie z oczyszczalni na wartości stężeń podstawowych wskaźników zanieczyszczenia ścieków czyszczonych. W zasadniczej części artykułu przedstawiono wyniki testów sedymentacyjnych wykonanych dla trzech metod intensyfikacji procesu sedymentacji: koagulacji, flokulacji oraz zastosowania balastu mineralnego. Uzyskane wyniki dla każdej : konfiguracji procesów przeliczono na koszt jednostkowy poprawy indeksu osadowego Mohlmana [zł/cm3 Vg], który stanowi miarodajny wskaźnik do analizy ekonomicznej. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników sformułowano wnioski i rekomendacje dla oczyszczalni ścieków borykających się z problemem okresowego wypływu osadu czynnego do odbiornika z uwzględnieniem różnych przyczyn powodujących taki stan.

EN

The paper presents the problem of activated sludge outflow from secondary settling tanks in municipal wastewater treatment plants, along with a technological and economic comparative analysis of methods for improving its sedimentation properties. The introduction describes the interdependent factors affecting the sludge's ability to sediment and thicken and presents the influence of the concentration of activated sludge in the outflow from the treatment plant on the concentration of the basic pollutants in treated sewage. The main part of the article presents the results of sedimentation tests performed for three methods of intensifying the sedimentation process: coagulation, flocculation and the use of mineral ballast. The results obtained for each process were converted into the unit cost of improving the Mohlman index (SVI - Sludge Volume lndex) [PLN/cm3/g], which is a reliable indicator for comparative economic analysis. Based on the results obtained, conclusions and recommendations were formulated for sewage treatment plants struggling with the problem of periodic out flow of activated sludge into the receiver, taking into account the various reasons causing such a condition.

7

Effect of bulk nanobubbles on flocculation of kaolin in the presence of cationic polyacrylamide

Sha Jie, Yuan Shuai, Chen Xinbo, Chen Wenmao, Wang Jin, Alheshibri Muidh, Bu Xiangning

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

|

Vol. 60, iss. 2

art. no. 186729

EN

The study explores the impact of nanobubble flotation technology on fine mineral processes, focusing on its interaction with cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM) in kaolin flocculation. Nanobubbles influence particle size and promote aggregation. Experimental procedures involve bulk nanobubble preparation, kaolin suspension, and CPAM solutions, with analysis of sedimentation rates, turbidity, and zeta potential. Results show accelerated sedimentation and reduced turbidity with nanobubbles compared to traditional methods. Zeta potential measurements and DLVO theory support nanobubbles' role in reducing electrostatic interaction, facilitating flocculation. This research advances understanding in nanobubble-mediated mineral processing, highlighting eco-friendly flocculants and practical implications for optimization.

8

Chemical oxidation co-coagulation-flocculation for the flotation wastewater treatment of lead-zinc oxide ore from Lanping mine

Gong Xiang, Guo Xiulan, Li Suqi, Yuan Jiaqiao, Ding Zhan, Yu Anmei, Wen Shuming, Bai Shaojun

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2024

|

Vol. 60, iss. 3

art. no. 189756

EN

The flotation wastewater produced by "lead preferred flotation-zinc flotation" all-open process with aids of mixed depressants and cationic-anionic collectors has a high turbidity and multitude of reagent contaminants, and fails to meet the discharge standards. This study objective is to remove fine solid particles and flotation reagents in this wastewater by chemical oxidation cocoagulation-flocculation process. Results of chemical oxidation tests indicate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) exhibits superior performance on decreasing COD, and the COD remarkably decreases to 71.8 mg・L-1 with 100 mg・L-1 PMS addition after 120 min. Moreover, the combined oxidation of radicals (SO4•- and •OH) are responsible for degradation of flotation reagents (Na2S, DCCH, xanthates and amine) in the wastewater. Results of experimental factors confirm that the turbidity of wastewater decreases significantly from 124796 to 71.4 NTU, and the yield of water reaches above 90% with combined usage of lime (500 mg・L-1) and polyacrylamide (PAM, 50 mg・L-1). Besides, the contents of S, P, N, Zn, Pb and Fe decrease, and meet the discharge standards. Results of zeta potential analysis suggest lime reduces the electrostatic repulsion between particles, and PAM plays a bridge link role between particles, accelerating the precipitation of suspended particle.

9

Effects of Dosage and Stirring Speed Variations in the Use of Bittern as a Natural Coagulant to Remove Biological Oxygen Demand, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total Suspended Solids and Dye Concentrations from Batik Industry Wastewater

Fitriani Nurina, Supriyanto Agus, Jariyah Niswatun Indana, Putriadji Rachely Annisa Dwi, Pratama M. Bagas Pramudya, Jusoh Hajjar Hartini Wan, Ismail Azimah, Kurniawan Setyo Budi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 11

83--99

EN

This study aimed to determine the effect of bittern coagulant dosage and rapid stirring speed on reducing the concentrations of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), and dye absorbance in batik industry wastewater, as well as to identify the optimum coagulant dosage and stirring speed. Wastewater samples were collected from a batik industry in the batik center of Sidoarjo, East Java, Indonesia. Dosage variations of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% were tested alongside rapid stirring speeds of 100 rpm, 130 rpm, and 160 rpm. The study was conducted on a laboratory scale using the jar test method. Initial wastewater characteristics showed BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance concentrations of 185.68 ± 29.34 mg/L, 10.091 ± 363.24 mg/L, 2.231.33 ± 155.55 mg/L, and 0.212 ± 0.02, respectively. Statistical analysis using the Pearson cor relation test and Two-Way ANOVA revealed that variations in coagulant dosage and stirring speed significantly impacted the reduction percentages of BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance. The optimal coagulant dosage was found to be 5%, and the optimal stirring speed was 100 rpm, with reduction percentages for BOD, COD, TSS, and dye absorbance being 80.32%, 65.86%, 92.35%, and 70.77%, respectively.

10

Reducing Pollutants in Coal Wastewater with Moringa oleifera and Natural Biocoagulants Combination

Ilham Fadli M., Djoni Bustan M., Haryati Sri

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 8

232--244

EN

The wastewater treatment process for middle rank coal employed coagulation-flocculation technology with bio coagulants to efficiently reduce the concentration of contaminants. This method utilized Moringa oleifera L. seed powder as the main bio coagulant, in addition to papaya seeds (Carica papaya Linn.) and Ambon banana peel waste (Musa paradisiaca var.) as secondary bio coagulants, which are combined with the main bio coagulant. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and effectiveness of bio coagulant compounds obtained from plants and waste materials. The study objective was also to investigate the effectiveness of combining biocoagulants derived from Moringa oleifera L., Carica papaya, and Musa paradisiaca var. in treating coal effluent. Biocoagulant is a natural alternative to chemicals like aluminum sulfate (Alum) that are detrimental to the environment. It is present in the ecosystem and serves as a substitute for these hazardous substances. The results revealed that the optimal dosage for combining bio coagulants was 1 gram per liter, with a composition ratio of 2 parts primary bio coagulant to 1 part auxiliary bio coagulant. The analysis of water pollutants showed a reduction in turbidity and total suspended solid (TSS) by 99.26% and 99.11% respectively. Additionally, there was a decrease in the levels of heavy metals iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) by 98.71% and 99.88% respectively.

11

One Part Method for Making Geopolymer Paste using Flocculated Sidoarjo Mud

Syihabuddin Thilal, Ekaputri Januarti Jaya, Maulana Mahendra A., Soemitro Ria Asih Aryani, Petrus Himawan Tri Bayu Murti, Chikako Fujiyama

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2024

|

Vol. 69, iss. 4

1401--1406

EN

Some efforts have proposed the utilization of Sidoarjo mud for geopolymer paste. However, the original dry mud in geopolymer concrete showed decreased compressive strength and increased required water. In this paper, the one-part method is proposed to reduce the water in the mixture. First, the mud was chemically flocculated. Then, the dry mud was mixed with fly ash, activated geothermal silicate, and sodium hydroxide mixture in solid form before then the distilled water was added. This reduced the required water to 50% compared to the two-part method. The flocculant sedimented heavy metal that resulted in higher compressive strength at a later age. At 28 days, dry flocculated mud showed higher compressive strength than the original dry mud, with a compressive strength of 13 MPa and 11 MPa, respectively. This is because of the increase of silica, alumina, and iron content from 70% in dry LUSI to 75% in dry flocculated mud.

12

Effect of pH value on effectiveness of biopolymer-based treatment of bauxite mine slurry

Meng Jian Ping, Li Shanmei, Yan Rongtao, Wei Changfu

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

|

2023

|

Vol. 59, iss. 3

art. no. 167949

EN

Effective dehydration and flocculation of mine slurries or sludge is important for nonferrous metal industries and environmental engineering. However, the mechanisms for the flocculation of slurry remain largely unclear. This paper presents the results of a series of flocculation tests, which was conducted on the slurry suspensions treated by xanthan gum (flocculant) at different pH values. It is shown that the settlement rate of mine slurry particles can be accelerated by adding xanthan gum, and the maximum sedimentation rate was obtained at a pH value of 5.9, and the final volume of flocs is significantly increased due to the addition of the flocculant. In addition, the settlement rates of xanthan gum-treated slurry suspensions at the pH values of 3, 5 and 7 decrease slightly compared with the reference slurry suspensions with pH=5.9, and the slurries remained stable as suspensions at the pH value of 9 and 11. The zeta potential measurement and SEM image analysis show that flocculation occurs primarily due to electrostatic attraction between slurry particles and the flocculants, and the bridging effect between the carboxylic groups in the side chains of xanthan gum molecule and the suspension particles.

13

About impact of clogging phenomena on well productivity

Sultanova Arzu V., Mammadov Ramil M.

Nafta-Gaz

|

2023

|

R. 79, nr 1

20--27

PL

During the opening of a productive formation by drilling, penetration of clay particles from the drilling fluid into the leading filtration channels of the rock occurs. As a rule, productive formations are opened at pressures that are significantly higher than the formation pressure. The amount of hydrostatic repression depends on the density of the drilling fluid, the height of the liquid column, and the reservoir pressure. A classic example of the latter is the problem of studying changes in reservoir properties that occur at the drilling stage, where relatively small particles of drilling fluid penetrate along with the flow into the pore space. A decrease in the bottomhole zone permeability in oil wells leads to a significant decrease in oil production rates, and sometimes to their complete stop, which ultimately significantly affects the total oil recovery and economic indicators of the oil fields’ development. The decrease in permeability can be caused by many factors: • clogging of the bottomhole zone of the productive formation in the process of drilling a well; • formation of a crust in perforated channels during cumulative perforation; • colmatation of the bottomhole zone of the productive formation during the operation of the well; • clogging of perforated channels during well killing and subsequent clogging; • formation of deposits of paraffins and asphaltenes in the pores of the rock of the bottomhole zone of the well. Bottomhole zone damage (clogging) significantly affects the productivity of wells, and the permeability of the formation, determined by the results of hydrodynamic studies. At the same time, clogging is understood as damage of the bottomhole zone with drilling fluid when opening the productive formation, and deterioration of the properties of the bottomhole zone during cementing, perforation of the productive interval, swelling of clays, etc. This paper presents an analysis of laboratory and field studies of the influence of clogging on the productivity of wells when opening layers with different capacitive and filtration properties, and also provides an analytical estimation of this effect, both for vertical and horizontal wells.

EN

W czasie udostępniania formacji produktywnej poprzez wiercenie następuje przenikanie cząstek ilastych z płuczki wiertniczej do przestrzeni porowej skały. Formacje produktywne są z reguły udostępniane przy ciśnieniach, które są znacząco wyższe niż ciśnienia złożowe. Wielkość przeciwciśnienia hydrostatycznego zależy od gęstości płuczki wiertniczej, wysokości słupa cieczy oraz ciśnienia złożowego. Klasycznym przykładem tego ostatniego jest problem badania zmian właściwości zbiornikowych na etapie wiercenia, kiedy to stosunkowo niewielkie cząstki ilaste przenikają, wraz z płuczką wiertniczą, do przestrzeni porowej. Spadek przepuszczalności w strefie dennej odwiertów naftowych prowadzi do znaczącego spadku wydajności produkcji ropy, a czasem nawet do całkowitego zatrzymania wydobycia, co ostatecznie znacząco wpływa na wielkość całkowitego wydobycia ropy oraz wskaźniki ekonomiczne udostępnienia złoża ropy. Spadek przepuszczalności może być spowodowany wieloma czynnikami: • kolmatacją strefy dennej w obrębie formacji produktywnej na etapie wiercenia otworu; • tworzeniem się warstwy osadu w perforowanych kanałach podczas skumulowanej perforacji; • kolmatacją strefy dennej formacji produktywnej w czasie eksploatacji odwiertu; • blokowaniem kanałów perforacyjnych w czasie zatłaczania odwiertu i później; • tworzeniem się osadów parafin i asfaltenów w porach skały w strefie dennej odwiertu. Uszkodzenie strefy dennej odwiertu znacząco wpływa na wydajność odwiertów oraz przepuszczalność formacji złożowej, określoną przez wyniki badań hydrodynamicznych. Uszkodzenie jest jednocześnie rozumiane jako zanieczyszczenie strefy dennej płuczką wiertniczą przy udostępnianiu formacji produktywnej, pogorszenie się właściwości w strefie dennej w czasie cementowania lub perforacji interwału złożowego, pęcznienie iłowców, itp.

14

Research on closed-loop utilization of engineering waste mud in engineering sites

Zhan Jinsheng, Zhao Shichun

Materials Science Poland

|

2023

|

Vol. 41, No. 3

99--110

EN

The large amount of waste mud generated during construction projects makes it difficult to implement closed-loop on-site treatment, resulting in the inability to achieve zero emissions, which not only wastes land resources but also pollutes the environment. This article first studied the flocculation effect and mechanism of two flocculants. Then, the treated sediment was used to prepare fluidized solidified soil, and the effect of flocculants in the sediment on the performance of fluidized solidified soil was studied. Finally, this technology of flocculation and re-solidification was applied in engineering. The results showed that the composite effect of adding PAC flocculant first and then APAM flocculant in the mud had the best mud-water separation effect. The soil was combined with the flocculants to prepare fluidized solidified soil that can effectively improve the strength and water stability of the solidified soil. Through engineering applications, it has been proven that closed-loop utilization of engineering waste mud can be achieved on-site. Therefore, this work provides a new method for achieving zero emissions through closed-loop utilization of engineering waste mud on-site and innovative experience for the construction of "waste-free cities".

15

Natural coagulation as an alternative to raw water treatment

Villabona-Ortíz Ángel, Tejada-Tovar Candelaria, Ortega-Toro Rodrigo, Licona Dager Natalia, Millan Anibal Marta

Journal of Water and Land Development

|

2023

|

no. 56

21--26

EN

The availability of drinking water is one of the several problems humans face, considering that its availability is reduced to 0.80% of the existing fresh water. Then, coagulation-flocculation is a stage of this treatment. It is a process that agglomerates the suspended particles in a larger (floc) that could be separated by sedimentation and filtration processes to make the water drinkable. So, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of the dose of coagulant of yam starch (Dioscorea rotundata) and the speed of agitation in the turbid water treatment process. For which the yam starch was extracted by implementing two methods which were NaOH and H2O, using centrifugation at 1500 rpm for 10 min, and adjusting the pH with HCl and NaOH 0.20 M, for later determining the effect of agitation speed (rpm) and coagulant concentration (ppm) on the percentage of turbidity removal, pH, and colour, to be compared with a synthetic coagulant. A yield of 42.60% was found in the wet base. The natural coagulants extracted with NaOH presented better turbidity removal, with a percentage of 92.48% at an agitation speed of 40 rpm and a concentration of 250 ppm. It can be concluded that natural yam coagulant can be recommended for use in the coagulation stage in the raw water treatment process for subsequent conversion to drinking water.

16

Tetracycline Remove from Synthetic Wastewater by Using Several Methods

Al-Kindi Ghayda Yaseen, Alnasrawy Shaimaa Taleb

Journal of Ecological Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, nr 5

137--148

EN

Tetracycline (TC), a commonly utilized drug for human and animal therapy, is one of the most widespread antibiotic residues existing in the environment. The lack of sophisticated techniques for the removal of residual tetracycline from wastewater indicates an actual environmental risk. In this study, three methods for tetracycline removal from synthetic wastewater were utilized. Pillared clay was used as adsorbent (alone) and with coagulant (alum) in a hybrid technique. Coagulation and flocculation technique was the first method. The best operation conditions were alum dose of 2.5 mg/L, pH 7 and tetracycline concentration of 10 mg/L. The second method was the adsorption on Al-Fe pillared clay, the optimum operating conditions were found to be pH 4.5, time 120 minutes, tetracycline dose 90 mg/L, and the amount of Al-Fe pillared clay adsorbent 400 mg/L. In the third method (hybrid method), the optimum conditions for the above methods were used. The highest removal efficiency of tetracycline by using coagulation and flocculation only as a coagulant reached 60%. In turn, by using Al-Fe pillared clay it was 90% and in the case of the hybrid method, it was 94%. Thus, the hybrid technique improves the removal of tetracycline from synthesized wastewater.

17

PAC adsorption efficiencies in the filter and in the homogeneous flocculator. A full-scale comparative study

Bielski Andrzej

Environment Protection Engineering

|

2022

|

Vol. 48, nr 1

83--97

EN

The paper investigates the efficiency of adsorption of organic pollutants present in natural water on powdered activated carbon (PAC). A PAC adsorption capacity is related to the mass exchange driving force between water and sorbent. During the study, it was confirmed that the mass transfer driving force in the homogeneous flocculator with simultaneous PAC adsorption was lower than in the filter column. The filter showed a better utilization of PAC adsorption capacity than the volume system, for the optimal PAC dose. The authors proposed a new method where adsorption was carried out in the filter column with PAC applied to its upper layer. The powdered sorbent was applied to the bed at the end of a backwashing cycle. Two models of PAC adsorption in transient states for the homogeneous flocculator and the column mass exchanger were presented. The simulation calculations confirmed that there was still a possibility to double the PAC adsorption capacity concerning commonly used adsorption with coagulation in the homogeneous flocculator.

18

Study of the Operation of an Industrial Water Treatment Plant of the Northern Soft Drink Company Fez, Morocco

Elmansouri Ibtissame, Lahkimi Amal, Mansour Omar, Elouadrhiri Faical, Chaouch Mehdi, Eloutassi Noureddine, Elkhamar Fehmi, Bekkari Hicham

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2022

|

Vol. 23, iss. 6

227--232

EN

In order to verify the operation of the NSDC company’s industrial water treatment plant and to optimize the quality of the liquid discharges by coagulation and flocculation, we carried out the physico-chemical characterization of these liquid discharges and optimized the elimination of the organic matter. The results show that the abatement rate of the parameters SM, COD and BOD5 of the step are respectively 67%, 66% and 89% during November 79% 81% 89% during December and 69% 82% 89% during January. The treated wastewater showed that the WWTP is working properly, but in the coagulation flocculation treatment step instead of using a large amount of Dekfloc alone. We tried to optimize the dose of a plant powder as bio flocculant injected with Dekfloc as coagulant, which will increase the removal rate of organic matter. The tests of coagulation flocculation show that the application of the combination between Dekfloc and the powder of the cactus allows to increase the rate of abatement of COD to 54%, of BOD5 to 67%, of TSS to 80%, and therefore the reduction of microorganisms.

19

Flocculation Process of Yeast Brewers®

Kucharczyk Krzysztof, Tuszyński Tadeusz, Żyła Krzysztof

Postępy Techniki Przetwórstwa Spożywczego

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2021

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nr 1

120--123

EN

Yeast flocculation is a reversible, asexual and calciumdependent process by which cells stick to form flocs of thousands of cells. After the formation of a larger cell conglomerate, there is a massive separation from the medium by sedimentation of the bottom fermenting yeast. The ability to flocculate yeast cells is of great importance to the brewing industry as it effectively separates the yeast cell from the green beer at the end of fermentation. Therefore, a strong and complete flocculation property of the brewer’s yeast is desired. However, yeast cells should not flocculate too quickly until the wort is completely fermented as premature flocculation slows down fermentation and can also lead to inappropriate volatile components. Therefore, ideal brewer’s yeast should flocculate strongly towards the end of fermentation. This flocculation should also be constant in subsequent fermentations. The phenomenon of flocculation is a complex process influenced by biochemical, genetic and physical mechanisms.

PL

Flokulacja drożdży jest odwracalnym, bezpłciowym i zależnym od zawartości wapnia procesem, w którym komórki przylegają, tworząc kłaczki składające się z tysięcy komórek. Po utworzeniu większego konglomeratu komórek, następuje masowe oddzielenie od podłoża przez sedymentację drożdży dolnej fermentacji. Umiejętność flokulacji komórek drożdży ma duże znaczenie dla branży piwowarskiej, ponieważ zapewnia w skuteczny sposób oddzielanie komórkę drożdży z zielonego piwa pod koniec fermentacji – dlatego pożądana jest silna i pełna właściwość flokulacji drożdży piwowarskich. Komórki drożdży nie powinny jednak zbyt szybko flokulować, zanim brzeczka nie będzie całkowicie odfermentowana, gdyż przedwczesna flokulacja powoduje spowolnienie fermentacji, a także może prowadzić do uzyskania niewłaściwych zawartości lotnych komponentów. Idealne drożdże piwne powinny się charakteryzować silną flokulacją pod koniec fermentacji i powinna ona być również stała w kolejnych fermentacjach. Zjawisko flokulacji jest procesem złożonym, na które mają wpływ mechanizmy biochemiczne, genetyczne i fizyczne.

20

Application of low-field NMR in the study of flocculant-aided filtration process of coal tailings

Guo Zhimin, Liang Long, Hu Pengfei

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2021

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Vol. 57, iss. 3

1--7

EN

Preconditioning of coal tailings with flocculants is a useful technology to improve filtration performance. In this study, anionic and cationic polyacrylamides were used for the pretreatment coal tailings before filtration. Nondestructive and rapid measurement of the filter cakes of coal tailings at different filtration stages was conducted using a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The transverse relaxation time (T2) results of NMR provided the information concerned the state of water in filter cake, showing that free water entrapped in larger pores was removed mainly during coal tailings filtration, and the pressure in this study cannot remove the inherent moisture of filter cake of coal tailings. The significant increase in the amplitude of T2 value between 0.1 and 1.0 ms revealed that the flocs collapsed into smaller ones with water entrapped in them during filtration. Comparing the NMR results with different flocculants shows that anionic polyacrylamide of 800 g/Mg produced a larger structure in the initial stage of filter cake formation. The final filter cake entrapped more water. The NMR results well validated the filtration experiments.