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1

Ograniczanie palności polipropylenu przez dodatek bezhalogenowych antypirenów spęczniających

Jankowski Piotr, Kędzierski Michał, Przybysz-Romatowska Marta

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2026

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T. 105, nr 5

495--502

PL

Polipropylen modyfikowano dodatkiem bezhalogenowych antypirenów w celu ograniczenia jego palności. W badaniach wykorzystano zarówno systemy fosforowo-azotowe, w tym pirofosforan melaminy, cyjanuran melaminy i żywice melaminowo-formaldehydowe, jak i surowce pochodzenia petrochemicznego, odnawialnego oraz odpadowego. Ocenę właściwości palnych przeprowadzono za pomocą wskaźnika tlenowego (LOI) oraz kalorymetru stożkowego zgodnie z normami. Zbadano wpływ częściowego zastąpienia pentaerytrytolu alternatywnymi składnikami na ognioodporność PP oraz zidentyfikowano synergiczne układy zwiększające ich skuteczność w zakresie uniepalniania. Zastosowanie bezhalogenowych środków uniepalniających znacząco zmniejszyło palność PP, minimalizując emisję toksycznych produktów spalania i otwierając nowe możliwości ekologicznego projektowania polimerów o ulepszonych właściwościach przeciwpożarowych.

EN

Polypropylene (PP) flammability was limited by addn. of P and/or N-contg. halogen-free flame retardants (melamine pyrophosphate, melamine cyanurate, and melamine–formaldehyde resins) as well as of petrochem., renewable, and waste-derived materials to improve its inflammability. Fire performance was evaluated by limiting oxygen index (LOI) and cone calorimetry according to ISO standards. Particular attention was paid to the effect of partial substitution of pentaerythritol with alternative components on PP fire resistance and to the identification of synergistic systems enhancing flame-retardant efficiency. The applied halogen-free systems significantly reduced PP flammability, indicating their potential for eco-friendly polymer design with improved fire performance.

2

Analiza zawartości suchej masy i makroelementów w nawozach naturalnych oraz ocena możliwości stosowania tych nawozów zgodnie z obowiązującymi przepisami

Tkaczyk Przemysław, Sawicka Jolanta, Igras Janusz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 7

702--707

PL

Przeprowadzono analizę zawartości suchej masy i zawartości azotu, fosforu, potasu, magnezu oraz wapnia w nawozach naturalnych pobranych z gospodarstw prowadzących produkcję zwierzęcą. Przebadano podstawowe nawozy, takie jak obornik, gnojowica, gnojówka i pomiot ptasi. Stwierdzono duże zróżnicowanie zawartości suchej masy i składników pokarmowych. Największe ilości analizowanych składników pokarmowych stwierdzono w pomiocie, nieco mniejsze w obornikach, a najmniejsze w gnojowicy i gnojówce. Wykazano, że stosowanie nawozów naturalnych zgodnie z maksymalnym limitem azotu wpłynie na przekroczenie dopuszczalnej ilości fosforu przy zastosowaniu każdego z badanych nawozów naturalnych, co pogorszy zarządzanie tymi nawozami w gospodarstwach rolnych.

EN

The dry matter content and the level of N, P, K, Mg and Ca in natural fertilizers collected from farms engaged in animal prodn. were analyzed. The studies included such natural fertilizers types as solid manure, slurry, liq. manure and poultry litter. Considerable variability in the dry matter content and nutrient content of the manures was obsd. The highest concns. of the analyzed nutrients were found in poultry litter, slightly lower in solid manure and the lowest in slurry and liq. slurry. The study showed that the use of org. fertilizers in accordance with the max. N limit would lead to exceeding the permissible P limit for each of the tested fertilizers, which would complicate the management of natural fertilizers on farms.

3

Effects of plant density and fertilisation on yield structure and yield elements of maize hybrids for biofuel production

Bogomaz Serhii, Zayka Kristina, Didur Ihor, Mazur Olena, Mazur Oleksandr, Tsyhanskyi Viacheslav

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 6

352--364

EN

The article presents the results of studies of the influence of plant density and fertilisation on growth and development processes, elements of the yield structure and yield of maize hybrids of different maturity groups. These studies need to be optimised by taking into account new forms, application rates and timing of their application according to the stages of organogenesis and maturity groups of maize hybrids and their biological requirements. The highest linear measurements of plant height and cob attachment compared to the control variant (tf ˃ tt0.05) were observed at the maximum intensification of technological methods of maize cultivation in the experimental variant with the combined application of zinc sulfate, ecoline zinc and ecoline boron on the background of N100 P 31, and plant density from 60 to 80 thousand plants/ha. plants/ha, which in maize hybrids DCS 3795 increased from 5.7 to 9.2%; DCS 3972 from 9.5 to 12.5%; DCS 4351 from 2.3 to 4.5%, respectively. As well as the highest water content of the cob of maize hybrids, which at a plant density of 60–80 thousand plants/ha was higher compared to the control variant (tf ˃ tt0.05) in DCS 3795 by 30.0–32.0%; DCS 3972 by 28.5–35.0%; DCS 4351 by 32.7–33.2%. The highest yield increase was in maize hybrids compared to the control variant (NIR0.05 fertiliser = 0.11 t/ha): DCS 3795–3.53 (42.1%), 3.79 (43.7%), 3.8 t/ha (44.6%); DCS 3972–4.16 (44.3%), 4.60 (47.2%), 4.24 t/ha (45.3%); DCS 4351–4.23 (45.2%), 4.0 (44.0%), 3.42 t/ha (40.6%), respectively. Thus, the highest yields were recorded for maize hybrids DCS 3795–8.67 and DCS 3972–9.74 t/ha at a density of 70 thousand plants/ha, and for hybrid DCS 4351–9.35 t/ha at a density of 60 thousand plants/ha.

4

Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Nitrogen And Phosphorus Nutrients in High-Altitude Inland River Cascade Reservoirs

Wang Yu, Tian Miao, Wang Hao, Luo Tianfeng, Li Neng’an, Yuan Xingpeng, Xin Yaling, Zhang Yang

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 1

75--92

EN

The spatial distribution characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients in cascade reservoirs in high-altitude regions are crucial for water quality management. Water samples were collected from 20 typical section points in the middle and upper reaches of the Heihe River. The research focused on the nutrient concentrations in the surface, middle, and bottom layers of the cascade reservoirs. Nutrient distribution characteristics in the reservoirs were analyzed using both longitudinal and vertical sam-pling. The results showed significant depth-dependent variations in nitrogen and phosphorus concen-trations, influenced by hydrodynamic processes, sediment dynamics, and nutrient cycling. The overall trend for NO2--N, TP, and TN concentrations at the selected sampling points was consistent, with bot-tom-layer concentrations being significantly higher than those in the surface layer.NH4+-N concentration was highest in the middle layer and lowest in the bottom layer, while the CODMn was highest in the surface water and lowest in the middle layer. The primary factors affecting these spatial distribution characteristics include the types and quantities of microorganisms and biological communities at different water depths, water movement and convection, sedimentation rates of suspended particles and organic matter, as well as human activities.

5

Evaluation of the application and operational performance of the modified multistage AO process in a sewage treatment plantEvaluation of the application and operational performance of the modified multistage AO process in a sewage treatment plant

Feng Zhentao, Zhao Dongliang, Zhang Jiazhen, Wang Qian, Xiang Shengchang

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 2

31--39

EN

The multistage anoxic/oxic (AO) process is widely known for its effectiveness in wastewater treatment, serving as a core technology in numerous wastewater treatment facilities. Its application in the expansion project of the sewage treatment plant in Dongguan City is particularly noteworthy and merits further research into its performance. To validate its reliability, we conducted a monitoring experiment spanning over 200 days. The results revealed that under stringent operational conditions, the plant demonstrated significant stability in ensuring the effluent quality meets grade A standards. Additionally, its removal efficiency for various pollutants exceeds 90%, particularly outstanding in nitrogen and phosphorus reduction, even when the total phosphorus in the influent exceeded the standard by 2.6 times, the effluent remained stable. These compelling pieces of evidence highlight the superiority of the multistage AO process, positioning it as the preferred technology for widespread adoption in the expansion of wastewater treatment plants. This study can provide valuable insights for the construction of other sewage treatment plants.

6

An attempt to assess nutrients emissions from fertilisers on eutrophication in the Baltic Sea coastal zone

Bogalecka Magdalena, Pigłowski Marcin

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2024

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R. XVIII

343-- 388

EN

Eutrophication stands out as a primary concern for the Baltic Sea, predominantly attributed to the influx of nutrients, specifically nitrogen and phosphorus, originating from fertilisers. An endeavour was undertaken to evaluate the impact of fertiliser emissions on eutrophication in the Baltic coastal zone, gauged through pollutant concentrations during the period spanning 2010 to 2020. Two-way joining cluster analysis is used to indicate similarities in terms of the highest fertiliser load, by year and country and the semi-Markov model of eutrophication process is applied to both identifying and predicting the degree of eutrophication within the estuaries of seven major Baltic Sea rivers. During the investigated period, Poland and Denmark emerged as the countries with the highest fertiliser use per unit area. Based on the research, it was also determined that the area of the Gulf of Finland, at the mouth of Neva, is the most threatened by eutrophication. This is due to the simultaneous and prolonged occurrence throughout the year of high concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in marine water in this region. The relationship between fertiliser use and concentration of nitrates and phosphates in estuaries is also shown.

PL

Eutrofizacja stanowi główny problemem dotykający Morze Bałtyckie, wynikający przede wszystkim z nadmiernego dopływu składników odżywczych, w szczególności azotu i fosforu, pochodzących z nawozów. Podjęto próbę oceny wpływu emisji biogenów z nawozów na eutrofizację w strefie przybrzeżnej Morza Bałtyckiego, badając stężenia związków azotu i fosforu w okresie od 2010 do 2020 roku. Zastosowano analizę skupień metodą obiektów i cech, aby wskazać podobieństwa w zakresie najwyższego obciążenia nawozami, według roku i kraju z którego pochodzą. Natomiast model semi-Markova procesu eutrofizacji został wykorzystany do identyfikacji oraz predykcji stopnia eutrofizacji przy ujściach siedmiu głównych rzek Morza Bałtyckiego. W analizowanym okresie, zarówno w Polsce, jak i Dani, zużywano najwięcej nawozów na jednostkę powierzchni lądu. Badania wykazały także, że obszar Zatoki Fińskiej, zwłaszcza u ujścia Newy, jest narażony na największe ryzyko eutrofizacji. Wynika to z jednoczesnego i długotrwałego występowania wysokich stężeń związków azotu i fosforu w wodzie morskiej w tym regionie przez cały rok. W pracy wykazano również związek między stosowaniem nawozów a stężeniem azotanów i fosforanów przy ujściach rzek.

7

Variability of concentrations of phosphorus forms under the conditions of weir renovation : The Głuszynka river-lake system case study

Janicka Ewelina, Kanclerz Jolanta, Agaj Tropikë, Policht-Latawiec Agnieszka

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 61

183--189

EN

To fill the knowledge gap on the functioning of the river-lake system during the modernisation of the weir, an analysis of the variability of selected physico-chemical indicators was carried out. In the parameter analysis, particular emphasis was placed on phosphorus (P) and orthophosphate(V) (OP) content in the hydrological year 2022 and water quality was compared before, during and after the maintenance work on the discharge weir. Physicochemical parameters were analysed monthly at four stations. Concentrations of P and OP increased significantly as a result of the refurbishment works at the measurement point located downstream of the weir (P4), which contributed to the determination of a statistically significant change point. At the same time, when high P and OP contents were observed, high electrolytic conductivity and ammonium nitrogen in water were also recorded. The content of P and OP indicators was further reduced, but their content was still several times higher than before the renovation. The renovation of the weir below Lake Jeziory Wielkie contributed to a significant deterioration of water quality in the river-lake system. Due to the nature of this system, this was of great importance for the downstream reservoirs. The statistical analysis showed that the renovation of the weir below Lake Jeziory Wielkie contributed to a significant deterioration of water quality in the river-lake system.

8

Identification of catchment areas with phosphorus pollution risk for lowland river water quality

Steinhoff-Wrześniewska Aleksandra, Pulikowski Krzysztof, Strzelczyk Maria, Helis Marek

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 63

241--251

EN

The study aimed to analyse the seasonal variability of phosphorus concentrations and phosphorus content and the impact of catchment development of the Panew Mała River. The study presents the findings of a two-year experimental investigation (comprising 17 measurement series across 12 measurement cross-sections) into the concentration of phosphorus (P) and its soluble form, orthophosphates (PO42-). The mean phosphate concentrations were found to be low, with a range of 0.03 to 0.08 PO42-mg∙dm-3. In contrast, the total phosphorus concentrations were relatively high, with a range of 0.11 to 0.43 mg∙dm-3 P. The seasonal variability was analysed based on quarterly means and half-yearly periods covering quarters II and III (spring-summer) and quarters I and IV (autumn-winter), respectively. The analysis of spatial variability was conducted using cluster analysis according to Ward’s method, with the Euclidean distance employed as a measure of distance and the results related to the utilisation of different catchment area. Due to the slight differences in the phosphate concentration, the total phosphorus concentration was analysed in detail. The analysis of variance showed no significant differences between phosphorus concentrations in certain quarters, while greater variations were obtained for half-yearly periods. The applied method of grouping the sampling sites made it possible to distinguish several groups of sampling sites, which indicate relations between the values of phosphorus concentration in the waters of Mała Panew and the type of use of the catchment area.

9

Effect of yeast and mineral fertilisers on the level attack of the solenopsis mealybug and productivity okra plants

Bakry Moustafa M. S., Maharani Yani, Allam R. O. H.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 60

228--235

EN

Mineral fertilisers are one of the most important nutrients that plants need in large quantities, which help to greatly increase crop yields, and yeast is considered a bio-stimulator of plants. However incorrect implementation of both can make them more susceptible to pest infestations. The mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), is an economically important polyphagous pest that destroys okra plants in Egypt. This work focused on the evaluation of mealybug infestations and okra plant productivity responses to mineral fertilisers (nitrogen and phosphorus), yeast (without and with) and their interactions. This study was executed in a private okra field ("Balady" cultivar) in Luxor Governorate, Egypt, during 2021 and 2022 seasons. A split plot design was applied, where two levels (with and without yeast) were used in the main plots, where seven levels of nitrogen and phosphorus were applied in the split plots. The results indicated that the addition of 286 kg N∙ha-1, 143 kg P∙ha-1 and yeast to okra plants led to a maximum increase in the population densities of pest, and this caused a decrease in the vegetative stage of okra that would affect the final yield as compared to the other treatments throughout the two seasons. However, the application of 190 kg N∙ha-1, 107 kg P∙ha-1, and yeast to okra plants gave the highest values for vegetative growth characteristics and resulting yield during the two studied seasons. This work aids farmers in improving okra production by comprehending good farming practices and avoiding the spread of mealybugs.

10

Qualitative Assessment of Soils in Dolyna District of Ivano-Frankivsk Region

Hryhoriv Yaroslava, Degtyarjov Vasyl, Marenych Mykola, Hanhur Volodymyr, Karbivska Uliana, Gamajunova Valentyna, Sydiakina Olena, Gniezdilova Victoria, Shcherbakov Oleksandr, Konshin Roman

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 9

235--241

EN

The article presents the results of agrochemical survey of soils of the Dolyna territorial community of IvanoFrankivsk region. The agro-productive grouping of all soils of the district was carried out. There are five agroproductive soil groups within the district: sod-podzolic soils on ancient alluvial, water-glacial deposits, moraine, and eluvium of magmatic rocks; sod-podzolic and podzolic-sod surface-gleyed medium-loamy soils; deep non-gleyed and gleyed medium-loamy sod soils and their podzolized variants on ancient alluvial, water-glacial deposits, moraine, and eluvium of magmatic rocks; brown-podzolic, sod-brown-podzolic, brown mountain-forest podzolized gleyed and surface-gleyed non-eroded and slightly eroded heavy loamy and light clayey soils; sod gleyed soils; sod-brown and meadow-brown gleyed soils on alluvial and deluvial deposits, medium-loamy stony soils.These soils exhibit acidic pH, are moderately deficient in available phosphorus, and have medium levels of potassium. They are potentially fertile but require liming and the application of organic-mineral fertilizers.

11

Field Measurements and Machine Learning Algorithms to Monitor Water Quality in Lakes Located in Landscape Parks – A Case Study

Walczak Natalia, Walczak Zbigniew, Laks Ireneusz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

49--64

EN

One of the greatest threats to many lakes is their accelerated eutrophication resulting from anthropogenic pressure, agricultural intensification, and climate change. A very important element of surface water protection in environmentally conserved areas is the proper monitoring of water quality and detection of potential threats by examining the physicochemical properties of water and performing statistical analyses that enable possible exposure of unfavourable trends. The article presents the analyses of the results of measurements made in three lakes located in the Sierakowski Landscape Park. As part of the measurements, water quality indicators i.e., phosphorus, nitrogen, BOD5 and COD, were determined monthly for a year at the inflows and outflows of the studied lakes. The test results of selected water quality indicators were analysed using machine learning algorithms i.e., PCA and k-means. The conducted tests enabled statistical estimation of changes in water quality indicators in the reservoirs and evaluation of their correlation.

12

Wstępne badania nad możliwością odzysku fosforu w oczyszczalni ścieków jako przykład gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego w kontekście odpadów biogennych

Pyssa Justyna, Małek-Paleń Patrycja

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2023

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T. 102, nr 11

1203--1209

PL

Fosfor jest mineralnym składnikiem odżywczym koniecznym zarówno dla wzrostu roślin, jak i właściwego funkcjonowania człowieka. Przewiduje się, że złoża fosforytu mogą zostać zużyte w ciągu 100 lat, a duże zasoby fosforu występują jako typowe zanieczyszczenia w zbiornikach wodnych i glebach. W 2014 r. fosfor został zamieszczony w wykazie surowców krytycznych dla Unii Europejskiej. Dlatego niezwykle ważne jest odzyskanie fosforu w kontekście gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym iremediacji środowiska. Jednym z możliwych źródeł dużej dostępności są komunalne osady ściekowe. W pracy przedstawiono najważniejsze techniki stosowane do odzysku fosforu z odcieków, osadów ściekowych oraz popiołu z osadu ściekowego. Zestawiono również wyniki zawartości fosforu w ściekach pochodzących z Oczyszczalni Ścieków Płaszów w Krakowie. Stwierdzono, że w osadach ściekowych i w odciekach znajdują się fosforany w śladowych ilościach. Istnieje możliwość odzysku fosforu z odcieków, osadów ściekowych oraz z popiołów osadów ściekowych.

EN

The test results for the content of total P, orthophosphates, as well as BOD₅ and COD parameters in raw and biol. treated municipal and domestic sewage were obtained from annual reports for 2020-2021 provided by the sewage treatment plant. The content of orthophosphates and total P in raw sewage and sewage after the biological dephosphatation process was analyzed and the degree of P reduction was calculated in the studied time periods. The effectiveness of biological removal of P compounds was assessed based on indicators such as the ratio of BOD₅ :total P, COD:total P and COD:BOD₅.

13

Processing of phosphorites with extraction of phosphorus, obtaining calcium carbide and ferroalloy

Shevko Victor M., Uteyeva Raisa A., Badikova Alexandra D., Tleuova Saltanat T.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2023

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Vol. 59, iss. 6

art. no. 174463

EN

The article considers the results of studying the thermodynamic computer modeling of the interaction of phosphorite (Karatau basin, Kazakhstan) with carbon and coke performed using the HSC-10 software package and electric smelting of the phosphorite with coke and steel shavings in an arc furnace. The modeling allowed us to determine the equilibrium extraction degrees of phosphorus into gas (Р2, Р4), silicon into ferroalloy in the form of iron silicides (FeSi2, FeSi, Fe3Si, Fe5Si3, Si) and calcium into CaС2. At temperatures above 1500 °C, regardless of the amount of iron, the extraction degree of phosphorus into gas is more 99%. The resulting ferroalloy contains 21.2-23.8% of Si, 1.6-2.8% of Al; the calcium carbide has a capacity of 288-325 dm3/kg. The extraction degree of silicon into the alloy was 89.8%, calcium in CaC2 - 72.5%, phosphorus into gas - 99.4%. The ferroalloy, formed at the electric smelting of the Chulaktau phosphorite together with coke and steel shavings and containing 24.9-29.8% of Si, is FS25 grade ferrosilicon, and the formed calcium carbide has a capacity of 278-290 dm3/kg and belongs to the third and second grades. The developed technology makes it possible to increase the degree of phosphorites’ comprehensive use two times (up to 87.5%).

14

The effect of pollutants on the content of nutrients in soil

Pukish Arsen V., Sydorenko Olha I., Mandryk Oleh M., Korobeinykova Yaroslava S., Tuts Oleh M.

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 4

266--277

EN

Soil degradation occurs as a result of the ingress and accumulation of excessive amount of pollutants in the soil. The article presents the results of theoretical and experimental studies of the complex effect of soil contamination (concentration of petroleum products, toxic salts, dense residue, sodium ions, sulfate ions, magnesium ions, calcium, chloride ions, bicarbonate ions) on the content of nutrients (alkaline hydrolyzed nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, humus). A detailed analysis of scientific papers has been carried out, based on which the main scientific tasks solved in the article have been formulated. It has been established that soil-salt processes are insufficiently studied and are the object of scientific research in recent years. At the first stage of research, sampling was carried out and the content of nutrients and pollutants in the soil was determined. Determination of element concentrations was performed by collecting soil samples and their subsequent laboratory testing. At the second stage, a correlation-regression analysis of the obtained data was performed and multiple linear regressions were established. The interaction of substances in the soil was determined by analyzing the obtained multiple linear regressions. Two types of soils were studied: with chloride and with sulfate type of salinization. For soils with chloride type of salinity, dependences have been established for the content of humus, alkaline nitrogen and potassium, while in case of phosphorus multiple linear regression does not exist. For soils with sulfate type of salinization, multiple linear regression dependences of concentrations of alkaline nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium have been determined. It is established that the complex influence of the studied elements is decisive. No regression dependence was found for the humus content, which indicates that the concentration of the studied elements has almost no effect on the humus content in the soil. Comparison of the obtained multiple linear regressions with the results of laboratory studies showed a good correlation between these data series. The obtained regularities of pollutant and nutrient interactions in soils are expected in future to enable creation of scientific bases for development of new methods of desalination of soils polluted by formation waters as well as for planning effective reclamation actions.

PL

W wyniku wnikania i gromadzenia się w glebie nadmiernych ilości zanieczyszczeń następuje degradacja gleby. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań teoretycznych i eksperymentalnych złożonego wpływu zanieczyszczenia gleby (stężenie produktów naftowych, toksycznych soli, gęstego osadu, siarczanow, jonów sodu, magnezu, wapnia, chlorków, wodorowęglanów), na zawartość składników pokarmowych (hydrolizowanego alkalicznie azotu, fosforu, potasu, humusu). Przeprowadzona została szczegółowa analiza prac naukowych, na podstawie której sformułowano główne zadania badawcze rozwiązane w artykule. Stwierdzono, że procesy glebowo-solne zbadane są w stopniu niedostatecznym i stanowią one przedmiot badań naukowych w ostatnich latach. W pierwszym etapie badań pobrano próbki i wyznaczono zawartość składników pokarmowych i zanieczyszczeń w glebie. Wyznaczenia stężeń pierwiastków dokonano poprzez pobranie próbek gleb i ich późniejsze badania laboratoryjne. W drugim etapie wykonano analizę korelacyjno-regresyjną uzyskanych danych i ustalono wielokrotne regresje liniowe. Oddziaływanie substancji w glebie określono poprzez analizę otrzymanych wielokrotnych regresji liniowych. Badano dwa rodzaje gleb: o zasoleniu chlorkowym i siarczanowym. Dla gleb o zasoleniu chlorkowym ustalono zależności w odniesieniu do zawartośći humusu, azotu hydrolizowanego alkalicznie i potasu, natomiast dla fosforu regresja liniowa wielokrotna nie wystapiła. Dla gleb o zasoleniu siarczanowym wyznaczono zależności wielokrotnej regresji liniowej stężeń azotu alkalicznego, fosforu, potasu. Ustalono, że decydujące znaczenie ma kompleksowe oddziaływanie badanych pierwiastków. Dla zawartości humusu nie stwierdzono zależności regresji, co wskazuje, że stężenie badanych pierwiastków prawie nie wpływa na zawartość humusu w glebie. Porównanie uzyskanych wielokrotnych regresji liniowych z wynikami badań laboratoryjnych wykazało dobrą korelację między tymi seriami danych. Uzyskane prawidłowości oddziaływania zanieczyszczeń i składników pokarmowych w glebach pozwolą w przyszłości stworzyć naukowe podstawy rozwoju nowych metod odsalania gleb zanieczyszczonych wodami złożowymi, jak również planować efektywne prowadzenie prac rekultywacyjnych.

15

Hydrochemical conditions of three lakes located in the West Pomeranian region in the annual cycle

Tórz Agnieszka, Bonisławska Małgorzata, Nędzarek Arkadiusz, Rybczyk Agnieszka, Tański Adam

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

262--274

EN

The objective of the study was to trace the variability of the hydrochemical conditions in three lakes of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship (Poland) - Starzyca, Maszewskie and Nowogardzkie in the annual cycle. The research was done in 2018-2019, and samples for analysis were collected 4 times a year. All analyses were performed applying standard methods. Such hydrochemical indices were determined as dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, content of orthophosphates, total phosphorus, nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, chlorophyll a and iron. The study showed that all lakes in the research cycle were characterised by a polymictic type of water mixing, and the trophic level, based on the adopted criteria, indicated advanced eutrophy, which may also be caused by anthropogenic pressure. Oxygen conditions characterised by deoxidation of the waters in the bottom layer in the spring and summer seasons, and clear oxygenation in the surface water layer (in Lake Maszewskie reaching even 188.5% in the spring) confirm the significant advancement of the eutrophication process. The supply of phosphorus and nitrogen in spring from pelagic waters in the waters of the examined lakes influences concentrations of chlorophyll a in the summer. The influence of “internal supply” (bottom waters and bottom sediments) on the amount of nutrients available for autotrophs is clearly visible in the analysed lakes - an increase in nitrogen and mineral phosphorus concentrations in relation to surface waters was observed in the bottom layer.

16

Effect of fertilisation with P, Mg or S enriched urea-ammonium nitrate solution on the management of macronutrients in common maize

Wierzbowska Jadwiga, Sienkiewicz Stanisław, Światły Arkadiusz

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 57

39--51

EN

The purpose of this study has been to determine the effect of fertilisation with urea-ammonium nitrate (UAN) solution enriched with P, Mg or S on the content of macronutrients in the grain and straw of maize. The following fertilisers were tested in the field experiment: ammonium nitrate, urea, UAN - 32% N; RSM+S - 26% N + 3% S; RSM+P(Medium) - 26% N and 4.80% P; RSM+P(Starter) - 21% N and 7.86% P; UAN + Mg - 20% N + 4% Mg. In each year of the experiment, significant differentiation in the contents of P, K, Ca, Mg and S in maize grain and straw was observed, depending on the applied nitrogen fertilisation. However, considering the average values from each treatment achieved over the three years, it was demonstrated that the fertilisation significantly changed only the content of P and S in grain and K and Ca in straw of maize. The removal of nutrients was the highest in the second year of the research and amounted in kg∙ha-1 : P - about 100, K - about 350, Ca - about 80, Mg - about 35 and S - about 31, which in turn were differentiated over the years of the experiment in the three years. The removal of P, K, Mg and S also significantly depended on fertilisation. Significant differences, however, most often concerned the control treatment relative to the fertilised ones. The contribution of grain to the accumulation of nutrients also varied significantly in the three years of the experiment. Significantly the lowest share of grain in terms of P and S accumulation was noted in maize grown without N fertilisation.

17

The Influence of Abiotic Factors on Organisms-Hydrobionts of Activated Sludge

Baimukasheva Shynar, Issayeva Akmaral U., Antkowiak Wojciech, Aitimova Ainazhan, Altybayeva Zhansaule, Syrlybekkyzy Samal, Suleimenova Botagoz, Koishina Akmaral

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

125--133

EN

Rational use of water resources is one of the urgent problems for arid regions of Kazakhstan. The biocenosis of activated sludge of urban wastewater treatment plants in Zhanaozen periodically encounters stressful situations associated with violation of the operating mode of equipment or emergency discharges of toxicants into the wastewater treatment plant system. It has been established that with sharp fluctuations in the physicochemical parameters of aqueous solutions, protozoal organisms are primarily eliminated from the composition of activated sludge. This pattern was noted with an increase in the content of ammonium nitrogen, phosphorus, monoethanolamine and pH fluctuations in wastewater. Under the conditions of a 10-month period of active insolation in Western Kazakhstan, the species diversity of the algoflora of activated sludge correlates with the duration of daylight hours; it was found that diatoms predominate in the autumn-winter period of the year, whereas blue-green and green algae predominate in the spring-summer period.

18

Physicochemical Properties of Marl and Travertine and their Thermally Modified Forms in the Perspective of Phosphorus Removal from Wastewater

Gubernat Sylwia, Masłoń Adam, Czarnota Joanna, Koszelnik Piotr

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

56--65

EN

The paper presents physicochemical studies of nine reactive materials for removing phosphorus from wastewater and water. The materials under analysis are raw forms of marl and travertine along with their thermally treated forms at temperatures of 500 °C, 650 °C, 700 °C (travertine), 700 °C, 900 °C, 1000 °C (marl) and the commercial material Polonite®. The scope of the research included morphological analysis and elemental composition, specific surface area, pore volume and diameter, losses on ignition and the amount of elements leached from materials. The results of the research allowed assessing the impact of physicochemical properties and thermal modification on the efficiency of phosphorus binding by these materials. All the tested sorbents show the highest calcium content among the elements with the ability to bind phosphorus. The size of the specific surface does not determine the efficiency of phosphorus retention by the tested materials; therefore it is advisable to study the mechanism of its binding. The thermal modification process, along with the increase in the treatment temperature, improves the regularity of marl and travertine structures, which also manifests itself in increasing the efficiency of phosphorus removal.

19

Kryzys fosforowy – czym jest i jak się z nim można uporać?

Byczyński Łukasz

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2022

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T. 76, nr 11

14--19

PL

Wyczerpujące się zasoby łatwo dostępnego dla roślin fosforu, wzrost cen pasz i fosforytów oraz zanieczyszczenie fosforanami wód powierzchniowych są objawami szerszego zjawiska, określanego jako kryzys fosforowy. W artykule pokrótce wyjaśniono, jakie znaczenie ma fosfor w produkcji rolniczej i żywieniu zwierząt, z czego wynika obecna sytuacja związana ze zmniejszaniem się źródeł fosforu oraz jego udziałem w procesie eutrofizacji wód, a także dokąd prowadzą te zmiany oraz jak można sobie z tym problemem poradzić.

EN

The depletion of readily available for plants phosphorus, the increase in feed and phosphate prices, and the pollution of surface waters with phosphate are symptoms of a wider phenomenon known as the phosphorus crisis. This article briefly explains the importance of phosphorus in agricultural production and animal nutrition, what causes the current situation with decreasing sources of phosphorus and its contribution to process of eutrophication of waters, as well as where we are going and how we can deal with this problem.

20

Zawartość fosforu i azotu w kompostach z odpadów pochodzących z różnych źródeł

Grąz Katarzyna, Gronba-Chyła Anna, Kwaśny Justyna

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2022

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T. 101, nr 8

559--562

PL

Materia organiczna gleby odgrywa istotną rolę w chemicznych, mikrobiologicznych i fizycznych aspektach żyzności gleby. Odpady organiczne przekształcone w humifikowany materiał organiczny w procesie kompostowania można wykorzystać jako organiczne dodatki zwiększające zawartość materii organicznej i poprawiające żyzność gleby. Jakość kompostu różni się w zależności od rodzaju kompostowanych odpadów i technologii procesu kompostowania i jest bardzo istotna, zwłaszcza jeśli chodzi o optymalną zawartość pierwiastków, takich jak fosfor i azot. Przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości P i N dla czterech różnych rodzajów kompostów.

EN

Four types of compost (household composts, rural compost processed by poultry and 2 composts from the mech.-biolog. treatment plant of municipal waste) were studied for P and N content. The lowest av. P and N content was recorded in rural compost, 1.6 and 1.5% by mass, resp., and the highest in household compost, 3.2 and 2.7% by mass, resp.