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PL
Celem artykułu jest przypomnienie, że zadanie dekarbonizacji energetyki nie może być realizowane bezkrytycznie i musi podlegać procesom optymalizacji. Szczególnej krytyce poddano wadliwość stosowania metodyki LCOE.
EN
The aim of the work is to remind that the task of decarbonizing the energy sector cannot be carried out uncritically and must be subject to optimization processes. The flawed application of the LCOE methodology was particularly criticized.
EN
The maritime inventory routing problem (MIRP) is an optimization task aimed to increase the efficiency of the distribution of bulk products by sea. It combines the routing of a fleet of heterogeneous vessels between capacitated supplying and demanding ports with the inventory handling at the involved facilities. We consider a well-studied and general MILP-model variant and introduce modelling adaptations to reduce end-of-horizon effects. The primary goal is to investigate the capabilities and limitations of current large-scale quantum-based optimization platforms as a new solution method for MIRPs. We thus benchmark the computational performance of D-Wave’s quantum-classical hybrid solver on our model by comparing it to results obtained with CPLEX as a classical state-of-the-art solution method. The test instances cover a range of different parameter scales, ranging from 2 to 4 ports, fleet size of 2 to 7 vessels and up to 45 discrete time periods. The benchmark results show that the hybrid system fails to find solutions in the same time as CPLEX for about half the problem instances. In particular, it struggles to explore tight solution spaces of larger instances. The hybrid solutions that were found vary in quality, averaging to about 65% to 75% of the classically computed objective values. For improved results we believe that the problem formulation needs to be changed to a regime better suited for the hybrid solver, e.g. by incorporating quadratic terms.
EN
Weather routing problem represents one of the most significant advancements in ship energy conservation and emission reduction. Weather routing problems involve a numerous spatio-temporal ship motion states and weather characteristics, leading to challenges in consumption estimation and computational efficiency. To address this, an improved weather-state lattice-based method is first proposed, taking into account the ship's seakeeping model, weather characteristics, and consumption optimal control. The optimal energy conservation trajectory considering ship course under discrete motion states and weather characteristics is determined by optimal control and defined as motion primitives. Furthermore, the graph search method combined with the motion primitives is applied to generate the optimal energy trajectories. The results indicate that the framework can generate lower-consumption trajectories by leveraging weather-induced forces. Moreover, incorporating the seakeeping model into the weather routing framework not only enhances the accuracy of energy consumption estimation but also significantly improves the manoeuvrability of the generated trajectories.
EN
The article analyzes the application of BIM (Building Information Modeling) systems in intelligent design, focusing on process and cost optimization in construction. The authors discuss the benefits of implementing BIM throughout the entire life cycle of a building, from the pre-design phase to operation. BIM enables rapid concept analysis, supports interdisciplinary collaboration, streamlines cost estimation, and improves construction management. During the operational phase, BIM supports efficient facility management through real-time data collection and updates. The authors emphasize that the future of construction lies in integrating BIM with technologies such as IoT, artificial intelligence, and augmented reality. Despite the low level of BIM adoption in Polish companies, the trend of digitalization in construction is inevitable, and firms effectively implementing these technologies will gain a competitive advantage.
PL
Artykuł analizuje zastosowanie systemów BIM (Building Information Modeling) w inteligentnym projektowaniu, koncentrując się na optymalizacji procesów i kosztów w budownictwie. Autorzy omawiają korzyści płynące z wdrożenia BIM w całym cyklu życia obiektu budowlanego, od fazy przedprojektowej po eksploatację. BIM umożliwia szybką analizę koncepcji, wspiera współpracę międzybranżową, usprawnia kosztorysowanie i zarządzanie budową. W fazie eksploatacji BIM wspiera efektywne zarządzanie obiektem poprzez gromadzenie i aktualizację danych w czasie rzeczywistym. Autorzy podkreślają, że przyszłość budownictwa leży w integracji BIM z technologiami takimi jak IoT, sztuczna inteligencja i rozszerzona rzeczywistość. Mimo niskiego stopnia wdrożenia BIM w polskich firmach trend digitalizacji budownictwa jest nieunikniony, a firmy skutecznie implementujące te technologie zyskają przewagę konkurencyjną.
PL
W artykule omówiono potencjał zastosowania koksu wzbogaconego biokomponentami jako innowacyjnego rozwiązania na rzecz zrównoważonego rozwoju przemysłu hutniczego. Wskazano, że dodatek biomasy, takiej jak drewno, odpady roślinne czy biooleje, umożliwia częściowe zastąpienie węgla kopalnego, co skutkuje redukcją śladu węglowego w procesach metalurgicznych. Przeanalizowano wpływ biomasy na kluczowe właściwości koksu, w tym na jego plastyczność, wytrzymałość mechaniczną oraz właściwości reologiczne. Podkreślono również korzyści środowiskowe wynikające z ograniczenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych oraz wsparcia gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego poprzez wykorzystanie odnawialnych surowców lokalnych. Jednocześnie zwrócono uwagę na wyzwania technologiczne, takie jak konieczność optymalizacji parametrów procesu koksowania oraz zapewnienie ciągłej dostępności biomasy w konkurencyjnej cenie. Artykuł uwypukla znaczenie regulacji prawnych, takich jak Europejski Zielony Ład, oraz podkreśla potrzebę intensyfikacji badań i rozwoju technologii umożliwiających lepszą integrację biokomponentów w istniejących procesach produkcyjnych, równocześnie spełniając wysokie wymagania przemysłowe.
EN
The article analyses the potential of using coke enriched with biocomponents as an innovative solution supporting the sustainable development of the steel industry. It is indicated that the addition of biomass, such as wood, plant waste or bio—oils, allows for partial replacement of coal, which leads to a reduction of the carbon footprint in metallurgical processes. The impact of biomass on the key properties of coke, including its plasticity, mechanical strength and rheological properties is discussed. The environmental benefits resulting from the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and support for the circular economy through the use of renewable local N materials are also presented. At the same time, attention is drawn to technological challenges, such as the need optimize the parameters of the coking process and ensure the constant availability of biomass at a competitive price. The article emphasizes the importance of legal regulations, such as the European Green Deal, and the need for further research and development of technologies that will enable better integration of biocomponents in existing production processes, while meeting high industrial requirements.
PL
Przegląd podstawowych pojęć i wymogów zrównoważonego rozwoju w warunkach chińskich wraz z 12 odniesieniami literaturowymi. Przeanalizowano konkretne zastosowania, funkcjonalność i wartości zielonej technologii chemicznej. Uwzględniono również dobór surowców i katalizatorów, czystą produkcję, optymalizację procesów biotechnologicznych i ochronę środowiska.
EN
A review, with 12 refs., of fundamental concepts and requirements of sustainable development under Chinese conditions. Specific applications, functionalities, and values of green chem. technol. were examd. Selection of raw materials and catalysts, clean prodn., biotechnol. process optimization and environmental protection were also taken into consideration.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienie harmonogramowania budowlanego, wieloobiektowego przedsięwzięcia drogowego. Podczas wykonywania robót w takich przedsięwzięciach występują możliwości częściowego zazębiania się kolejnych czynności w obiektach. Ze względu na potrzebę maksymalnego skrócenia czasu zajęcia pracami budowlanymi poszczególnych obiektów zakłada się w nich ciągłość wykonywania robót. Założenia te prowadzą do zadania optymalizacyjnego polegającego na poszukiwaniu optymalnej kolejności wykonywania obiektów, która minimalizuje czas trwania przedsięwzięcia. W artykule to zagadnienie z powodzeniem rozwiązano za pomocą algorytmu przeszukiwania genetycznego i zilustrowano przykładem praktycznym.
EN
The article presents the issue of scheduling a multiunit road construction project. During the execution of works in such projects, there is a possibility of partial overlapping of successive activities in the units. Due to the need to maximally shorten the time of occupancy with construction works of the units, continuity of the works is assumed in them. These assumptions lead to the optimization task consisting in finding the optimal order of execution of the units that minimizes the duration of the project. In the article, this issue was successfully solved using a genetic search algorithm and illustrated by a case study.
EN
The modern global milk processing industry involves the use of innovations and optimization of existing industry management methods, which contributes to the realization of sustainable development and energy efficiency. Increasing the energy efficiency of dispersing and homogenizing milk and dairy products can contribute to the practical implementation of the philosophy of the "European Green Deal". The jet-slot milk homogenizer is one of the most energy-efficient among all types of homogenizers in the dairy industry. The principle of its operation is based on the creation of a maximum speed difference between the fat balls of cream and the flow of skimmed milk. This makes it possible to obtain a high degree of dispersion with high energy efficiency of the process. Reducing the specific energy consumption and finding the optimal parameters of the homogenizer were based on the results of both theoretical and experimental studies and were carried out graphically. The optimization criteria (decreasing specific energy consumption while maintaining high homogenization quality) were chosen to achieve a dispersion of 0.8 μm with minimal energy consumption. The diameter of the confusor is optimized at the point of greatest narrowing. The obtained results indicate that to increase the energy efficiency of homogenization, the parameter values should be within 3.5–4.0 mm. The parameters of the width of the ring gap, the fat content and the speed of the cream are optimized. The results showed that it is possible to reduce the specific energy intensity of the process to values of 0.88–0.92 kWh/t when using cream with a fat content of 33–43%, which should be fed through an annular gap with a width of 0.6–0.8 mm. Optimum values of the cream feed speed were found, which should be equal to 7–11 m/s. The research results are of high practical value for the further development of an energy-efficient industrial model of a jet-slot homogenizer.
EN
The aim of the work is to present innovative solutions for concrete stay-in-place formwork reinforced with GFRP (glass fiber reinforced polymer) bars for the construction of a bridge deck. Two types of stay-in-place formwork were developed: the first nonstructural, constituting only a technological facilitation, and the second cooperating with the bridge deck rods. The clear spans for the given types of stay-in-place formwork are 1.5 m and 3.4 m, and their thickness are 4 cm and 7 cm, respectively. The dimensions of stay-in-place formwork may be modified depending on the specific support system on the steel frame. Before being implemented in the bridge deck, the concrete stay-in-place formworks were tested in technological conditions of construction or tested in the laboratory. The first type of stay-in-place formwork was implemented in a composite steel-concrete bridge with a 52 m length frame scheme, and the second type of stay-in-place formwork was implemented in a composite steel-concrete bridge with a continuous beam scheme with a total length of 200 m.
PL
W artykule przedstawiono innowacyjne rozwiązania betonowych deskowań traconych zbrojonych prętami GFRP (polimer zbrojony włóknem szklanym) do budowy płyty pomostowej. Opracowano dwa rodzaje deskowań: pierwsze niekonstrukcyjne, stanowiące jedynie ułatwienie technologiczne oraz drugie współpracujące z prętami płyty pomostu. Rozpiętość w świetle podanych deskowań wynosi 1,5 i 3,4 m, a ich grubość odpowiednio 4 i 7 cm. Wymiary deskowania traconego mogą podlegać modyfikacji w zależności od układu podparcia na ruszcie stalowym. Przed wdrożeniem do płyty pomostowej deskowania betonowe zostały przetestowane w warunkach technologicznych budowy lub laboratoryjnie. Pierwszy rodzaj deskowania zaimplementowano w moście zespolonym stalowo‑betonowym o schemacie ramy długości 52 m, a drugi w moście zespolonym stalowo‑betonowym o schemacie belki ciągłej łącznej długości 200 m.
EN
Aerospace components use AMS 5643 stainless steel as a raw material. Material toughness and hardness are challenges in the roughing machining process on CNC lathes. We designed experiments combining Taguchi-Response Surface Method to optimize multi-response: cycle time, material removal rate, and cutting power. This study uses CAM Espirit TNG and Celos Tech software simulations as an experimental approach. Confirmation test results show that changing process parameters in simulation software is able to produce a response that is close to reality. This research succeeded in identifying the contribution of machining process factors and finding parameters with optimal multi-response.
PL
Optymalizacja procesów w przemyśle farmaceutycznym jest zagadnieniem słusznie zyskującym na znaczeniu. Wzrasta też zainteresowanie sposobami podnoszenia efektywności procesów wytwórczych, w tym operacji realizowanych w laboratoriach kontroli jakości. Czy laboratorium mikrobiologiczne również stanowi płaszczyznę dla optymalizacji?
EN
The industry has suffered major chromium wastewater issues. Chromium is a heavy metal that can threaten both nature and people’s health. Adsorption is a simple, environmentally friendly, and effective process for removing chromium from wastewater. Iron sand is an alternate adsorbent that can adsorb chromium. The iron sand in this research originated from Sukabumi, Indonesia, with a hematite content of 63.335%. The goal of this study is to evaluate the adsorption mechanism of hematite based on adsorbent weight, Cr(VI) initial concentration, pH of the solution, and contact time. This study was conducted experimentally throughout multiple phases. First, hematite was characterized using XRD, BET, FTIR and XRF to assess crystal structure, mineral composition, surface area, functional groups and the percentage of hematite in iron sand. Subsequently, the pH and contact time were optimized. The highest adsorption capacity is then determined using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The study found that hematite has a surface area before and after adsorption of 619.486 m2/g and 334.783 m2/g, with XRD peaks at 2θ = 33.037° and 35.357°, Fe-O bonds with a wavelength of 647.17 cm-1 and hematite content of 63.335%. Optimal Cr(VI) adsorption occurs at pH 1, with a contact time of 120 minutes, Cr(VI) concentration of 50 mg/L, 5.0 g mass of hematite, with an adsorption capacity (Qe), and adsorption efficiency (%) of 3.83 mg/g and 75.95%. The Freundlich isotherm model accurately represents adsorption, revealing a heterogeneous surface. The linear equation of the Freundlich curve is Log Qe = 0.1152 Log Ce + 0.6376, R2 = 0.9999, with the value of adsorption capacity (kf) = 4.3411 mg/g and adsorption intensity (n) = 8.681. The enthalpy of adsorption (ΔHads) at a concentration of 20 mg/L, 2.5 g, pH 3, and 30 minutes is -95.852 kJ/mol, indicating chemisorption.
EN
The paper discusses the key aspects of the development of a frequency-controlled direct current to alternating current (DC-AC) converter based on a microcontroller. Electric energy converters play an important role in ensuring energy stability, especially in the conditions of frequent and unpredictable power outages, which are characteristic of Ukraine. Emphasis is placed on improving the parameters of the inverter to increase its efficiency, stability of operation, and the possibility of using alternative energy sources, such as batteries and solar panels. The work investigates the structure and principle of operation of the inverter, which includes such main components as a direct current source, a MOSFET bridge, a low-frequency filter, and an output transformer. A voltage frequency control circuit using an ATmega328P microcontroller is proposed, which allows for maintaining a stable output voltage under conditions of changing input voltage parameters. The research methodology involved conducting an experimental analysis based on a symmetric non-composite Box-Benkin plan, which made it possible to optimize the design of the device. In particular, the influence of the parameters of the secondary winding of the transformer, the power of the transistors, and the input voltage on the output power of the device was studied. The obtained results demonstrated the efficiency of the device with a rational choice of element base. In the course of the research, a mathematical model of the process of optimizing the converter parameters was developed. It was concluded that increasing the power of field-effect transistors and changing the geometrical parameters of the transformer contribute to increasing the performance of the device. Prospects for further research include modernization of the microcontroller software, integration of protective sensors, and adaptation of the device to work with different types of loads.
PL
W artykule omówiono kluczowe aspekty rozwoju przetwornicy prądu stałego na prąd przemienny (DC-AC) sterowanej częstotliwościowo na bazie mikrokontrolera. Przetwornice energii elektrycznej odgrywają ważną rolę w zapewnieniu stabilności energetycznej, zwłaszcza w warunkach częstych i nieprzewidywalnych przerw w dostawie prądu, które są charakterystyczne dla Ukrainy. Nacisk położono na poprawę parametrów przetwornicy w celu zwiększenia jej sprawności, stabilności pracy i możliwości wykorzystania alternatywnych źródeł energii, takich jak baterie i panele słoneczne. W pracy zbadano strukturę i zasadę działania przetwornicy, która obejmuje takie główne elementy, jak źródło prądu stałego, mostek MOSFET, filtr niskiej częstotliwości i transformator wyjściowy. Zaproponowano obwód sterowania częstotliwością napięcia z wykorzystaniem mikrokontrolera ATmega328P, który umożliwia utrzymanie stabilnego napięcia wyjściowego w warunkach zmieniających się parametrów napięcia wejściowego. Metodyka badań obejmowała przeprowadzenie analizy eksperymentalnej opartej na symetrycznym niekompozytowym planie Boxa-Benkina, co pozwoliło na optymalizację konstrukcji urządzenia. W szczególności zbadano wpływ parametrów uzwojenia wtórnego transformatora, mocy tranzystorów i napięcia wejściowego na moc wyjściową urządzenia. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały wydajność urządzenia przy racjonalnym wyborze bazy elementów. W toku badań opracowano model matematyczny procesu optymalizacji parametrów przekształtnika. Stwierdzono, że zwiększenie mocy tranzystorów polowych i zmiana parametrów geometrycznych transformatora przyczyniają się do zwiększenia wydajności urządzenia. Perspektywy dalszych badań obejmują modernizację oprogramowania mikrokontrolera, integrację czujników ochronnych i dostosowanie urządzenia do pracy z różnymi typami obciążeń.
PL
Praca jest kontynuacją artykułu [1] w którym przedstawiono nowy sposób klasyfikowania multizbiorów liczbowych po ich posortowaniu i narzuceniu ograniczenia na sumę elementów jego podzbiorów, co w efekcie pozwoliło wprowadzić podział na klasy abstrakcji (nazwane ”cięciem”) w zbiorze indeksów elementów badanego multizbioru przy zachowaniu warunków problemu. W prezentowanej obecnie czytelnikowi pracy pokazano, że przekształcenia nie wyprowadzające poza daną klasę abstrakcji (cięcie) stanowią szerszą klasę niż przekształcenia liniowe. Dla ułatwienia lektury, zacytowano konieczne definicje i twierdzenia bez dowodów.
EN
The work is a continuation of the article [1] in which a new method of classifying numerical multisets was presented after sorting them and imposing a restriction on the sum of elements of its subsets, which in effect allowed for introducing a division into abstraction classes (called “cut”) in the set of indexes of elements of the multiset under study while maintaining the conditions of the problem. In the work presented to the reader now, it was shown that transformations that do not go beyond a given abstraction class (cut) constitute a broader class than linear transformations. To facilitate reading, necessary definitions and theorems without proofs were quoted.
EN
Background: With the growing advances in the digital world, software development demands are increasing at an exponential rate. To ensure reliability of the software, high-performance tools for bug report analysis are needed. Aim: This paper proposes a new “Iterative Software Reliability” model based on one of the most recent Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) approach. Method: The proposed iterative failure rate model assumes thatnew functionality enhancement occurs in each iteration of software development and accordingly design modification is made at each stage of software development. In terms of defects, testing effort, and added functionality, these changing needs in each iteration are reflected in the proposed model using iterative factors. The proposed model has been tested on twelve Eclipse and six JDT software failure datasets. Proposed model parameters have been estimated using a hybrid swarm – evolutionary algorithm. Results: The proposed model has about 32% and 55% improved efficiency on Eclipse and JDT datasets, respectively, as compared to other models like Jelinski Moranda Model, Shick–Wolverton Model, Goel Okumotto Imperfect Model, etc. Conclusion: In each analysis done, the proposed model is found to be reaching acceptable performance and could be applied on other software failure datasets for further validation.
EN
In industry, the search for reducing energy consumption directly impacts the manufacturing sectors due to the high power consumption required for their processes. Thus, studies on machining centers that identify factors impacting this demand, while maintaining the quality of the surface finish on manufactured parts, are essential. The objective of this paper is to statistically analyze the influence of cutting parameters on energy consumption and surface finish on a Leadwell V40 iT machining center. A design of experiments (DOE) was developed using Minitab® software, with the depth of cut, spindle speed, and feed rate as input parameters. Each experiment was programmed using SprutCAM, measuring energy consumption and surface finish. The data obtained were statistically analyzed to determine the influence of the cutting parameters on the response variables, individually and in combination. The results show that the most critical factor for both responses is the depth of cut, with an F-value of 93.71 for surface finish and 36.20 for energy consumption, both presenting a P-value near zero. The composite analysis, aimed at optimizing the cutting parameters, shows an accuracy of 96.49% in minimizing these parameters.
EN
The news predicted that all areas would have experienced significant disruptions from the start of the COVID-19 health crisis. At the economic scale of manufacturing companies, supply chains have been much more disrupted, which has often been justified by delays in delivery schedules. The results were considered to be harmful and had a negative influence on productive systems. By choosing the textile sector, our study began with an analysis of the information and communication systems of a limited number of companies; from the results of this analysis, we concluded that the fragility of these systems was the reason for the inabilities of certain supply chains to maintain their stability during the crisis. So, the solution to remedy this type of problem was to propose an e-sourcing platform that connects all of the companies that are active in this sector and those who are in direct contact with them to create a web network where the procurement procedures are similar – starting with the search for suppliers, and going as far as signing contracts online with a view of this research.
EN
To acquire raw materials and distribute products, agri-food processing companies need to operate at long distances, which is associated with high energy costs and an increased negative impact on the natural environment. Many methods have been developed to reduce energy consumption in transport. One approach that stands out is optimization of transport routes, which provides benefits while incurring hardly any extra costs. In this paper, an attempt was made to modify the ILS-RVND metaheuristic by adjusting its components to the specific character of the problem being solved so that they could yield the expected results with regard to the quality of returned solutions and the time in which they were generated. A group of local search algorithms, Swap (2-1), Cross-exchange (2-1), 3-opt, Or-opt (2) and Displacement, were analyzed. The results of this analysis were used to formulate the final version of the metaheuristic. The efficiency of the algorithm was evaluated using test cases. The solutions generated by the metaheuristic produced considerable improvement in the objective function (70.99% on average) and were obtained within an acceptable time (on average 24.66 CPU seconds).
PL
Pozyskiwanie surowców i dystrybucja produktów wymaga od przedsiębiorstw przetwórstwa rolno-spożywczego pokonywania znacznych odległości, co wiąże się z wysokimi wydatkami energetycznymi oraz zwiększonym negatywnym oddziaływaniem na środowisko. Opracowano wiele metod mających na celu ograniczenie zużycia energii w transporcie. Jednym z wyróżniających się podejść jest optymalizacja tras przejazdów, która zapewnia znaczne korzyści przy ograniczonych nakładach. W pracy podjęto próbę modyfikacji metaheurystyki ILS-RVND poprzez dostosowanie jej elementów do specyfiki rozpatrywanego problemu w celu osiągnięcia poprawy jakości zwracanych rozwiązań oraz skrócenia czasu ich generowania. Przeanalizowano grupę algorytmów przeszukiwania lokalnego: Swap (2-1), Cross-exchange (2-1), 3-opt, Or-opt (2) oraz Displacement. Wyniki wykorzystano do określenia ostatecznej postaci metaheurystyki. Efektywność algorytmu oceniano przy użyciu przypadków testowych. Rozwiązania generowane przez metaheurystykę przynosiły znaczną poprawę funkcji celu (średnio 70,99%) i były otrzymywane w akceptowalnym czasie (średnio 24,66 sekundy CPU).
EN
n the ever-evolving landscape of smart city applications and Intelligent Transport Systems, Vehicular Edge Computing emerged as a game-changing technology. Imagine a world where computational resources are no longer restricted to distant cloud servers but are brought nearer to the vehicles and users. Task offloading enables the computation in edge and cloud server. This proximity not only minimizes network latency but also enables a unfold of vehicles to process tasks at the edge, offering a swift and interactive response to the scenarios of applications with delay sensitivity. To deal with this constraint, an integrated methodology is utilized to enhance the offloading process. The proposed system integrates the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA). The integrated system optimizes task allocation by exploring the solution space effectively and ensuring efficient resource utilization while minimizing latency. In the evaluation, PSO+GA exhibits enhanced adaptability to varying task sizes, facilitating efficient offloading to the edge as needed. Energy efficiency varies between the algorithms, with PSO+GA generally showing minimal energy consumption. When compared to already existing algorithms such as Energy aware offloading, no offloading and random offloading, PSO+GA outperformed these algorithms in system performance and less energy consumption by a factor of 1.18.
EN
This study aims to optimize the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding parameters for joining AISI 316L stainless steel and Cu-ETP copper using 309L stainless steel filler rods. Welding dissimilar materials is challenging due to their significant differences in thermal and mechanical properties. The high thermal conductivity of Cu-ETP copper leads to rapid heat dissipation, causing uneven heat distribution at the weld interface. To address this issue, the research team applied a 1 mm offset of the welding torch toward the copper side to balance the heat input. They employed statistical analyses using ANOVA and the Taguchi method to determine the optimal process parameters. The results showed that the optimal welding current, welding speed, and gas flow for achieving high tensile strength (Rm) are 90 A, 0.5 mm/s, and 12 l/min, respectively. Among these, welding speed emerged as the most significant factor, influencing 48.74% of the weld characteristics. Mechanical testing confirmed that these parameters produced high-quality welds. Metallurgical analysis revealed minimal diffusion between the materials, preserving their distinct properties while minimizing the formation of undesirable intermetallic phases. These results highlight the effectiveness of TIG welding in creating robust joints between AISI 316L stainless steel and Cu-ETP copper for applications requiring a combination of both materials' properties.
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