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1

Optimizing the use of oil gases released during processing

Gurbanov Abdulaga, Sardarova Ijabika

Nafta-Gaz

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2025

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R. 81, nr 1

67--72

EN

The issue of using oil gases is considered because the removal of harmful substances from gases produced during oil refining, and thus and purification of these gases, are critical issues. In the catalytic cracking purification system, where hydrogen-containing gas circulates, the presence of hydrogen sulfide in the gas fractionation unit poses a challenge. Additionally, corrosion of equipment and pipelines during transportation causes environmental pollution. The presence of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in the gas complicates processing process, making their removal from the gas composition essential. To achieve this, methods such as chemical absorption, physical absorption, combined absorption, oxidation, and absorption by solid absorbents are employed. The use of amines is one of the important indicators of wastewater treatment plants. The presence of a certain amount of H2S in the hydrogen-containing gas circulating in the hydrotreating unit reduces catalyst activity in reactors and leads to equipment failure. In a catalytic cracking unit, harmful components are absorbed by absorbents. Technological calculations of the indicators and modes of the main apparatuses of the absorption and desorption processes were carried out, with the results presented in tables. These calculations focus on column-type devices, separators, heat exchangers, and coolers, enabling the purification of gas contents using cold absorption and desorption processes. The use of a 15% aqueous solution of monoethanolamine proved most effective for hydrogen sulfide separation. The operating modes of the blocks in which these processes are carried out have been studied. The study also examines the transformation of sulfur compounds into paraffin, naphthenic and aromatic hydrocarbons, depending on the structure of the hydrocarbon chain, with hydrogen sulfide being released during hydrogenation under pressure. Improvements in the quality of dry gas transportation have significantly enhanced the efficiency of both transportation and processing.

PL

Zagadnienie wykorzystania gazów ropopochodnych jest rozpatrywane z uwagi na fakt, że usuwanie szkodliwych substancji z gazów powstających podczas rafinacji ropy naftowej, a tym samym oczyszczanie tych gazów, ma niezwykle ważne znaczenie. W instalacji oczyszczania krakingu katalitycznego, gdzie krąży gaz zawierający wodór, obecność siarkowodoru w jednostce frakcjonowania gazu stwarza istotne problemy. Ponadto korozja urządzeń i rurociągów podczas transportu powoduje zanieczyszczenie środowiska. Obecność siarkowodoru i dwutlenku węgla w gazie komplikuje proces przetwarzania, a tym samym niezbędne jest ich usunięcie z gazu. W tym celu stosuje się metody takie jak absorpcja chemiczna, absorpcja fizyczna, absorpcja kombinowana, utlenianie oraz absorpcja przez absorbenty stałe. Zastosowanie amin jest jednym z istotnych wskaźników oczyszczania ścieków. Obecność pewnej ilości H2S w gazie zawierającym wodór, krążącym w jednostce hydrorafinacji, obniża aktywność katalizatora w reaktorach i prowadzi do awarii urządzeń. W systemie katalitycznego krakingu szkodliwe składniki są wchłaniane przez absorbenty. Przeprowadzono obliczenia technologiczne wskaźników i trybów pracy głównych aparatów procesów absorpcji i desorpcji, a wyniki przedstawiono w tabelach. Obliczenia te dotyczą urządzeń kolumnowych, separatorów, wymienników ciepła i chłodnic, umożliwiając oczyszczanie gazu przy użyciu procesów absorpcji i desorpcji w niskiej temperaturze. Najskuteczniejsze w separacji siarkowodoru okazało się użycie 15% wodnego roztworu monoetanoloaminy. Zbadano tryby pracy bloków, w których realizowane są te procesy. Analiza obejmuje również przekształcanie związków siarki w węglowodory parafinowe, naftenowe i aromatyczne, w zależności od struktury łańcucha węglowodorowego, z uwalnianiem siarkowodoru podczas uwodornienia pod ciśnieniem. Poprawa jakości transportu gazu suchego znacząco zwiększa efektywność zarówno transportu, jak i przetwarzania.

2

Increasing the efficiency of heat exchange by improving the design of heat exchangers

Khurmamatov Abdugaffor M., Ismailov Oybek, Auesbaev Alisher U., Rakhimov Ganisher B., Muminov Jalolidin A., Khametov Zamir M.

Nafta-Gaz

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2025

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R. 81, nr 1

73--83

EN

This article is focused on the investigation and optimization of heat exchange efficiency in a shell-and-tube heat exchanger used for heating a saturated absorbent with regenerated absorbent in the technology of purifying regeneration gas from acidic components through absorption. The optimization of heat exchange efficiency involves modifying the hydrodynamic regimes of the heat exchanger by adjusting the properties of working fluids inside the tubes and the inter-tube space. The study aims to enhance heat exchange by inducing turbulent flows inside and between the tubes. The authors examined the impact of centrifugal force on flow dynamics to improve distribution uniformity within the distribution chamber. To achieve this, a strategic reorientation of the raw material inlet nozzle in a horizontal shell-and-tube heat exchanger with a one-sided influence on the distribution chamber is proposed. Throughout the research, experiments were conducted, and heat exchange parameters were examined including flow velocity, temperature differentials, and heat transfer coefficients. The results allowed for the determination of optimal parameters to enhance heat exchange efficiency in the specific heat exchanger. This work represents a significant contribution to the heat exchange technology and can be applied to optimize processes in the oil and gas and chemical industries, as well as other sectors utilizing shell-and-tube heat exchangers. The findings advance the understanding of heat exchange mechanisms and provide practical insights for improving efficiency in various industrial applications.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony jest badaniu i optymalizacji wydajności wymiany ciepła w płaszczowo-rurowym wymienniku ciepła wykorzystywanym do ogrzewania nasyconego absorbentu z regenerowanym absorbentem w ramach technologii oczyszczania gazu regeneracyjnego z kwaśnych składników poprzez absorpcję. Optymalizacja wydajności wymiany ciepła polega na modyfikacji reżimów hydrodynamicznych wymiennika ciepła poprzez dostosowanie właściwości płynów roboczych wewnątrz rur i przestrzeni międzyrurowej. Badanie ma na celu zwiększenie wymiany ciepła poprzez indukowanie przepływów turbulentnych wewnątrz i między rurami. Autorzy zbadali wpływ siły odśrodkowej na dynamikę przepływu, celem uzyskania równomiernego rozkładu w komorze dystrybucyjnej. W tym celu zaproponowano zastosowanie strategicznego przeorientowania dyszy wlotowej surowca w poziomym płaszczowo-rurowym wymienniku ciepła przy jednostronnym wpływie na eliptyczną pokrywę otworu. W trakcie badań przeprowadzono eksperymenty i zbadano parametry wymiany ciepła, w tym prędkość przepływu, różnice temperatur i współczynniki przenikania ciepła. Wyniki pozwoliły na określenie optymalnych parametrów pozwalających na zwiększenie wydajności wymiany ciepła w konkretnym wymienniku ciepła. Praca ta stanowi znaczący wkład w technologię wymiany ciepła a jej wyniki mogą zostać wykorzystane do optymalizacji procesów w przemyśle naftowym, gazowym i chemicznym, a także w innych sektorach wykorzystujących płaszczowo-rurowe wymienniki ciepła. Wyniki badań przyczyniają się do lepszego zrozumienia mechanizmów wymiany ciepła i zapewniają praktyczny wgląd w poprawę wydajności w różnych zastosowaniach przemysłowych.

3

Poprawa efektywności energetycznej systemów mokrego oczyszczania gazów

Mazurek Jerzy

Energetyka

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2025

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nr 9

503--509

PL

Artykuł prezentuje możliwości poprawy efektywności energetycznej systemów mokrego oczyszczania gazów, koncentrując się na zasadniczym komponencie absorbera i jego układów zraszania. Na podstawie modelu absorpcji i wytypowanych czynników mających wpływ na zużycie energii elektrycznej przez pompy cyrkulacyjne zaprezentowany został przykład optymalizacji oparty na analizie limitów emisyjnych wobec rezerw wypracowywanych przez system. Proponowana optymalizacja zużycia energii elektrycznej, bazująca na systemie analitycznym uwzględniającym model absorbcji oraz bieżącej analizie uzyskiwanych średnich emisji, może być wdrożona w szczególności wobec obserwowanego aktualnie charakteru pracy obiektów energetycznych, gdzie przeważa praca z niskim obciążeniem i poniżej projektowych założeń wydajnościowych. Optymalizacja taka nie wymaga poniesienia istotnych nakładów inwestycyjnych.

EN

The article presents possibilities of improving the energy efficiency of wet gas cleaning systems, focusing on the main component of the absorber and its spray systems. Based on the absorption model and the selected factors affecting electricity consumption by circulation pumps, an example of optimization derived from the analysis of emission limits compared to reserves provided by the system is discussed. The proposed optimization of electricity consumption using both the analytical system which takes into account the absorption model and the current analysis of measured average emission can be implemented in particular due to presently observed characteristics of operation of power units, where low load operation below the designed performance assumptions prevails. The optimization of this kind does not require any essential investment expenditure.

4

Atmospheric Water Harvesting Technology: Review and Future Prospects

Beithou Nabil, Khalid Mohammad Bani, As’ad Samer, Alsaqoor Sameh, Borowski Gabriel, Alshabatat Nabeel, Andruszkiewicz Artur

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

291--302

EN

Atmospheric water harvesting (AWH) devices represent a fruitful hope to cope with the water shortage problem throughout the world. The vast development in AWH technology and the wide spread of various AWH techniques will largely contribute to the implementation of AWH machines in different household, agricultural and industrial applications. In the last decades, a huge amount of research has been done on AWH methods with amazing differences in results that mislead readers and even researchers. In this study, the AWH theoretical technology developments, various AWH methods and various AWH machines in the market were reviewed. A comparison between the different theoretical methods was presented, concentration on unifying results based on area and energy consumption per harvested amount was performed for clear judgment on the different published data. The gaps between theory and market available devices were stated with recommendations for further development in AWH technology.

5

Procesy degradacji glifosatu w oczyszczalniach ścieków

Kwiatkowska Klaudia

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2024

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Nr 5

33--36

PL

Glifosat jest jednym z najpowszechniej stosowanych herbicydów na świecie, ze względu na szerokie spektrum działania. Z powodu intensywnego stosowania i dużych zdolności akumulacyjnych, glifosat obecnie wykrywany jest we wszystkich środowiskach. Związki herbicydowe, przedostające się do czyszczalni ścieków mogą zakłócać procesy oczyszczania, zwłaszcza oddziałując na mikroorganizmy osadu czynnego. Podwyższone stężenia w ściekach oczyszczonych sugerują, że ścieki komunalne są ważnym źródłem glifosatu w wodach powierzchniowych. Dzieje się to ze względu na ograniczone procesy degradacji, a w połączeniu z silną adsorpcją dochodzi do znacznego wzbogacenia glifosatem oraz jego metabolitami, głównie w osadzie czynnym. Wzbogacenie oraz wiek osadu czynnego (kilkanaście dni w po-równaniu do kilku godzin w przypadku samych ścieków), nadaje wysokich zdolności akumulacji glifosatu oraz jego metabolitów w komórkach organizmów biorących udział podczas biologicznego oczyszczania ścieków. Biodegradacja glifosatu jest bowiem możliwa poprzez konwersje glifosatu do AMPA i kwasu glioksalowego przy udziale glioksydoreduktazy fosforanowej. Zakłócenia tej ścieżki degradacji i brak aktywności enzymu spowodowany jest nadmierną aklimatyzacją osadu czynnego oraz wykorzystaniem glifosatu jako źródła łatwo przyswajalnego węgla.

EN

Glyphosate is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world due to its broad spectrum of action. Because of its intensive use and high accumulation capacity, glyphosate is currently detected in all environments. Herbicide compounds entering wastewater treatment plants can interfere with treatment processes, especially by affecting activated sludge microorganisms. Elevated concentrations in treated wastewater suggest that municipal wastewater is an important source of glyphosate in post-surface water. This is due to limited degradation process-es, and combined with strong adsorption, there is significant enrichment with glyphosate and its metabolites, mainly in activated sludge. The enrichment and the age of the activated sludge (several days compared to a few hours in the case of wastewater alone), imparts high accumulation capacities of glyphosate and its metabolites in the cells of organisms involved during biological treatment of wastewater. Indeed, the biodegradation of glyphosate is possible through the conversion of glyphosate to AMPA and glyoxylic acid with the participation of phosphate glyoxydoreductase. Disruption of the degradation pathway and lack of enzyme activity, is caused by excessive acclimatization of activated sludge and the use of glyphosate as a source of the only carbon.

6

The Degree of Capillary Absorption Reduction as a Parameter to Classify the Effectiveness of Secondary Horizontal Waterproofing

Monczyński Bartłomiej

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2024

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Vol. 34, no. 3

85--99

EN

The dampness of the ground floors in buildings is generally a consequence of capillary rise of groundwater caused by the absence, damage or technical deterioration of the horizontal waterproofing of the masonry. Capillary absorption and damp transport are determined by the wetting properties of water relative to the material, as well as the structure and distribution of pores in the material. Chemical (injection) methods of secondary horizontal waterproofing are based on the technology of introducing injection liquid into the masonry section, which forms a lock which relies on the mechanism of capillary lumen constriction, hydrophilization, capillary sealing or a combined effect. A vital outcome of secondary horizontal waterproofing in a wall using the injection method is not only limited absorption but also its changed dynamics. The research paper describes the procedure leading to determining a criterion that allows to classify injection agents in terms of their impact on inhibiting capillary transport of damp in construction partitions.

7

Application of Cellulose and Paper-Based Products in Building Acoustics

Klimek Aleksandra, Łątka Jerzy F., Nieradka Paweł, Dobrucki Andrzej

Archives of Acoustics

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2024

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Vol. 49, nr 3

369--383

EN

This article presents a comprehensive acoustic study of paper-based building products: cellulose wool,paperboard, corrugated cardboard, and honeycomb panels. The material configurations included the intact form as well as the various modifications, i.e., density variation, multiple-layered staking, perforation or acoustic metamaterial setup. Tests covered acoustic absorption and insulation properties, with the last examined under excitation of both a plane wave and a diffused field. Additionally, the cellulose wool is provided with the characteristic impedance and propagation wavenumber results; and the paperboard was tested for its dynamic elastic and damping properties. The paper-based products, giving their weight, prove to be a convincing replacement for conventional materials by both absorptive and insulation performance. The maximum acquired sound reduction index, for exceptionally lightweight (2.2 kg/m^2) paper double-wall metamaterial structure, reached 26 dB.

8

Comparative analysis of the absorbency of sorbents determined by various methods for diesel oil and white spirit

Salamonowicz Zdzisław, Grudziecki Albert Karol, Lipiński Damian, Dmochowska Anna

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2023

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Nr 88 (tom 1)

297--310

EN

The paper presents a comparative analysis of the absorbency results of selected sorbents. 6 sorbents were selected for testing: Ecobark, Eusorb, Lingosorb, Compakt, Zugol and sand. The research was carried out using three methods: Westinghouse, capillary wicking and our own field method. The highest average absorbency values were recorded for the Westinghouse laboratory method. The results obtained using the capillary wicking method were approximately 35% lower, and those obtained using the field method similar to real conditions constituted approximately 30% of the absorbency determined by the Westinghouse method. The lowest result was achieved for a test conducted on own training ground, intended to simulate real conditions. The results show real discrepancies between the achieved absorbency values of sorbents and the type of method chosen.

XX

W pracy przedstawiono analizę porównawczą wyników chłonności wybranych sorbentów. Do badań wytypowano 6 sorbentów: Ecobark, Eusorb, Lingosorb, Compakt, Zugol i piasek,. Badania przeprowadzono 3 metodami: Westinghouse’a, podsiąkania kapilarnego oraz własną metodą polową. Największe wartości średniej chłonności odnotowano dla metody laboratoryjnej Westinghouse’a. Wyniki otrzymane metodą podsiąkania kapilarnego były niższe o około 35%, zaś otrzymane metodą polową zbliżoną do warunków rzeczywistych stanowiły około 30% chłonności określonej metoda Westinhouse’a. Najniższy wynik osiągnięto dla badania przeprowadzonego na poligonie, mającego symulować warunki rzeczywiste. Wyniki ukazują realne rozbieżności pomiędzy osiągniętymi wartościami chłonności sorbentów od rodzaju obranej metody.

9

Analysis of the ammonia absorption process from air for dispersed water currents generated by BETE TF 6nn and TF 8nn spiral nozzles

Salamonowicz Zdzisław, Tom Maciej, Wąsik Wiktor, Jasińska Sylwia

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2023

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Nr 88 (tom 1)

311--322

EN

The work presents the absorption rate constant of ammonia into water using a station with spiral nozzles. In the research a station was employed with a chamber measuring 1 m x 1 m x 1 m with equipment enabling the regulation of ammonia concentration and nozzle operating parameters, as well as an ammonia concentration measurement system. In the first part of the research, the spraying characteristics of selected spiral nozzles were determined at pressures of 2 bar and 3 bar. For selected nozzle operating parameters, ammonia absorption tests were carried out at various initial concentration values: 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm. Based on the collected results, the nozzle characteristic p(Q), the distribution of the nozzle spray intensity in the SUFER program, the ammonia concentration curve as a function of water supply time and the absorption rate constant were determined.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wartości stałej szybkości absorpcji amoniaku do wody przy wykorzystaniu stanowiska z dyszami spiralnymi. W badaniach wykorzystano stanowisko z komorą o wymiarach 1 m × 1 m × 1 m wraz z osprzętem pozwalającym regulować stężenie amoniaku i parametry pracy dysz oraz układem pomiarowym stężenia amoniaku. W pierwszej części badań wyznaczono charakterystyki zraszania wybranych dysz spiralnych przy ciśnieniach 2 bar i 3 bar. Dla wybranych parametrów pracy dysz przeprowadzono badania absorpcji amoniaku przy różnych wartościach początkowych stężeniach: 250 ppm, 500 ppm, 1000 ppm. Na podstawie zgromadzonych wyników wyznaczono charakterystykę dyszy p(Q), rozkład intensywności zraszania dyszy w programie SUFER, krzywą stężenia amoniaku w funkcji czasu podawania wody oraz stałą szybkości absorpcji.

10

An elliptical dipole nanoantenna with an elliptical slot for enhanced plasmonic performance

Rasheed Abdalem A., Sayidmarie Khalil H.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2023

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R. 99, nr 10

160--164

EN

The increasing interests in plasmonic nanoantennas focus on changing the resonance wavelength or field localization by changing the shape and size of the nanoantenna. A hollow elliptical dipole nanoantenna (HEDNA) is proposed by adding a slot in the two elliptical arms of the dipole nanoantenna. The plasmonic resonance wavelength and the localized field in the gap zone are increased. Moreover, the slot can be designed to enhance the overall absorption and reduce scattering. The simulations revealed that the antenna with the slot HEDNA scatters just 43% of the incident power and absorbs the remaining 57%, while the parent solid dipole scatters 90% of coupled power and absorbs the residual 10%. This represents switching from a scatterer to an absorber nanoantenna. Moreover, the achieved field enhancement in the gap region of the HEDA is more than three folds that without a slot. The proposed structure is easily applicable in sensing, thermoplasmonics, solar cells, and energy harvesting.

PL

Rosnące zainteresowanie nanoantenami plazmonicznymi koncentruje się na zmianie długości fali rezonansu lub lokalizacji pola poprzez zmianę kształtu i rozmiaru nanoanteny. Zaproponowano wydrążoną eliptyczną nanoantenę dipolową (HEDNA) poprzez dodanie szczeliny w dwóch eliptycznych ramionach nanoanteny dipolowej. Zwiększa się długość fali rezonansu plazmonowego i zlokalizowane pole w strefie szczeliny. Ponadto szczelinę można zaprojektować tak, aby zwiększyć ogólną absorpcję i zmniejszyć rozpraszanie. Symulacje wykazały, że antena ze szczeliną HEDNA rozprasza zaledwie 43% padającej mocy i pochłania pozostałe 57%, podczas gdy macierzysty stały dipol rozprasza 90% sprzężonej mocy i pochłania pozostałe 10%. Oznacza to przejście z nanoanteny rozpraszającej na nanoantenę pochłaniającą. Co więcej, osiągnięte wzmocnienie pola w obszarze szczeliny HEDA jest ponad trzykrotnie większe niż bez szczeliny. Proponowana struktura jest łatwa do zastosowania w wykrywaniu, termoplazmonice, ogniwach słonecznych i pozyskiwaniu energii.

11

Impact of Sulfate in the Sand on the Absorption and Density of Metakaolin-Based Geopolymer Mortar

Thamer Sara Yahya, Al-Jaberi Layth Abdulbari

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 1

328--335

EN

The advancement of cement alternatives in the construction materials field is fundamental to sustainable development. Geopolymer is the optimal substitute for ordinary portland cement, which produces 80% less CO2 emissions. Metakaolin was used as one of the raw materials in the geopolymerization process. This research examined the influence of three different percentages of sulfate (0.00038, 1.532, and 16.24)% in sand per molarity of NaOH on the absorption and density of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar (MK-GPM). Samples were prepared with two different molarities (8M and 12M) and cured at room temperature. The best results obtained for geopolymer mortar in the absorption and density test were (3.89%) and (2280 kg/m3), respectively, recorded with 12M with the lowest sulfate content (0.00038%) at 90 days. Moreover, it has been observed that the absorption percentage increased along with sulfate content in the sand, and an inverse relationship was recorded between the increasing sulfate percentages in the sand and density values of (MK-GPM).

12

Geopolymer Concrete Production by Using Nano-Bauxite Binder

Salman Sadeq Dawood, Jubier Najwa J., Al-Zubaidi Aseel B.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 10

305--314

EN

Iraqi bauxite ore was used in the manufacturing of geopolymer mortar and concrete. To de-hydroxylate and turn bauxite into an amorphous phase, it was heated to 650 degrees Celsius. Mixing bauxite nanoparticles with an active alkaline solution produces a geopolymer of high grade due to their high efficiency. The nano-bauxite geopolymer mortar is produced following ASTM C109 with various quantities of alkaline solution with molarity (8, 10, 12, and 14). At 3, 7, and 28 days, the maximum compressive strength of mortar with a molarity of 12 was 20.2, 49.7, and 65.3 MPa, respectively. The same quantity of molarity for the mortar was utilized for the production of geopolymer concrete using an alkaline solution. The weight of nano bauxite was substituted for the percentage of nano-glass and carbon nano-tubes that were included in the geopolymer concrete. This resulted in the utilization of nano-glass and carbon nano-tubes, the best ratios are 8% silica merge with 0.01% of carbon nano-tubes. At the age of 28 days, the water absorbency value was found to be 1.78%, and it was noted that the increased compressive strength reached 81.4 MPa. For the polymerization and performance hardening of samples at low temperatures (20±3 °C), geopolymers with nano-bauxite binders were manufactured without heat treatment. The increased compressive strength as well as resistance to freezing and thawing tests are a result of the superior performance and high requirements of nano-materials. XRD examination was performed, many geopolymer phases were generated, and the bond structures between alumina and silica were observed; these results confirm the development of geopolymer.

13

Design of Artificial Neural Network for Prediction of Hydrogen Sulfide and Carbon Dioxide Concentrations in a Natural Gas Sweetening Plant

Alardhi Saja Mohsen, Al-Jadir Thaer, Hasan Ahmed Mudheher, Jaber Alaa Abdulhady, Al Saedi Laith Majeed

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

55--66

EN

Gas sweetening is a fundamental step in gas treatment processes for environmental and safety concerns. One of the most extensively used and largely recognized solvents for gas sweetening is methyl diethanolamine (MDEA). One of the most crucial metrics for measuring the effectiveness of gas treatment units is the amount of acid gas that has been treated with MDEA solution. As a result, it should be regularly monitored to avoid operational issues in downstream processes and excessive energy consumption. In this study, the artificial neural network (ANN) approach was followed to predict the H2S and CO2 sour gases concentrations of sweetening process. The model was built using dataset gathered from a real operation plant in Iraq, collected from February 2019 to February 2020, and used as input to the neural network. The data include H2S and CO2 concentrations of the feed gas, temperature, pressure, and flow rate of the unit. The designed ANN model showed good accuracy in modeling the process under investigation, even for a wide range of parameter variability. The testing outcomes demonstrated a high coefficient of determination (R2) of greater than 0.99, while the overall training performance showed a low mean squared error (MSE) of less than 0.0003.

14

Organiczne diody elektroluminescencyjne na bazie pochodnych pirazolochinoksalin

Pokladko-Kowar Monika, Wojtasik Katarzyna

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 9

220--223

PL

Pochodne pirazolochinoksalin (A-PQX) badano pod kątem zastosowań w organicznych diodach elektroluminescencyjnych (OLED). Wykonane zostały pomiary widm absorpcyjnych, fotoluminescencyjnych oraz elektroluminescencyjnych. Zbudowane zostały jednowarstwowe komórki o strukturze ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK+A-PQX/Ca/Al. Wyznaczone zostały parametry charakterystyczne dla OLED. Maksymalna luminescencja otrzymana dla tych struktur wynosiła 884 cd/m2 dla diody na bazie 7-N,N-dietylo-1-fenylo-3-metylo-1H-pirazolo[3,4-b]chinoksaliny (7- PQX).

EN

Pyrazoloquinoxaline derivatives (A-PQX) have been studied for applications in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Single-layer OLEDs with the structure: ITO/PEDOT:PSS/PVK+A-PQX/Ca/Al were built. Parameters characteristic for OLED were determined. The absorption, photoluminescent and electroluminescent spectra were measured. The maximum luminescence obtained for these structures was 884 cd/m2 for a diode based on 7-N,N-diethyl-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]quinoxaline (7A-PQX).

15

Light absorption of a polymer based single/multi junction solar cell model

Varghese Jeremiah S., Ruhneb Benhur, Moni D. Jacquline, Du John Victor H.

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2022

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R. 98, nr 1

19--22

EN

In this paper, a detailed study and simulation modelling on light absorption using PDMS material in a single/multi-junction solar cells is carried out. Since PDMS material is a good absorber of light, it is used as an active layer of a solar cell. We choose PDMS because its properties, mainly exceptional intrinsic stability against thermal and ultraviolet light, induced good mechanical properties and stress over a wide range of temperatures. Good transmittance due to the absence of UV absorbers is one of its best characteristics. With the help of the transfer matrix method, which is used for optical modeling of an organic solar cell, inspired by the McGehee Group in Stanford University. The result and simulation is done using MATLAB and in the end we are going to draw a conclusion about the ideal materials that a good solar cell has to have to have good absorption.

PL

W niniejszym artykule przeprowadzono szczegółowe badania i modelowanie symulacyjne absorpcji światła przy użyciu materiału PDMS w jedno-/wielozłączowych ogniwach słonecznych. Ponieważ materiał PDMS jest dobrym pochłaniaczem światła, jest używany jako aktywna warstwa ogniwa słonecznego. Wybieramy PDMS, ponieważ jego właściwości, głównie wyjątkowa stabilność wewnętrzna w stosunku do światła termicznego i ultrafioletowego, indukowały dobre właściwości mechaniczne i naprężenia w szerokim zakresie temperatur. Dobra przepuszczalność ze względu na brak absorberów UV jest jedną z jego najlepszych cech. Za pomocą metody przeniesienia macierzy, która służy do optycznego modelowania organicznego ogniwa słonecznego, inspirowanej przez Grupę McGehee na Uniwersytecie Stanforda. Wynik i symulację wykonano przy użyciu MATLAB, a na koniec wyciągniemy wniosek na temat idealnych materiałów, które dobre ogniwo słoneczne musi mieć dobrą absorpcję.

16

Fabrication and amplified spontaneous emission behavior of FAPbBr3 perovskite quantum dots in solid polymer rods

Khan M. Naziruddin, Almohammedi Abdullah

Materials Science Poland

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2022

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Vol. 40, No. 1

84--100

EN

Formamidinium lead tribromide (FAPbBr3) perovskite quantum dot (PQ-Dot) solution was incorporated in a polymer sol, which was used to fabricate solid nanocomposite rods and disks. The solid nanocomposite samples were studied by different characterization techniques. The absorption, emission, and excitation spectra of the PQ-Dot in the solid rods/disks were quite significant as compared to the spectra of the PQ-Dot solution. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to inspect the structural morphology of the PQ-Dot in the solid environment. The PQ-Dot particles were evidently present in the solid matrix and were confirmed by the SEM images and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra. The size of the PQ-Dots was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The majority of the particles were about 3–8 nm in size. The spontaneous and stimulated emission profiles of the solid composite rods/disks were studied using pumping energy ranging from 2 μJ to 18 μJ from a high-power picosecond neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) tunable laser system. The observed emission signal was quite significant. The emission peak of the PQ-Dot solution had a slight change when it was included in the solid matrix. Amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) behavior was obtained from the PQ-Dot composite rod. The ASE peaks were quite steady at different levels of excitation energy. ASE was achieved at low threshold energy. The composite rod with ASE behavior indicates that it is a promising composite material that can be used to achieve lasing in the future. The ASE obtained from the composite rods/disks may improve to achieve lasing if a high concentration of PQ-Dot solution is used in the matrix.

17

Application of a Gas Sensor Array to Effectiveness Monitoring of Air Contaminated with Toluene Vapors Absorption Process

Dobrzyniewski Dominik, Szulczyński Bartosz, Gębicki Jacek

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 23, nr 10

269--282

EN

This article demonstrates the application of a gas sensor array to monitor the effectiveness of the absorption process of air stream purification from odorous compounds (toluene vapors). A self-constructed matrix consisting of five commercially available gas sensors was used. Multiple linear regression (MLR) was selected as the statistical technique used to calibrate the matrice. Gas chromatography coupled with a flame ionization detector (GC-FID) was used as a reference analytical technique, which enabled to obtain reliable quantitative determinations of toluene concentration in the samples. A commercially available absorption liquid dedicated to non-polar compounds was used as an absorbent. The process was carried out in two identical systems: in first, pure toluene was absorbed and in the second, toluene vapor contaminated with acetone. This approach allowed verifying the selectivity of the prepared MLR calibration model for process control in the case of the presence of more or less expected pollutants in the treated gas. The results obtained with the gas sensor array were related to the reference technique and they confirm the usefulness and advisability of using these devices to monitor the absorption processes as a cheaper and more time-efficient alternative to chromatographic methods. The root mean square error (RMSE) in absorptivity determination between the results received with the analytical and sensor techniques was 0.019 and 0.041 when treating pure toluene vapors and its vapors with acetone, respectively. Compared to instrumental techniques, sensor matrices are technologically less complex, useful for laboratory purposes, as well as showing application potential for field studies. However, it is necessary to develop more sensitive and selective chemical gas sensor arrays and better master advanced data processing and identification techniques.

18

A Review on Feasible and Reliable Underwater Wireless Optical Communication System for achieving High Data Rate and Longer Transmission Distance

Joseph Lenin, Anandan Sangeetha

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2022

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Vol. 68. No. 4

815--823

EN

Underwater Wireless Optical Communication (UWOC) offers significant research prospective with major challenges in the design and implementation. UWOC is capable of providing high rate of data transmission across large distances. This paper attempts to focus on the intricacies of practical implementations and open research issues of UWOC systems. Critical advances and progresses made in the field, modelling techniques and link design challenges are summarised. The purpose of this review is to give suggestions towards feasible and reliable UWOC design with improved performance. Finally the major points are summarized so that it will assist the future research in UWOC.

19

Water absorption behavior and its effect on Charpy impact test of jute yarn reinforced polyester composites

Djeghader Djamel, Redjel Bachir

Composites Theory and Practice

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2022

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R. 22, nr 2

65--71

EN

Plates of bidirectional jute/polyester composite material were manufactured by the contact molding method. These plates were cut to form notched test pieces 80x15x4 mm and immersed in water (1, 10, 30, 90, 180 and 270 days) in order to study the impact behavior of this material. The studied composite exhibited a water saturation limit after an immersion period of approximately 30 days, with Fickian diffusion of water within the material. Williams’ method based on linear elastic fracture mechanics was used to calculate impact toughness GIC, which is due to the intrinsic characteristics of the material.

20

Shrinkage and Absorption of Sand Concrete Containing Marble Waste Powder

Djebien Rachid, Abbas Yassine, Bouabaz Amel, Ziada Yasser Nacereddine

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2022

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Vol. 32, no. 1

240--254

EN

In the context of growing scarcity of natural resources, the high demand of aggregates and the difficulties to open new quarries, several studies were carried out to study the possibility of reuse of waste and industrial by-products to replace traditional materials which would run out, replace materials when transport distances increase to reduce construction costs and protect the environment. This experimental study aims to investigate the effect of marble waste used as powder on the shrinkage and absorption of sand concrete in order to reuse it in the production of sand concrete. To achieve this goal, several sand concrete mixtures containing different substitutions rates of marble powder (4, 8 and 12%), and different Water / Cement ratio (0.71, 0.74, 0.77) were produced. Then, the evolution of the shrinkage and absorption values of sand concrete mixtures was studied. The obtained results showed that marble waste powder plays a positive role in reducing of shrinkage and absorption values of sand concrete and lead to the production of eco-friendly sand concrete.