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1

Monitoring jakości powietrza wokół fermy bydła za pomocą mobilnego systemu pomiarowego

Jaguszewski Sebastian, Wilk Maciej, Gancarz Mateusz, Cenian Martyna, Karpińska Katarzyna, Nowakowicz-Dębek Bożena

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 7

776--779

PL

W celu określenia zasięgu rozprzestrzeniania się zanieczyszczeń gazowych prowadzono badania w fermie bydła z wykorzystaniem mobilnego systemu pomiarowego. Wykonano pomiary koncentracji amoniaku, siarkowodoru i pyłu zawieszonego. Analizowane zanieczyszczenia nie stwarzały zagrożenia dla środowiska.

EN

The content of NH₃ and H₂S as well as particulate matter PM2.5 and PM10 in the air of a cattle farm was studied using an unmanned aerial vehicle equipped with measurement sensors. The analyzed pollutants did not pose a threat to the environment.

2

Standardizing the Wastewater Composition in Order to Minimize the Eutrophication Risk for the Reservoir

Proskurnin Oleg, Tsapko Natalia, Ivashchenko Taras, Vasilenko Sergey, Belokon Karina, Zakharchenko Nikolay, Yurchenko Anatolii, Teliura Natalia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 6

144--152

EN

The article strives to determine the allowable content of nutrients in the wastewater that is being discharged into a reservoir, with the end goal of minimizing the risk of eutrophication. It was noted that the methodology currently used in Ukraine and most European countries to control pollutant discharge in wastewater is designed to simply not exceed the permissible pollution level in natural water based on sanitary indicators, which does not guarantee the absence of the eutrophication risk to the water bodies. The article describes a developed method for determining the allowable composition of wastewater based on biogenic indicators. The proposed method takes into account the consecutive transformation of nutrients, the probabilistic nature of the factors that determine the quality of water in water bodies, as well as the cost of purifying wastewater from various pollutants. The problem was considered for the case of wastewater discharge into a reservoir through a watercourse. This research is a practical scientific basis for further improving the methodology for standardization of the wastewater composition in order to protect water bodies from eutrophication.

3

Performance of Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland in Domestic Wastewater Treatment Using Different Media

Matolisi Elizabet, Damiri Nurhayati, Imanudin Momon Sodik, Hasyim Hamzah

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 3

107--119

EN

Water and land pollution is a major environmental problem. One treatment system that is suitable for use in many parts of the world is wastewater treatment from artificial wetlands. The sample source came from the Aur River, Palembang City. The vegetation used consists of water spinach, water hyacinth and lotus. This research aims to determine the influence of constracted wetlands (CW); know the differences in length of treatment; determine the differences in the effectiveness of kale, water hyacinth and lotus vegetation, and calculate the percentage reduction in concentration after treatment. The results of the research showed that the results of the analysis of the influence before and after the CW intervention on three vegetation on the parameters BOD, COD, DO, oil and fat, detergent, ammonia, and total coliform obtained the same P value, namely 0.000, meaning there was a significant influence on concentration before and after CW intervention was carried out. The results of the analysis of differences in concentration in the three vegetation groups in week-1, week-2, week-3 and week-4 on the parameters BOD, COD, DO, oil and fat, detergent and ammonia obtained the same P value, namely 0.000 (<0.05) means that there is a significant difference in concentration after the CW intervention, while the total coliform in the three vegetation groups was found to be kale vegetation 0.979 (>0.05), water hyacinth vegetation 0.972 (>0.05) and lotus vegetation 0.971 (>0,05) means there is no significant difference in concentration. The results of the analysis of kale, water hyacinth and lotus vegetation of the horizontal CW type showed that the P value of BOD, COD and DO was the same, namely 0.000, (< 0.05) meaning there was a difference, while the parameters oil and fat=0.888, detergent=0.945, ammonia=0.902 and total coliform=0.977 (>0.05) meaning there is no difference. Apart from that, there was also a decrease in concentration before and after the constracted wetlands intervention. Each vegetation group. In water spinach vegetation, it is between 86.36–562.50%, water hyacinth is between 91.30–737.50%, and lotus is between 91.30–737.50%.

4

Efficient and Eco-Friendly Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Low-Cost Adsorbents

Hamed Mohamed Ahmed Reda, Abdallah Marwa Abdelfattah

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 10

111--118

EN

The present study emphasizes the utilization ability of less expensive industrial waste adsorbents such as fly ash (FA) to adsorb heavy metals from wastewater r to remove its constituent pollutants, amazing eco-friendly technology guarantees benefits with the decrease in the formation of dangerous solid sludge. In the extended experimental work program: parameters such as pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosages were conducted. The results showed a remarkable treatment equilibrium time after two hours. From all the factors, the pH ranges from 5 to 8 significantly influenced the elimination of heavy metals removal efficiencies, and the highest achieved uptake efficiency during the whole three hours of the experiment period was found to be 93%, 90%, 85%, 79 %, 75 % and 70% for Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cd respectively with an optimum fly ash treatment dose of 15 g/L. Based on several performance metrics and visual indicators, different predictive regression-based models for wastewater heavy metals removal efficiencies were developed and compared to the experimental data. The statistical validation indicators revealed that a high correlation was obtained. In addition, the experiment’s data were utilized using the Langmuir isotherm model. The results of adsorption data were highly satisfactory statistically match providence to Langmuir heavy metals kinetics removal with mean values of 8%, 11%, and 93% for relative mean absolute error (MAE)rel, percent bias (PBIAS), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) respectively.

5

Determination of the Microorganisms’ Resistance to Antibiotics in the Bacterioplankton Community in the Akmola Region Lakes

Akbayeva Lyailya, Bakeshova Zhumabike, Mamytova Nurgul, Yelikbayev Bakhytzhan, Abzhalelov Akhan, Tazitdinova Rumiya, Beisenova Raikhan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 6

99--108

EN

The purpose of the work was to conduct biotesting for the presence of antibiotics in several lakes of the Akmola region, located in the zone of possible ingress of antimicrobial drugs into them. The adopted research method was the modified disk diffusion method, employed to determine the microorganisms’ sensitivity to the used antibiotics. As a result of the study, sensitivity to antibiotics remained in the main control lakes. The antibiotics that have not been found to be resistant to microorganisms in lakes included: enronite, furagin, cefuroxime, cefoperazone, and amikacin. The most common resistance of microorganisms 90–100% was in such antibiotics as benzylpenicillin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tylosin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, metronidazole, amikacin, and spectinomycin.

6

Analyses of Bioretention Systems for Removal of Stormwater Pollutants

Sholagberu Abdulkadir T., Nuwagaba Emmanuel, Tibenderana Philip, Terseer Ako, Bainomugisha Jonan, Twesigye-omwe Moses N., Tobby Agwe M., Oluwatosin Olofintoye O.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 8

276--285

EN

Stormwater transports directly into rivers eroded soil, animal wastes, pesticides, fertilizers and other potential pollutants. Bioretention is often designed to capture and treat it using the natural properties of soil and plants. However, selection of appropriate media structure and plants need to be adequately studied. This study investigated the performance of bioretention system in removing stormwater pollutants using Dracaena, a local plant, also called Song of India Plants. Physical model of three Columns A, B and C were developed having five layered filter media of different configurations whose materials were analyzed to meet the design standards. The plants were introduced into Columns A and C leaving out B as control experiment. The quality parameters were determined before and after treatments at ages 10, 20, 30 and 40 days when Dracaena plants were introduced into bioretention models. The results showed that the bioretention model drastically improved stormwater quality by reducing values of electrical conductivity, total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), total suspended solids (TSS) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) as compared to the tested raw stormwater samples. The filter media in both Columns A and C substantially reduced the pollutant levels to standard discharge limits for all parameters tested such as TSS, TC, FC, BOD and nitrates. BOD fell within the recommended standard after 20 days of treatment in Column C with considerable reduction in TC and FC by 68.9% and 75.4% respectively when compared to raw stormwater sample. However, Column C completely removed TC and FC at 40 days which are pathogen indicators in wastewater. This study would be useful to the stakeholders for sustainable stormwater treatment and management.

7

Selected pollutants of the aquatic environment - challenges, health hazards, and removal methods

Karbowniczek Martyna, Pajura Rebeka, Kida Małgorzata, Ziembowicz Sabina, Mikuła Karolina

Instal

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2024

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nr 12

58--64

EN

The current challenge for environmental protection is pollution from the group of emerging pollutants (ECs). Emerging contaminants are a group of highly toxic substances present in the environment at very low concentrations. These contaminants often enter aquatic ecosystems from various sources, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and industrial chemicals. Due to their bioaccumulative properties, ECs can move through the food chain, eventually reaching human bodies. Due to their bioaccumulative properties, ECs can move through the trophic chain, eventually reaching the human body. The aim of the article was to indicate the need for further research on the toxicity of these pollutants, their impact on the environment and human health, and to develop guidelines regulating their permissible concentrations. The importance of developing effective methods for removing ECs from various environmental components was also pointed out. Implementing these removal techniques, alongside regulations limiting the use of these substances, is essential to protect water quality and public health.

PL

Aktualnym wyzwaniem dla ochrony środowiska są zanieczyszczenia z grupy nowo pojawiających się zanieczyszczeń (ECs). Nowopojawiające się zanieczyszczenia to grupa silnie toksycznych substancji obecnych w środowisku w bardzo niskich stężeniach. Te zanieczyszczenia często przedostają się do ekosystemów wodnych z różnych źródeł, takich jak produkty farmaceutyczne, kosmetyki i chemikalia przemysłowe. Ze względu na właściwości bioakumulacyjne, ECs mogą przemieszczać się przez łańcuch troficzny, ostatecznie docierając do organizmu człowieka. Ich trwałość sprawia, że pozostają w środowisku przez wiele lat, co prowadzi do szkodliwych skutków dla różnych elementów ekosystemu oraz zdrowia ludzi. Celem artykułu było wskazanie potrzeb dalszych badań nad toksycznością tych zanieczyszczeń, ich wpływem na środowisko i zdrowie ludzi oraz opracowania wytycznych regulujących ich dopuszczalne stężenia. Wskazano również znaczenie opracowania skutecznych metod usuwania ECs z różnych komponentów środowiska. Wdrożenie technik usuwania tych zanieczyszczeń oraz przepisów ograniczających ich stosowanie, jest niezbędne do ochrony jakości wody i zdrowia publicznego.

8

Jednostkowa ilość komunalnych osadów ściekowych wytworzonych w aglomeracjach ujętych w sprawozdaniach KPOŚK

Kamizela Tomasz, Włodarczyk-Makuła Maria

Instal

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2024

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nr 10

43--46

PL

W artykule analizowano jednostkową ilość wytwarzanych osadów ściekowych (JIOK) w komunalnych oczyszczalniach ścieków. Badaniem objęto dane z okresu 3 lat (2020-2022) i analizowano zmienność wartości wskaźników JIOK w zależności od wydajności oczyszczalni wyrażonej w równoważnej liczbie mieszkańców (RLM). Wyniki analiz wskazują, że mniejsze oczyszczalnie (< 2 000 RLM) mają wyższe i bardziej zróżnicowane wartości JIOK, co może świadczyć o niższej efektywności procesów oczyszczania oraz większej zmienności operacyjnej. Większe jednostki (≥ 100 000 RLM) charakteryzują się niższymi i bardziej stabilnymi wartościami JIOK, co sugeruje bardziej zaawansowane i zoptymalizowane zarządzanie procesami oczyszczania i gospodarką osadową. Stwierdzono, że monitorowanie i analiza wskaźników JIOK mogą być kluczowe dla efektywnego zarządzania procesami oczyszczania ścieków. Wyniki badania wskazują na potrzebę dalszej optymalizacji procesów w mniejszych oczyszczalniach oraz stałego monitorowania efektywności usuwania zanieczyszczeń i wytwarzania osadów.

EN

The article analyses the unit quantity of sewage sludge produced (JIOK) in municipal wastewater treatment plants. The study covered data from a 3-year period (2020-2022) and analyzed the variability of JIOK indicator values as a function of treatment plant capacity, expressed in equivalent population equivalents (PE). The results of the analyses show that smaller treatment plants (< 2,000 PE) have higher and more diverse JIOK values, which may indicate lower efficiency of treatment processes and greater operational variability. Larger plants (≥ 100,000 PE) are characterized by lower and more stable SGS values, indicating more advanced and optimized management of treatment processes and sludge management. It was found that monitoring and analysis of JIOK indicators can be crucial for effective management of wastewater treatment processes. The results of the study indicate the need for further process optimization in smaller treatment plants and continuous monitoring of the efficiency of pollutant removal and sludge production.

9

Studying the Effects of Pollutants from Industrial Facilities on Soil and Plant Pollution

Albadry Noor Al-Huda Nadhim, Alawsy Wafaa Sahib Abbood

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 8

316--330

EN

Industrial facilities that participate significantly in the production of many human needs and are useful in various activities. This study evaluates the impact of an electric power generation station, an oil refinery, and a brick factory on emissions and liquid waste that pollute soil and plants with lead and cadmium in the surrounding areas. Soil samples were taken in four dimensions, with a distance of 500 m between each sample. the results showed that the levels of heavy metals analyzed were high for both lead and cadmium, as the lead concentration ranged between 150.30–22.15, 240.40–30.20, and 250.33–21.91. The results indicated the total concentration of cadmium, which ranged between (0.50–2.20) and (0.9–2.51) and (0.55–1.66) mg·Cd·kg-1 soil for each of the electric power generation station, oil refinery, and brick factories, respectively. The highest value of the pollution factor was recorded at distance of 500 m, which amounted to 11.42, which is within the range of CF ˃ 6. This indicates very high pollution. As for the distance of 2000 m, it reached 3.65, which indicates high pollution. The highest value for the environmental risk index Er with lead in the soil of brick factories was at the distance of 500 and 1000 m, as it reached 57.10 and 41.10 respectively. It was with low limits to Moderately toxic to lead and moderate to highly toxic to cadmium. However, a mechanism must be developed to reduce the concentrations of these elements, which are enriched by these industrial facilities.

10

Reducing Pollutants in Coal Wastewater with Moringa oleifera and Natural Biocoagulants Combination

Ilham Fadli M., Djoni Bustan M., Haryati Sri

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 8

232--244

EN

The wastewater treatment process for middle rank coal employed coagulation-flocculation technology with bio coagulants to efficiently reduce the concentration of contaminants. This method utilized Moringa oleifera L. seed powder as the main bio coagulant, in addition to papaya seeds (Carica papaya Linn.) and Ambon banana peel waste (Musa paradisiaca var.) as secondary bio coagulants, which are combined with the main bio coagulant. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics and effectiveness of bio coagulant compounds obtained from plants and waste materials. The study objective was also to investigate the effectiveness of combining biocoagulants derived from Moringa oleifera L., Carica papaya, and Musa paradisiaca var. in treating coal effluent. Biocoagulant is a natural alternative to chemicals like aluminum sulfate (Alum) that are detrimental to the environment. It is present in the ecosystem and serves as a substitute for these hazardous substances. The results revealed that the optimal dosage for combining bio coagulants was 1 gram per liter, with a composition ratio of 2 parts primary bio coagulant to 1 part auxiliary bio coagulant. The analysis of water pollutants showed a reduction in turbidity and total suspended solid (TSS) by 99.26% and 99.11% respectively. Additionally, there was a decrease in the levels of heavy metals iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) by 98.71% and 99.88% respectively.

11

Seasonal and Qualitative Approach of the Oued Mellègue Basin (Algeria)

Samai Ibtissem, Nebbache Saloua, Aounallah Ouafia, Ayat Somia Lakehal

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 3

184--191

EN

Water holds a particularly important place in our lives; it is a precious resource called: blue gold. Unfortunately, pollutants and pollution in general are the main causes of the degradation of the quality of water resources in the world. In this intention we have focused our research on a qualitative study of surface waters of the Oued Mellègue watershed (North East of Algeria), which is a tributary of Oued Medjerda (Souk-Ahras), whose objective is to estimate the intensity as well as the origin of the pollution that has contaminated this water course However, the results obtained reveal that the waters of this wadi are totally polluted and deteriorated, and they have lost all their physical and chemical qualities. And they become contaminated to the point that they have become harmful for the public and for the fauna and flora that shelter. So the research of solutions to the pollution of water resources must be in full swing, because the future of water is intimately linked to that of humanity. It must therefore be preserved and protected rigorously and with great accuracy.

12

Indoor Air Quality, Health Effects Resulting from Coffee Shops Smoke – Review

Al Kindi Ghayda Yaseen, Al‑Haidri Husam A.

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

67--78

EN

All over the world, people are drawn to stay most of their time in indoor environments and largely in restaurants and cafes. For this reason, the aim of this study is to provide information to decision-makers and researchers about indoor air pollution in cafes and its significant impact on people’s health. Cigarettes, hookahs, and electronic cigarettes abound in cafes frequented by young people (Most of them are school students) and some women, In addition, to minors. The main sources of pollutants in coffee shops are heating, cooling, cooking, and emissions from shisha, cigarettes, and e-cigarettes. The most common pollutants are CO, PMs, NOx, SOx, and VOCs, in addition to nicotine. Health effects appear in adults, children, and women, they affect otitis media, and heart disease for children, while it is on heart attack, nasal irritation, lung cancer, and coronary heart disease. As for its effects on the pregnant woman and the fetus, it affects reproduction and low birth weight. This review could be for environmental legislators for Iraqis, in international organizations to formulate legislation for indoor air for cafes that takes into account all sources of air pollution to create a healthy and comfortable environment. The review is also useful for cafe managers and customers to understand the potential health risks of indoor air pollution.

13

Oznaczanie zanieczyszczeń pierwiastkowych w wyrobach ceramicznych wytwarzanych z dodatkiem różnych odpadów poprodukcyjnych

Liczbińska Aleksandra Anna, Cieślik Bartłomiej Michał

Analityka : nauka i praktyka

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2023

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nr 2

22--25

PL

Niektóre odpady zawierające związki toksyczne mogą zostać immobilizowane w nierozpuszczalnej matrycy materiału poprzez zamieszanie odpadów z materiałami stanowiącymi podstawowe surowce w produkcji.

14

Analysis of the distribution of statistical concentrations of pollutants in samples of treated wastewater from small sewage treatment plants

Kaczor Grzegorz B.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2022

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no. 55

115--124

EN

The aim of the research was to show which theoretical statistical distribution best reflects and describes the variability of pollutant concentrations in treated sewage, discharged from small sewage treatment plants, characterised by a value below 2000 PE. The statistical analysis additionally takes into account the influence of the number of measuring sequence data on the shape and level of the distribution fit. The data for the research were obtained from three small sewage treatment plants, operating in the Lesser Poland, 10, 11 and 14 km from Kraków. Due to their size, these facilities are included in the group of treatment plants below 2000 PE. The research was conducted for 10 years. In the statistical analysis, 20-, 40-, 60- and 80-element data series were used, including the values of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr) and total suspended solids (TSS), determined in samples of treated wastewater. Two commonly used tests, Kolmogorov-Smirnov λ and Pearson’s χ2 test were used to assess the fit of the theoretical statistical distribution to the empirical data distribution. Statistical analysis showed that the studied communities were characterised by an asymmetric, right-oblique distribution. Most often, the empirical distribution of the analysed measurement sequences was consistent with the Fisher-Tippett distribution. On the basis of the χ2 test, this distribution was described by a total of 31 out of 36 analysed groups at the significance level of a = 0.05. Other distributions that often describe the analysed empirical data are: Gamma, log-normal, Chi-square, and Weibull. The common feature of these distributions is usually asymmetry, right oblique. The skewness value ranges from 0.15 to 1.69.

15

Selected hazards to quality of groundwater resulting from the reclamation of an open pit with waste rocks - a case study of a backfill sand mine

Niedbalska Katarzyna, Bukowski Przemysław

Górnictwo Odkrywkowe

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2022

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R. 63, nr 3

16--22

EN

The use of rock wastes after mining and processing of hard coal for reclamation of opencast workings is a common form of restoring utility functions to these areas. The origin of these wastes, their properties, petrographic and mineral composition as well as the method and time of depositing in the excavation directly affect the emissions to the soil and water environment of pollutants, which may affect the quality of groundwater in the area of the open pit and significantly affect the possibility of their economic use. On the example of CTL Maczki-Bór S.A. backfill sand mine an analysis of the leachability of selected components from post-mining wastes, differentiated in terms of their deposition time and exposure to external factors, was performed. The article presents the results of analyzes of the content of components (elements and/or ions) in the form of their concentrations in the aqueous solution and per unit of dry mass of the tested wastes. The correlation was assessed between the concentration values of selected components, obtained in laboratory tests in pore extracts, and those observed in-situ in the drainage well made in the waste dump.

PL

Stosowanie do rekultywacji wyrobisk odkrywkowych materiału skalnego stanowiącego odpad po wydobyciu i przeróbce węgla kamiennego jest powszechną formą przywracania tym terenom funkcji użytkowych. Pochodzenie tych odpadów, ich właściwości, skład petrograficzny i mineralny oraz sposób i czas deponowania w wyrobisku wpływają bezpośrednio na zakres emisji zanieczyszczeń do środowiska gruntowo-wodnego. Zanieczyszczenia te w różnym stopniu mogą kształtować jakość wód podziemnych w rejonie odkrywki i istotnie wpływać na możliwość gospodarczego ich wykorzystania. Na przykładzie kopalni piasku podsadzkowego CTL Maczki-Bór S.A. dokonano analizy wymywalności wybranych składników z odpadów pogórniczych, zróżnicowanych pod kątem czasu ich deponowania i ekspozycji na czynniki zewnętrzne. Analizie poddano zawartość składników (pierwiastków i/lub jonów) w formie ich stężeń w roztworze oraz w przeliczeniu na jednostkę suchej masy badanych odpadów. Dokonano oceny korelacji pomiędzy wartościami stężeń wybranych składników uzyskanymi w badaniach laboratoryjnych w wyciągach porowych, a obserwowanymi in-situ w studzience odciekowej wykonanej na zwałowisku skał płonnych.

16

Models of adsorption of natural contaminants from treated water for municipal purposes on powdered activated carbon

Bielski Andrzej

Technical Transactions

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2020

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Vol. 117, iss. 1

art. no. e2020006

EN

The paper investigates whether time and doses of powder activated carbon (PAC) effect adsorption rates of organic contaminants from water and proposes a new model of volume adsorption. Depending on the nature of the organic compounds present in water, a general description of the adsorption process may require a linear combination of adsorption models running at different rates and at different parameters of adsorption isotherms. The model showed a good fit with the measured data and could be used in designing adsorption units at water or wastewater treatment plants. The proposed set of model equations enables to predict the effects of PAC adsorption in both plug flow reactors and homogeneous reactors.

PL

Artykuł bada, w jaki sposób czas i dawki proszku węgla aktywnego (PAC) wpływają na szybkość adsorpcji zanieczyszczeń organicznych z wody, i proponuje nowy model adsorpcji objętościowej. W zależności od charakteru związków organicznych obecnych w wodzie ogólny opis procesu adsorpcji może wymagać liniowej kombinacji modeli adsorpcji działających z różnymi prędkościami i przy różnych parametrach izoterm adsorpcji. Model, na którym przeprowadzono badania, wpasował się w przykładowe dane, więc można go wykorzystać do projektowania jednostek adsorpcyjnych w oczyszczalniach wody lub ścieków. Proponowany zestaw równań modelowych pozwala przewidzieć skutki adsorpcji PAC zarówno w reaktorach z przepływem tłokowym, jak i reaktorach homogenicznych.

17

Emission results of combustion process of fatty acids distillation residue in an oil boiler – comparison to heavy fuel oil

Wasielewski Ryszard, Głód Krzysztof

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2020

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Vol. 29, No. 1

62--71

EN

The results of the research on energy usage of the fatty acids distillation residue are presented. Distillation residue constitutes a material of biogenic origin, which is created only as a result of physical processing of animal fats without using additional chemicals. This material exhibits similar physicochemical properties as the heavy heating oil and may be its substitute. Industrial comparative tests of combusting of distillation residue and also of the heavy heating oil in an oil boiler were conducted. The research was conducted at the rated and minimum capacities of the boiler. It has been stated that combusting of the distillation residue of the fatty acids in a tested oil boiler does not bring about any technological difficulties. No threat of the elevated emission of pollutants into the atmosphere was exhibited. Installation of the boiler fulfill all emission standards required for combustion of the liquid fuels. Combustion of fatty acids distillation residue contributes to the reduction of the previous emission of pollutants from burning of the heavy fuel oil, significantly in scope of SO2.

18

Assessment of surface water pollution in Western Bug River within the cross-border section of Ukraine

Gopchak Igor, Kalko Andrii, Basiuk Tetiana, Pinchuk Oleg, Gerasimov Ievgenii, Yaromenko Oksana, Shkirynets Viktor

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2020

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no. 46

97--103

EN

Monitoring of surface waters within the transboundary section of the Western Bug River showed, that during 2014–2018, a significant excess of the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) was observed for some substances for fish ponds. As a result of this, the water in the river for these substances was rated as “dirty” in terms of purity and corresponded to water quality class IV, namely: phosphorus was observed to exceed the MPC at the observation point Ambukіv village in 2015 (9.7 times), for manganese – an excess of the MPC at the observation point Ambukіv village in 2018 (9.7 times) and in point Zabuzhzhia village in 2014 (7.9 times), 2015 (8.0 times), 2017 (7.1 times), 2018 (8.3 times); for the total iron – the exceeding of MPC at the observation point Ambukіv village in 2016 (5.95 times) and 2017 (6.13 times); at the observation point Ustilug town in 2016 (5.23 times); in the observation point Zabuzhzhia village in 2016 (9.44 times) and 2017 (5.27 times). The assessment of the surface waters based on the determination of the pollution factor showed that during the study period their quality did not deteriorate but did not meet the norms. In general, surface waters of the river correspond to the second class of quality and are characterized as “poorly polluted” waters by the level of pollution.

19

The estimation of an anthropogenic depth boundary using the magnetic susceptibility method in Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria

Jatto Salomon Sunday, Musa Kizito O., Mojisola Usikalu R.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 1

49--56

EN

Magnetic susceptibility measurements remain one of the most reliable methods used to investigate the pollution of both surface and subsurface soil from metallic anthropogenic sources. Most of the geological rocks within the study area increase the susceptibility of the soil; however, knowing the natural background susceptibility of the parent rocks will give an idea of the anthropogenic influence on the susceptibility of the soil. This study was carried out in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria, with the aim of determining the depth of the boundary between the anthropogenic influences on soil magnetic susceptibility from those of a lithogenic origin. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out on 1,760 soil samples, collected from 220 soil profiles at a depth of 80.0 cm and at intervals of 10.0 cm. From the spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility maps at different depths, the boundary between the basement complex and the sedimentary basin was clearly demarcated. The result further shows the highest magnetic susceptibility values of 350–650 × 10−5 SI, which dominates the surface soil to a depth of 40.0 cm. At the depth of 40–50 cm, the result indicates the combination of a natural anthropogenic influence on soil magnetic susceptibility with an average of 250 × 10−5 SI. Furthermore, no evidence of layering along the depth sections was observed, suggesting that the soil profiles indicate areas mainly covered by anthropogenically influenced susceptibility, which were localized and restricted to commercial places within the state. This study reveals that the average depth of soil affected by anthropogenic pollutants is between 40–50 cm in commercial places and 20–30 cm in other places with less commercial activities.

20

Time and Space Variability of Water Quality in the Inner-city River in Lublin from the Aspect of Existing Natural and Land Use Conditions

Zubala Tomasz

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2019

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Tom 21, cz. 1

712--727

EN

The paper evaluates the variability of water quality in Lublin’s inner-city river taking into account natural and anthropogenic factors that are likely to determine its pollution level. The study period was 2009-2016. The sampling points (SP) were situated in places with different degrees of investment in and use of adjacent grounds. The physical and chemical properties of waters were analysed on a seasonal basis. The values determined for the samples included temperature, conductivity, pH, suspended solids, O2, BOD5, COD, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO4-, SO4-, Fe+, K+ and Cl-. Chemical composition was determined by means of a photometric method. The statistical Wilcoxon test was used for comparing water quality indicators for both SP s and in the cold and warm season. In 2013-2016 water levels and flow intensity (indirect, sectional method) were also measured at the mouth of the river. Most of the analysed indicators were characterised by the coefficient of variation exceeding 50%. The values were relatively highly differentiated for NH4+, suspended solids, PO4-, BOD5and NO3- (73.8-282.1%). On the other hand, low variability was observed for pH, O2, SO4-and Fe+ (3.2-41.9%). The indicators that considerably deteriorated the quality of water in the river were NO2-, PO4-and Fe+ (risk of eutrophication). Considering the mean concentrations of pollutants and flow intensity (0.34 m3×s-1), the annual discharge of NO2-and PO4-from the catchment could reach 1.39 and 5.15 Mg respectively. Worse water quality was recorded at the mouth of the river where the adjacent grounds were highly urbanised. This phenomenon can testify to a growing number of pollution sources down the river. Detailed observations confirmed that many considerably neglected and polluted areas existed within the examined section of the river valley (old buildings, road network, wasteland, illegal dump sites). Discharging untreated rainwater directly into the river bed is a huge problem (increased values for conductivity, suspended solids, COD and some nutrients). In the cold season 60% of the analysed indicators (mainly temperature, conductivity, NH4+ and Cl-) were more varied than in the warm season. Statistically significant differences were found for temperature, conductivity, O2, PO4-, NO3-and Cl-. In the winter months the values of conductivity and Cl- levels increased, which is connected with an influx of strongly polluted snowmelt into the river. The concentrations of PO4-and NO3-were higher in the warm season. It is likely that the supply of nutrients at that time was higher than required by the autotrophs. Due to a considerable variation of seasonal factors, they must be taken into account in developing the water resources management strategy for a catchment basin. Only a comprehensive approach to the problem of river water quality protection can generate positive effects. The necessary measures include detecting and eliminating all sources of pollution and reducing migration of the existing pollutants.

PL

W pracy dokonano oceny zmienności jakości wód śródmiejskiej rzeki Lublina z uwzględnieniem czynników naturalnych i antropogenicznych, mogących decydować o jej zanieczyszczeniu. Badania prowadzono w latach 2009-2016. Punkty kontrolno-pomiarowe usytuowano w miejscach o odmiennym stopniu zainwestowania i użytkowania terenu przyległego. Analizy właściwości fizyczno-chemicznych wód prowadzono sezonowo. W próbkach oznaczano temperaturę, przewodność, pH, zawiesinę, O2, BOD5, ChZT, NH4+, NO3-, NO2-, PO4-, SO4-, Fe+, K+ i Cl-. Składniki chemiczne były określane metodą fotometryczną. Test statystyczny Wilcoxon wykorzystano do porównania wskaźników jakości wody w obydwu punktach pomiarowych oraz w półroczu chłodnym i ciepłym. W latach 2013-2016 w odcinku ujściowym rzeki wykonywano również pomiary stanów wody i natężenia przepływu (metoda pośrednia odcinkowa). Większość analizowanych wskaźników cechował współczynnik zmienności przekraczający 50%. Stosunkowo duże zróżnicowanie wartości dotyczyło NH4+, zawiesiny, PO4-, BOD5i NO3- (73,8-282,1%). Natomiast niską zmienność obserwowano w przypadku pH, O2, SO4- i Fe+ (3,2-41,9%). Wskaźnikami, które w znacznym stopniu obniżały jakość wody rzecznej były NO2-, PO4- i Fe+ (zagrożenie eutrofizacją). Uwzględniając średnie stężenia zanieczyszczeń oraz natężenie przepływu (0.34 m3×s-1), roczne ładunki NO2-i PO4- odprowadzane ze zlewni mogły osiągnąć kolejno 1,39 oraz 5,15 Mg. Gorszą jakość wody odnotowano w ujściowym odcinku rzeki, z silnie zurbanizowanym terenem przyległym. Zjawisko to może świadczyć o rosnącej ilości źródeł zanieczyszczeń wraz z jej biegiem. Szczegółowe obserwacje potwierdziły istnienie wielu obszarów mocno zaniedbanych i zanieczyszczonych w rejonie badanego fragmentu doliny (stara zabudowa, sieć drogowa, nieużytki, nielegalne składowiska odpadów). Duży problem stanowi odprowadzanie nieoczyszczonych wód deszczowych bezpośrednio do koryta rzeki (wzrost wartości przewodności, zawiesiny, ChZT i niektórych biogenów). W półroczu chłodnym 60% analizowanych wskaźników cechowała większa zmienność niż w półroczu ciepłym (głównie temperatura, przewodność, NH4+i Cl-). Ważne statystycznie różnice stwierdzono w przypadku temperatur, przewodności, O2, PO4-, NO3-i Cl-. W miesiącach zimowych rosła wartość przewodności i Cl-, co wiąże się z dopływem silnie zanieczyszczonych wód roztopowych do rzeki. PO4- i NO3- miały wyższe stężenia w półroczu ciepłym. Dostawa składników odżywczych w tym okresie prawdopodobnie przewyższała zapotrzebowanie autotrofów. Znaczna zmienność czynników sezonowych wskazuje na konieczność ich uwzględniania w opracowywaniu strategii zarządzania zasobami wodnymi zlewni. Jedynie kompleksowe podejście do problemu ochrony jakości wód rzecznych może przynieść pozytywne efekty. Wśród niezbędnych działań należy wymienić wykrycie i eliminację wszystkich źródeł zanieczyszczeń oraz ograniczanie migracji zanieczyszczeń już powstałych.