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1

Granice miejskości w strukturze prywatnej urbanizacji. Port Ghalib jako studium przypadku

Misiuk Karolina

Builder

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2025

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R.29, nr 12

68--71

PL

Artykuł analizuje Port Ghalib (Egipt) jako przykład przestrzeni miejskiej rozwijanej poza systemem planowania publicznego. Celem opracowania jest ocena, w jakim stopniu struktury urbanistyczne tworzone i zarządzane przez sektor prywatny mogą pełnić funkcje właściwe dla miasta w sensie społecznym. Badanie przeprowadzono jako jakościowe studium przypadku, obejmujące obserwację uczestniczącą, analizę dokumentów planistycznych oraz porównanie z innymi prywatnymi miastami turystycznymi w Egipcie. Interpretacja została osadzona w ramach teoretycznych dotyczących prywatnej urbanizacji, użytkownika tymczasowego i ograniczonej miejskości. Wyniki wskazują, że mimo zastosowania miejskich form przestrzennych Port Ghalib w ograniczonym zakresie spełnia funkcje społeczne właściwe dla klasycznych struktur miejskich. Dominacja użytkowników tymczasowych oraz reglamentowany dostęp sprzyjają społecznej fragmentaryzacji. Port Ghalib stanowi przykład quasi-miejskiej struktury o zredukowanej miejskości. Wskazuje to na konieczność dalszych badań nad społecznymi konsekwencjami prywatnych form urbanizacji, zwłaszcza w kontekście krajów Globalnego Południa.

EN

The article analyses Port Ghalib (Egypt) as an example of an urban space developed outside the public planning system. The aim of the study is to assess to what extent urban structures created and managed by the private sector can fulfil the functions typical of a city in a social sense. The research was conducted as a qualitative case study, including participant observation, analysis of planning documents, and comparison with other private tourist cities in Egypt. The interpretation is grounded in theoretical frameworks related to private urbanisation, temporary users, and limited urbanity. The findings indicate that, despite the application of urban spatial forms, Port Ghalib does not fulfil the basic social functions characteristic of cities. The dominance of temporary users and the regulated access contribute to social fragmentation. Port Ghalib represents a quasi-urban structure characterised by reduced urbanity. This points to the need for further research on the social consequences of private forms of urbanisation, particularly in the context of the Global South.

2

First seasons of work and research of the Polish-Egyptian Conservation Mission El Darazya – Marina el-Alamein (architecture, archaeology, conservation)

Czerner Rafał, Bąkowska-Czerner Grażyna, Zambrzycki Piotr

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2024

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Nr 79

9--18

EN

The newly established Polish-Egyptian Conservation Mission began work in 2021 and 2022 at the El Darazya – Marina el-Alamein archaeological site. In addition to conservation, architectural and archaeological research of the Hellenistic-Roman relics preserved here was undertaken. The site is located on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, on ancient trade routes 100 km west of Alexandria. Some accounts by ancient geographers may have referred to it. The ancient ruins at the site were also mentioned by travellers of the early nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Egyptian archaeologists preserved the remains in 2006. The work presented here is the first undertaken since then. Walls of numerous structures have been identified at the site, among them residential houses with a Greek oikos-type layout. Large underground water cisterns also stand out. Very well-preserved remnants of underground military structures from the Second World War and the Battle of El Alamein complete the picture of the site.

PL

Nowo utworzona Polsko-Egipska Misja Konserwatorska rozpoczęła pracę w 2021 i 2022 r. na stanowisku archeologicznym El Darazya – Marina el-Alamein. Oprócz konserwacji podjęto badania architektoniczne i archeologiczne zachowanych tu reliktów hellenistyczno- rzymskich. Miejsce zlokalizowane jest na śródziemnomorskim wybrzeżu Egiptu, na starożytnych szlakach handlowych 100 km na zachód od Aleksandrii. Do niego być może odnosiły się niektóre relacje starożytnych geografów; starożytne ruiny w tym miejscu wspominali też podróżnicy z pierwszej połowy XIX i XX w. Egipscy archeolodzy zabezpieczyli pozostałości w 2006 r. Prezentowane w artykule prace są pierwszymi podjętymi od tego czasu. Na stanowisku zidentyfikowano mury licznych struktur, wśród nich domów mieszkalnych o greckim układzie typu oikos. Wyróżniają się również wielkie podziemne cysterny na wodę. Obrazu stanowiska dopełniają bardzo dobrze zachowane pozostałości podziemnych struktur militarnych z czasu II wojny światowej i bitwy pod El-Alamein.

3

The Yom Kippur War revisited : did the West fall victim to Soviet strategic deception?

Smyrgała Dominik

Kwartalnik Bellona

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2024

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Nr 4

113--122

EN

The article sums up the reasons for the intelligence failure of Israel’s IDI before the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War. Based on the deliberations of several analysts, the author concludes that although the event is well investigated from the Israeli perspective and the psychological and systemic reasons indicated are convincing, the available works do not explain all the aspects of the strategic surprise the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) fell victim to. The analyses related to the work of intelligence of the invaders, the possible deception of the Israeli political and military leadership’s mindset, and the broader context of the Cold War are still missing.

PL

Autor analizuje przyczyny niepowodzeń izraelskich służb wywiadowczych przed wybuchem wojny Jom Kippur. Konkluduje, że choć wydarzenie to jest dobrze zbadane z izraelskiej perspektywy, a wskazane przyczyny psychologiczne i systemowe są przekonujące, dostępne prace nie wyjaśniają wszystkich aspektów strategicznego zaskoczenia Sił Obronnych Izraela (IDF). Wciąż brakuje analiz dotyczących pracy wywiadu przeciwnika, możliwego zmylenia izraelskiego przywództwa politycznego i wojskowego oraz szerszego kontekstu zimnej wojny.

4

Thermal Diffusivity Prediction from P-Wave Velocity and Porosity Assessment for Sandstone Reservoirs

El Sayed Abdel Moktader A., El Sayed Nahla A.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

115--123

EN

Petrophysical heterogeneities of sandstone reservoirs which are generated by rock internal variability resounded to the magnitude of the rock thermal diffusivity. This is expected mostly to variation of rock density, porosity, reservoir temperature and its thermal conductivity. New methodology for calculating thermal diffusivity in a sandstone rock formation is intended and effectively employed some laboratory thermophysical measurements for sandstone reservoirs. The proposed petrophysical model establishes thermal diffusivity if both the effective porosity and acoustic (compressional) wave velocity of the rock are known. Some reliable petrophysical models (El Sayed, 2011 and Ahmed, 2019) concerned to both the Baharyia (Egypt) and Szolnok (Hungary) sandstone formations are used with only some modifications to build an innovative nomography. It permitted precise quantification and determination of the thermal diffusivity for both dry and saturated sandstone samples normalized to reservoir temperature (300K-1060 K). Verification of the proposed model is achieved with applying study cases of laboratory measured thermophysical properties (i.e., porosity, thermal diffusivity/or conductivity and longitudinal wave velocity) for different sandstone types, geological ages and geographic locations. A regression analysis of thermal diffusivity between laboratory measured and predicted data for dry (Ҡ-dry) rock samples yield a plausible coefficient of correlations as (R =0.73; 0.86 and 0.98) for three different sandstones obtained from Permo-Carboniferous in Germany (Aretz, 2016) and of dissimilar geologic age in Switzerland (Pimienta, 2018) respectively while, the average standard error equals 0.011. Then again, the laboratory measured and predicted thermal diffusivity (Ҡ-sat) of saturated samples display an appropriate coefficient of correlation (R = 0.76) and average standard error (0.0089).

5

Reservoir Properties of the Jurassic Khatatba Formation: Tut Oil Field, NW-Desert, Egypt

El Sayed Abdel Moktader A., El Sayed Nahla A., Radwan A. A.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

105--113

EN

The Tut oil field is in the North-western part of the Western Desert. This work aims to study the reservoir characteristics, to evaluate the hydrocarbon potentiality of the Upper and Lower Safa Members based on the available subsurface data obtained from open-hole well log records of four wells distributed in the study area. Numerous isopach and lithofacies maps have been constructed. The petrophysical evaluation, in terms of determining reservoir net-pay thickness, shale content (Vsh), effective porosity (∅eff), water saturation (Sw) and hydrocarbon saturation (Sh), were estimated. The vertical and the lateral distribution of the reservoir characteristics, in the form of litho-saturation cross-plots, iso-parametric maps and lithologic-matrix cross-plots were constructed. Three hydrocarbon charged zones in the Khatatba Formation were defined and represented by the Upper Safa-Top, Upper Safa-Bottom and Lower Safa-Top. The upper most part of Upper Safa Member (Upper Safa-Top) reservoir represents an oil producing zone where it consists of shallow marine to alluvial sediments. The Lower most part of Upper Safa Member (Upper Safa-Bottom) reservoir represents gas producing zone where it consists of a thick alluvial sand body. Finally, the upper most part of Lower Safa Member (Lower Safa-Top) reservoir represents an oil-gas producing zone consisting of shallow marine sediments with high terrestrial input. The iso-parametric maps show that Northern and central parts of the study area are the most favorable parts for hydrocarbon accumulation due to the increase in net-pay thickness and average effective porosity and decrease in water saturation toward these parts.

6

Reservoir Characterization of the Pre-Cenomainian Sandstone: Central Sinai, Egypt

El Sayed Abdel Moktader A., El Sayed Nahla A.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

97--104

EN

Fifty-one sandstone core samples obtained from wadi Saal area. They are belonging to the Pre-Cenomanian age. These samples were subjected to various laboratory measurements such as: density, porosity, permeability, electrical resistivity, grain size analysis and ultrasonic wave velocity. The parameters describing reservoir properties are outlined. Packing index, reservoir quality index, flow zone indicator and pore throat radius (R35 and R36) were calculated. The obtained interrelationships among these parameters allowing to improve petrophysical knowledge about the Pre-Cenomanian reservoir information. The obtained rock physics models could be employed with some precautions to the subsurface existences of the Pre-Cenomanian sandstone reservoirs especially in the surrounding areas.

7

Reservoir Characterization of The Baharyia Formation, Neag-1, 2 &3 Oil Fields, Western Desert, Egypt

El Sayed Abdel Moktader A., El Sayed Nahla A., El Bagoury M. A.

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

87--95

EN

An integration was achieved between different bore holes and laboratory measured data using several petrophysical parameters of the Baharyia Formation encountered in Neag-1,2&3 oil fields. It illustrates the key control factors affecting the Baharyia reservoir quality. The obtained petrophysical relationships could be used widely in both exploration geophysics and hydrocarbon reservoir production. It provides and demonstrates solutions for both geological and geophysical engineering problems. The measured porosity and permeability are ranging from 2.5 to 32 % and 0.005 to 874 mD respectively. The influence of diagenesis on both reservoir porosity and permeability has been investigated. Pore filling minerals has been classified into four classes by XRD- analysis technique. A reliable regression equation was reached between reservoir permeability and mineral pore fillings. Several relationships among rock permeability, porosity and density obtained from open hole logs were recognized. The pore throat distribution has been laboratory measured by use of MICP technique for some selected samples. The calculated reservoir storage and flow capacity indicate four major fluid flow types which are controlled by the variations in reservoir pore space framework. Formation resistivity factor – porosity relation was accomplished under reservoir conditions, while the Archie’s 2nd equation was outlined. The Archie’s parameters (a, m &n) were calculated for shaly and clean sandstones of the Baharyia Formation. Both cation exchange capacity (CEC), Mounce potential (MP) and mercury injection capillary pressure (MICP) were measured to distinguish reservoir facies.

8

Physical Properties of Shaly - Sand Reservoirs: Saffron Field, Offshore Nile Delta, Egypt

El Sayed Nahla A., Moktader El Sayed Abdel A., Moselhy Osama

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

77--86

EN

The Saffron gas Field is in the Scarab-Saffron Development Lease in the offshore Nile Delta. It was discovered by the Saffron-1 exploration well drilled in 1998 and appraised by Saffron-2 and Sapphire-3 wells. Saffron is a stacked channel system and consists of 6 different reservoirs with differing levels of connectivity between them. It can be interpreted as deep-water canyon fill deposits on a delta-front slope. Some physical properties of 4 full diameter core samples (approximatly164 core plugs) obtained from the Saffron-2 borehole were petrophysically analysed. Helium porosity, horizontal and vertical permeability, grain density and electrical resistivity were laboratory measured. Several bivariant plots were accomplished such as porosity- permeability; grain density, formation resistivity factor; cementation exponent and Winsaur’s multiplier (a) as well. Several regression line equations with robust coefficient of correlations were obtained to be used for reservoir characterization. On the other hand, numerous frequency histograms were built for most of the measured reservoir parameters to determine their type of distribution and other statistical parameters. Some important relations like cementation exponent versus multiplier (a) are performed which improves Archie’s general equation and subsequently the reservoir fluid saturation (Sw and/or Sh). The lack of stratification in sedimentary section represented by core numbers 4&5 of Saffron-2 well have severe consequences on measured reservoir parameters especially exposed by the porositypermeability relation.

9

A geophysical investigation of the urban-expanding area over the seismologically active Dahshour region, Egypt

Arafa-Hamed Tarek, Marzouk Hossam, Elbarbary Samah, Abdel Zaher Mohamed

Acta Geophysica

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2024

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Vol. 72, no. 2

743--757

EN

Western Desert region between Cairo and Fayoum in Egypt is a geologically interesting area due to its active seismicity status and the continuous bidirectional urban expansions ongoing northward and southward growth. This work aims to develop a geological model of the region by combining magnetic intensity data (aeromagnetic) and potential field data (airborne gravity) with magnetotelluric (MT) data to offer decision-makers an additional evaluation tool for long-term future planning. Applying a number of filters to aerial gravity and magnetic data allowed us to calculate the subsurface density distribution and structure of the area between Cairo and Fayoum. In addition, the surface of the crust was imaged down to a depth of 6 km using a 3-D inversion of gravity data. Magnetotelluric data were gathered at eight locations over the NS-extended Cairo-Fayoum Road profile. MT data were inverted in 2-D to generate a resistivity model that defines the subsurface structure of the researched region. The subsurface geometry in the MT-derived resistivity model agrees with the results of airborne potential measurements, and no consideration was given to any faults that may have been undetected from the potential maps. Long-term seismological observations indicated that the likely active sources of earthquakes are limited to the recognized main faults and that the ongoing “1185 buildings” construction project did not and will not cause unanticipated seismicity. The paper concludes that urban growth is secure so long as the earthquake codes are rigorously considered while planning civil projects. The northern study region must be regularly monitored for induced seismicity. On the Cairo-Fayoum Road's western side, the middle sector of the study area is the safest place for future civil developments.

10

Neogene–Quaternary paleoenvironments and kerogen assessment of the NDO B-1 well, offshore Nile Delta, Egypt, Eastern Mediterranean: palynological evidence

Mahmoud Magdy S., Deaf Amr S., El Hussieny Mennat-Allah T.

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2024

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Vol. 74, no. 3

art. no. e21

EN

Palynofacies and palynological investigations conducted on the Neogene–Quaternary succession from the NDO B-1 well, located in the offshore Nile Delta, Egypt, in the Eastern Mediterranean, suggest generally shallow marine (neritic) conditions. These environments are manifested by the overall palynofacies composition and the occurrence of dinoflagellate cysts (e.g., Spiniferites spp., Lingulodinium spp., Hystrichokolpoma spp., Homotryblium spp. and Selenopemphix spp.). Neritic environments are suggested for the lower and middle Miocene Sidi Salim, and the Pliocene to Pleistocene upper Kafr El Sheikh, El Wastani and Mit Ghamr formations, while shallower, coastal to inner neritic settings were interpreted for the late Miocene (Qawasim and Rosetta formations) and early Pliocene (Abu Madi and lower Kafr El Sheikh formations). Anoxic conditions existed during the deposition of the studied well succession, which can be seen from the occurrence of imprints of pyrite crystals and some types of oxygen-sensitive dinoflagellate cysts. The palynofacies fluctuated repeatedly between Amorphous Organic Matter (AOM)-dominated and phytoclast-dominated intervals, of kerogen types II and III, respectively. The spore coloration index (SCI) of indigenous thin-walled palynomorphs confirms thermally mature sediments, generative of dry gas and wet gas/condensates. Reworking during the deposition of the upper Sidi Salim, Qawasim and Rosetta formations is inferred from the occurrence of Cretaceous dinoflagellate cysts and pollen.

11

Application of palynomorphs and palynofacies in Early Cretaceous paleoenvironmental reconstruction; Shushan Basin, Egypt

Mahmoud Magdy, Temraz Amal, Moawad Abdel-Rahim, Khalaf Miran

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2024

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Vol. 74, no. 2

art. no. e13

EN

An integration of palynomorph and palynofacies data from the Shushan-1X well is used to infer the paleoenvironmental conditions of the Valanginian to Middle Cenomanian (Cretaceous) section of the western Shushan Basin, northern Egypt. The data obtained contribute significantly to the depositional history of the basin. The low diversity of dinoflagellate cyst assemblages, along with the dominance of land-derived spores and pollen, suggest restricted (marginal) marine environments, in contrast to their coeval representatives from the Tethyan Realm. Open marine (inner shelf) environments developed at a few horizons in the Dahab and Bahariya formations, partly contemporary with the global Aptian and Cenomanian eustatic cycles. These environments were relatively more offshore than those described in the eastern and southeastern parts of the basin. The study of total palynological organic matter (TPOM) has contributed largely to these established environmental settings. It has also allowed the recognition of redox (suboxic to anoxic) conditions and the impact of a large magnitude of terrigenous influence.

12

Rozwój niskoemisyjnej energetyki wodorowej w przemyśle energetycznym Egiptu z uwzględnieniem znaczenia kolei dla zmian w procesie dywersyfikacji źródeł pozyskiwania energii

Chmielarz Patryk, Beroud Alan

Przegląd Komunikacyjny

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2023

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R. 78, nr 6/7/8

63--70

PL

Artykuł koncentruje się na analizie jednej z kluczowych dla systemu energetycznego gałęzi jaką jest energia ze źródeł odnawialnych. Autorzy skoncentrowali się na rozważaniach obejmujących egipski sektor energetyczny. Przedstawiono możliwości i ograniczenia egipskiego sektora energetycznego w segmencie energii odnawialnej. Uwaga autorów publikacji została zogniskowana na korzyściach jakie mogą przynieść podpisane przez Egipt umowy o współpracy w aspekcie energetyki wodorowej. Przedstawiono zalety przyjętych rozwiązań w stosunku do kosztów energetyki wodorowej jako istotnej, lecz akceptowalnej wady podjęcia środków sprzyjających zwiększeniu udziału odnawialnych źródeł energii w Egipcie. Dokonano analizy kosztów na przykładach, w oparciu o przewidywania rynkowe. W artykule uwzględniono stałość definiowaną jako trwającą już dwie dekady stabilizację egipskiego sektora energetycznego, co przekłada się na reali- zację przyjętych planów oraz założeń przez to państwo.

EN

The article focuses on the analysis of one of the key area of the energy system, which is energy from renewable sources. The authors focused on considerations covering the Egyptian energy sector. Possibilities and limitations of the Egyptian energy sector in the renewable energy segment were presented. The attention has been put on the benefits that may occur from the cooperation agreements signed by Egypt in field of hydrogen based energy. The advantages of the solutions taken in opposition to the costs of hydrogen energy were presented as a significant but acceptable disadvantage in terms of the need to take measures to increase the share of renewable energy sources in Egypt. Cost analysis was performed on examples, based on market forecasts. The article takes into account the stability defined as the two decades long stabilization of the Egyptian energy sector, which translates into the implementation of the adopted plans and assumptions by this country.

13

Before implementing carbon taxes in developing countries: Egypt as a case study

El-Shennawy Tarek Ibrahim, Abdallah Lamiaa

Polityka Energetyczna

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2023

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T. 26, z. 3

81--100

EN

Carbon taxing is an efficient instrument that is implemented by several countries to reduce CO2 emissions. Taxed products and services that result in emitting CO2 in their processes will be replaced by more sustainable alternatives. Carbon taxing is associated with concerns about high energy prices that can negatively affect households and businesses. Egypt, one of the low middle-income developing countries, depends on fossil fuels to supply more than 93% of its total energy supply. In this paper, an analysis is carried out to assess the effects of a suggested carbon tax on the major carbon emitting sectors; power generation, transport and industry. The results show that the power generation sector can absorb and benefit from a suggested tax at a rate of USD 5 per ton of emitted CO2. The transport sector, which relies heavily on subsidized liquid fuels, needs an urgent reform program to remove these subsidies, which costs the country about 10 billion USD annually, and after that, the carbon tax can be introduced. The industry sector may be affected negatively by the suggested tax, due to competitiveness with non-taxed imported products. On the other hand, this tax can help this sector to be prepared to compete when exporting its products to foreign markets that apply carbon taxes. In conclusion, developing countries like Egypt need a well-planned carbon tax program that can make revenues, remove subsidies, and prepare local industries for fair competitiveness in the global market.

PL

Opodatkowanie emisji dwutlenku węgla jest skutecznym instrumentem wdrażanym przez kilka krajów w celu ograniczenia emisji CO2. Opodatkowane produkty i usługi, które prowadzą do emisji CO2 w swoich działaniach, zostaną zastąpione bardziej zrównoważonymi alternatywami. Opodatkowanie emisji dwutlenku węgla wiąże się z obawami o wysokie ceny energii, które mogą mieć negatywny wpływ na gospodarstwa domowe i przedsiębiorstwa. Egipt, jeden z krajów rozwijających się o niskim średnim dochodzie, jest uzależniony od paliw kopalnych, które dostarczają ponad 93% całkowitej energii. W niniejszym artykule przeprowadzono analizę mającą na celu ocenę wpływu proponowanego podatku węglowego na główne sektory emitujące dwutlenek węgla: energetykę, transport i przemysł. Sektor transportu, który w dużej mierze opiera się na subsydiowanych paliwach płynnych, wymaga pilnego programu reform w celu usunięcia tych dotacji, co kosztuje kraj około 10 mld USD rocznie, a następnie można wprowadzić podatek węglowy. Sugerowany podatek może mieć negatywny wpływ na sektor przemysłowy ze względu na konkurencyjność w stosunku do nieopodatkowanych produktów importowanych. Z drugiej strony, podatek ten może pomóc temu sektorowi przygotować się do konkurowania przy eksporcie swoich produktów na rynki zagraniczne, które stosują podatki węglowe. Podsumowując, kraje rozwijające się, takie jak Egipt, potrzebują dobrze zaplanowanego programu podatku węglowego, który może generować przychody, usuwać subsydia i przygotowywać lokalne branże do uczciwej konkurencyjności na rynku globalnym.

14

Britholite-(Ce) from the metaluminous granite of SW Egypt

Hassan Kamaleldin M.

Mineralogia

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2023

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Vol. 54, iss. 1

11--17

EN

Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) analyses were used to characterize britholite-(Ce) of the metaluminous granite (Proterozoic) intruded into the Nubian Formation in southwestern Egypt and having a relatively high content of radioactive elements (potassium = 4.4 wt%, thorium = 52 ppm, uranium = 10 ppm). The britholite-(Ce) studied here incorporates light rare earth elements (LREE) including lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, and neodymium as well as thorium. The mineral forms as tabular crystals in a fine-grained quartz-K-feldspar-plagioclase matrix, coexisting with other accessory minerals including biotite, zircon, clinochlore, titanite, and magnetite. Primary britholite-(Ce) usually includes titanite, zircon, and magnetite and is occasionally included in biotite. The inclusion of britholite-(Ce) in biotite suggests that the two minerals crystallized approximately coevally. Petrographical and SEM-EDS data indicate breakdown of the primary magmatic britholite-(Ce) in the samples. This study constitutes the first report for a sole presence of britholite-(Ce) as LREE phase in metaluminous granite samples from Egypt.

15

Promienie X – historia badania egipskich mumii

Urbanik Andrzej, Urbanik Monika

Inżynier i Fizyk Medyczny

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2023

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Vol. 12, nr 6

519--522

PL

Autorzy przedstawiają historię badań egipskich mumii z zastosowaniem metod radiologicznych.

EN

The authors present the history of examinations of Egyptian mummies using radiological methods.

16

Earliest cereal cultivation in Egypt recorded in the Faiyum Oasis lake deposits and its palaeoclimatic context

Welc Fabian, Marks Leszek, Milecka Krystyna

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 2

art. no. 21

EN

We determine the beginning of the Neolithic farming in northern Egypt, based on analysis of core FA-1 of lake deposits in the Faiyum Oasis in northern Egypt. Regular lamination of the early Middle Holocene lake deposits, supported by radiocarbon dating and pollen analysis, indicates the earliest occurrence of domesticated cereals at ~7.8 cal ka BP in this region. The appearance of cereals in the Faiyum region was possible due to fundamental restructuring of regional climatic conditions caused by the changing atmospheric circulation in the eastern Mediterranean region. Stronger northwestern winds were accompanied by increased precipitation in winter and enabled 3 farming phases in the Faiyum Oasis at 7.8–7.6, 7.4–7.2 and 7.0–6.8 cal ka BP, separated by arid episodes with predominant southern winds. Most probably, cereal cultivation concentrated inside local wadis to the north of the lake and was rainfall-dependent. Therefore, early Egyptian farming did not develop based on irrigation systems as commonly thought, but was rain-fed, this being possible due to marked climate change at the beginning of the Middle Holocene.

17

Integrated microfacies, macrobenthos and trace-fossil analysis of the lower‒middle Miocene succession of Gebel Gharra, Cairo-Suez District, Egypt

Mandor Mona, El Hedeny Magdy, El-Sabbagh Ahmed, Nagm Emad, Abdelaal Abdelaal, Rashwan Mohamed, Mansour Heba

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2023

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Vol. 93, No. 4

381--409

EN

The palaeoecology and palaeoenvironments of the lower–middle Miocene succession in Gebel Gharra, NW of Suez, Egypt, are interpreted, on the basis of a detailed study of microfacies, trace fossils, and macrofaunal benthic assemblages. This succession consists of a lower siliciclastic part (the Gharra Formation) and a carbonate-dominated upper part (the Geniefa Formation), corresponding to a general transgression-regression cycle. Facies characteristics indicate depositional palaeoenvironments, ranging from supratidal, lagoonal, to shoal settings on an inner ramp that was influenced proximally by clastic input. At least seven ichnotaxa were recorded in the lower Miocene Gharra Formation, representing suites of the Skolithos ichnofacies. Among them, the ichnogenus Polykladichnus is recorded for the first time in Egypt. The macrobenthic taxa identified in 13 statistical samples are grouped into five assemblages (A–E) that are described and interpreted as the remains of communities. The faunal distribution and trophic structure of most of these assemblages confirm the existence of relatively stable and low-stress conditions. However, the trophic structure of the assemblages reflects the influence of particular environmental parameters, the dissolution of aragonitic shells and/or sample-size effects. Environmental parameters, controlling the distribution of trace and/or body fossils, include substrate consistency, bathymetry, water energy, productivity level, rate of sedimentation, salinity, and oxygen availability. The results of integrated lithoand biofacies analysis confirm that the succession studied was deposited in different environmental settings, providing perfect conditions for the occurrence and preservation of trace-fossil and macrobenthos assemblages.

18

Aerodynamic investigation on the artefact “bird of Saqqara”

Zierow Michel, Lesemann Leon

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2023

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Vol. 17, no. 3

405--409

EN

Lost, technical knowledge of ancient cultures is being rediscovered in modern times during archaeological excavations. A presumed example of the innovative power of ancient cultures is the artefact “Bird of Saqqara”. In the context of this paper, the aerodynamic characteristics of the artefact are to be determined by a computational fluid simulation, in order to be able to make a statement about the actual flight suitability and to examine the theses of the pre-astronautics critically. Based on a 3D scan, a CAD model of the artefact is created and then a numerical flow simulation is performed. By varying the angle of attack, the dimensionless coefficients can be represented in corresponding polars. The results show that the artefact has a low maximum glide ratio and thus the glide properties are not sufficient for use as a handglider. The centre of gravity of the artefact is located at the trailing edge of the wing and behind the neutral point. The resulting longitudinal stability does not meet modern specifications. Asymmetric lift distribution in the spanwise direction results in uncontrolled roll. Consequently, the artefact cannot fly a straight path. Within the scope of this work, the connection between the “Bird of Saqqara” and an alleged knowledge of aerodynamics in ancient Egypt could not be confirmed.

19

Distribution and ecological risk evaluation of bioavailable phosphorus in sediments of El Temsah Lake, Suez Canal

Younis Alla M., Soliman Naglaa Farag, Elkady Eman M., Mohamedein Lamiaa I.

Oceanologia

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2022

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No. 64 (2)

287--298

EN

Phosphorus reactivity and bioavailability in lake sediments is determined by diverse fractions of phosphorus (P) and their distribution. To gain deeper insights into P dynamics in Lakes, sediments from El Temsah Lake were investigated for water soluble P (WSP), readily desorbable P (RDP), algal available P (AAP) and Olsen-P using different chemical extraction methods. Total P (TP), organic P (OP), inorganic P (IP) contents, were also investigated. The TP, OP and IP concentrations in the sediments were 598.39 µg/g, 199.76 µg/g and 398.63 µg/g, correspondingly. Concentrations of the bioavailable P in the sediments followed the order AAP (48.42 µg/g)>WSP (14.60 µg/g)>RDP (1.82 µg/g)>Olsen-P (1.50 µg/g). Pearson correlation analysis exposed that there were significant correlations among the bioavailable P fractions concentrations and the TP concentrations (r=0.83; p>0.01, r=0.94; p>0.01, r=0.62; p>0.05); for WSP, AAP, and Olsen-P respectively. Moreover, there were no obvious associations amongst total P and N, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, and OM in the sediments. The outcomes of phosphorus ecological risk assessment in sediments by single pollution standard index method revealed that the standard index of TP varied from 0.19 to 1.85. It demonstrated that the ecological pollution risks of phosphorus in El Temsah Lake sediments was comparatively low.

20

Enhancing the GDEMs of Egypt Using a Surface Subtraction Approach

El-Ashmawy Nagwa, Al-Krargy Essam

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 16, no. 3

57--77

EN

This paper proposes an enhancement approach to improve the accuracy of global Digital Elevation Models (GDEMs) in Egypt. The proposed approach is an empirical one that depends on subtracting the heights error from the original DEM. The research includes the evaluation and enhancement of SRTM-1 (SRTM v4.1), ASTER GDEM v2, and AW3D30 v2 GDEMs, in Egypt, using 980 well distributed GPS/levelling points, that cover the entire country. The GPS/levelling points are divided into 500 control and 390 check points. The results show that the root mean square error (RMSE) in the SRTM, ASTER and AW3D30 are 3.99 m, 8.81 m, and 2.98 m respectively. For enhancing purposes, two different approaches are used: a linear regression analysis approach, and the proposed empirical surface subtraction approach. The results of the linear regression analysis approach show that the accuracies are improved by 3%, 16%, and 3% for SRTM, ASTER and AW3D30 respectively. However, the accuracies are improved by 5%, 23%, and 16% for SRTM, ASTER and AW3D30 respectively when the proposed approach is followed. After using the proposed approach, the obtained accuracy of the enhanced DEM reached 2.5 m.