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Urban Environmental Assessment: The Role of Soil Magnetic Susceptibility in Geochemical Investigations - A Case Study from Maksimir Park, Zagreb, Croatia

Perčin Aleksandra, Frančišković-Bilinski Stanislav, Zgorelec Željka, Mičić Petra, Kovačić Marina Bubalo

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 3, no. 2

art. no. 25

EN

Research aimed to determine the spatial variability of soil geochemical properties and soil magnetic susceptibility (MS) in the Maksimir Park, along with to validate the efficacy of MS as a rapid screening tool for urban environmental assessment. The park, encompassing 316 hectares, is situated in Zagreb, Croatia and attracts over two million visitors annually. MS in-situ measurements at 79 locations, coupled with soil sampling at 12 locations within the park were carried out in summer 2023. Prior to the detection and quantification of selected parameters, the soil samples were air-dried, ground, sieved, and homogenized. The pH (w/v 1:5, 1 mol/L KCl) and organic matter (OM, wet combustion) content were determined by standard laboratory methods, while total Pb, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Zn, Nb, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Ti, Mn, Fe and Si content by portable X-ray fluorescence Vanta C Olympus analyzer. MS in-situ and MS Lab (in collected and prepared soil samples) measurements were performed using a SM30 susceptibility meter. The deterministic spatial interpolation technique Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) was used to display the spatial variability of the soil properties. The results reveal that low MS in-situ values predominate across the majority of park, with smaller localized areas exhibiting increased values. The most pronounced anomalous MS in-situ values were detected in the southwestern corner of the park and are associated with the vicinity of an old streambed. Spatial analysis also indicates that acid soil predominates in the northern forested section of Maksimir park, whereas alkaline soils are predominantly found in the southern areas, particularly near roads. Soils in the park are quite (4.0%) to very highly supplied (13.9%) by organic matter. The average concentrations of accumulated elements were as follows: 48.2 mg Pb/kg, 32.1 mg Cu/kg, 97.9 mg Cr/kg, 33.1 mg Ni/kg, 15.2 mg As/kg, 97.8 mg Zn/kg, 21.1 mg Nb/kg, 84.3 mg Rb/kg, 115.1 mg Sr/kg, 33.9 mg Y/kg, 355.7 mg Zr/kg, 7274 mg Ti/kg, 713 mg Mn/kg, 33.9 g Fe/kg, and 232.2 g Si/kg. Across all examined sites within the park, the levels of lead, copper, arsenic, and nickel were below the thresholds values. However, in the northern park areas with acidic soil conditions, chromium levels exceeded the prescribed thresholds (40 mg Cr/kg), with recorded values ranging between 88.0–99.5 mg/kg. MS Lab results from soil near roads and the entrance to Zagreb Zoo indicate partial anthropogenic impact, supported by higher levels of copper, nickel, and arsenic in these areas. In addition, results point to that most geochemical parameters showing statistically significant and stronger relationships with MS Lab data compared to those achieved with MS In-situ measurment, highlighting the critical role of soil sample preparation as an essential step in ensuring precise and reliable results. Using the example of Maksimir Park in Zagreb, the magnetic susceptibility method has demonstrated its effectiveness as a rapid screening tool for Fe (r=0.9054), Nb (r=-0.9679), Zr (r=-0.9353), Sr (r=0.8910), Ni (r=0.8296), Si (r=-0.8202), Cu (r=0.8610), Rb (r=-0.8135) and Zn (r=0.7456).

2

Three-dimensional geological and geophysical model of the Myutenbay gold deposit, Muruntau ore field, Uzbekistan

Goipov Akram, Małolepszy Zbigniew, Isokov Maksud, Turugunaliev Madumar, Akhmadov Shokir, Musakhonov Zainiddinkhon, Eshmurodov Asliddin

Geological Quarterly

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2025

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Vol. 69, No. 4

art., no. 36

EN

A three-dimensional geomagnetic model of the Myutenbay deposit has, been created in the Geosoft Oasis Montaj program, based on digital modelling of magnetic exploration data previously carried out at the site, and using the petrophysical characteristics of the ore-bearing rocks. A three-dimensional model of the ore bodies was created in Micromine software using information from boreholes obtained during the exploration stage of the deposit. The shape of the ore bodies and that of the three-dimensional magnetically disturbing objects in the geomagnetic model were established as identical. A two-dimensional geomagnetic model clearly shows the fault zone, the folded rocks of the Murun suite and the orientation of the ore bodies within the Kosmanachi ore-bearing strata. The mapped magnetic anomalies reflect zones of progressive regional metamorphism, which collectively determined the location of gold ore mineralization. Zones of correlatable magnetic maxima reflect the development of pyrite-pyrrhotite vein-disseminated mineralization, related to areas of gold-producing ore body.

3

Palaeoenvironmental investigation of the Warsaw Ice-Dammed Lake (Central Poland): 7-year cyclicity in the supply of terrigenous material

Teodorski Artur

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2025

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Vol. 75, no. 4

art. no. e62

EN

The varved clays formed during the Saalian Glaciation (MIS 6) between Dębe and Izbica (northern Mazovia, Central Poland) were subjected to rock magnetic investigation. The studied varved clays represent a record of 110 years. In addition to annual cyclicity, there are other long-term cycles. One lasts 7 years on average and is related to changes in water level within the ice-dammed lake and/or changes in the supply of terrigenous material. This cyclicity is similar in duration to that observed in modern measurements of some parameters of the Earth’s climate system and can be influenced by the internal dynamics of the Earth. Also, the investigated clays were deposited in two sedimentation zones of the lake, distal and proximal. During the first phase of clay sedimentation connected with the distal zone, the shoreline of the ice-dammed lake was in close proximity to the stagnant ice-sheet front, and the lake deepened. The ice-sheet front was to the north of Zakroczym and Dębe and to the north of the Bug valley (Zakroczym phase). Then, the ice-sheet front retreated towards Płońsk and Nasielsk (Nasielsk phase) and a higher amount of terrigenous material was delivered, leading to the deposition of clay in the shallower, proximal zone.

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Timing and duration of the early Hettangian marine inundation in the Polish Basin: organic carbon isotopes and astronomical calibration of the Triassic-Jurassic transition of the Niekłań PIG core (Holy Cross Mountains, SE Poland)

Lodowski Damian G., Martinez Mathieu, Hesselbo Stephen P., Hodbod Marta, Leng M., Pieńkowski Grzegorz, Brański Paweł, Pointer Robyn

Volumina Jurassica

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2024

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Vol. 22

87--116

EN

Stratigraphy of non-marine sections and dynamics of marine transgressions in the deep geological past are important, yet challenging issues. Here we discuss results obtained from the Triassic–Jurassic (T–J) boundary interval of the Niekłań PIG drillcore section (Holy Cross Mountains or HCM, SE Poland). The core represents an expanded record of continental to marginal-marine facies, deposited within the axial part of the Polish Basin. The section is dated based on an integrated approach, utilizing palynologic proxies, stable carbon isotope correlations, and astronomical tuning of the section. Palaeoenvironment and its evolution is established by means of high-resolution sedimentology, clay mineral assemblages, and geochemical weathering indices (chemical index of alteration, CIA). The early to mid-Rhaetian was seasonal and progressively warmer and more humid, culminating with a hot and humid climate in the late Rhaetian; the earliest Jurassic was slightly cooler, yet still warm and humid, with year-round rainfall. Characteristic for the T/J boundary is the occurrence of two fern spikes (uppermost Rhaetian and lowermost Hettangian), which are associated with vegetation crises; this interval is also marked by wildfire indicators. Recognition of short eccentricity (~100 kyr) cycles enables calculation of sedimentation rates as well as temporal interpretation of the early Rhaetian marine inundation onto coastal plains of the Polish Basin. To begin with, over a period of ~200 kyr, a base-level rise led in the HCM region to a shift from fluvial to lacustrine depositional systems, while the final flooding marked by the onset of marine facies took another ~350 kyr. Additionally, observations allow inference of the magnitude of the early Hettangian relative sea-level rise, estimated herein to have been about 55 m.

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The Árpád Mound – geoarcheological research of a burial mound in the central Carpathian Basin

Cseh Péter, Molnar David, Makó László, Sumegi Pal

Studia Quaternaria

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2024

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Vol. 41, Nr 2

43--53

EN

Kurgans hold exceptional archaeological, natural, and environmental historical significance in the lowland landscape of Eastern Europe, which has been extensively altered by millennia of agricultural activity. By conducting comparative soil and sedimentological analyses of the buried soil levels from kurgan construction, as well as the recent surface soil, we can uncover environmental changes from the latter half of the Holocene. These analyses also reveal how prehistoric human activities influenced local soil and environmental conditions. Our research focused on a geoarchaeological examination of a burial mound in the Hungarian Great Plain. Sedimentological analyses, including grain size distribution and magnetic susceptibility measurements, were performed on samples extracted by drilling from this mound. This comprehensive investigation enabled us to distinguish between different construction layers in the kurgan’s soil material and compare them. Additionally, it was possible to reconstruct steppe-like environmental conditions in the local surroundings of the kurgan before and during its construction.

6

Influence of road surface type on the magnetic susceptibility and elemental composition of road dust

Rachwał Marzena, Penkała Magdalena, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Wawer-Liszka Małgorzata, Łukaszek-Chmielewska Aneta, Rakowska Joanna

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 4

135--146

EN

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the type of road surface (asphalt and concrete) and the presence of noise barriers (acoustic screens) on the magnetic susceptibility and chemical composition of road dust collected from national roads and motorways in central and southern Poland. Four roads with asphalt surfaces and four with concrete surfaces were selected for the study. Samples were taken at three control points: in the space between noise barriers, in the space without barriers and at road exits. Magnetic susceptibility measurements and elemental composition analysis (using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) were carried out. The results showed high variability with no clear differences between samples taken from asphalt and concrete roads. Magnetic susceptibility values were higher for road dust taken from asphalt pavements near noise barriers and motorway exits, while for open space samples the susceptibility values were about 1.3 times higher for dust from concrete pavements. A similar relationship was observed for the elemental composition. The results showed no clear differences between samples taken from asphalt and concrete roads. The location of the sampling point had a greater influence on the results: the surface of noise barriers, open spaces or motorway exits. Calculated enrichment factors indicated an extremely high enrichment of dust in elements such as Cr, Cu and Zn, a very high enrichment in Pb only for dust collected at motorway exits, and a significant and moderate enrichment in other elements

PL

Celem badań było określenie wpływu rodzaju nawierzchni drogowej (asfaltowej i betonowej) oraz obecności ekranów akustycznych na podatność magnetyczną i skład chemiczny pyłu drogowego pobranego z dróg krajowych i autostrad w centralnej i południowej Polsce. Do badań wybrano cztery drogi o nawierzchni asfaltowej i cztery o nawierzchni betonowej. Próbki pobrano w trzech punktach kontrolnych: w przestrzeni między ekranami dźwiękochłonnymi, w przestrzeni bez ekranów oraz na zjazdach z drogi. Przeprowadzono pomiary podatności magnetycznej i analizę składu pierwiastkowego (z wykorzystaniem spektrometru fluorescencji rentgenowskiej z dyspersją energii). Wyniki badań wykazały dużą zmienność przy braku wyraźnych różnic między próbkami pobranymi z dróg asfaltowych i betonowych. Wartości podatności magnetycznej były wyższe dla pyłu drogowego pobranego z nawierzchni asfaltowych w pobliżu ekranów akustycznych i zjazdów z autostrad, natomiast w przypadku próbek z przestrzeni otwartej wartości podatności były około 1,3 razy wyższe dla pyłu z nawierzchni betonowych. Podobną zależność zaobserwowano w przypadku składu pierwiastkowego. Uzyskane wyniki nie wykazały wyraźnych różnic pomiędzy próbkami pobranymi z dróg asfaltowych i betonowych. Większy wpływ na wyniki miała lokalizacja miejsca poboru próbek: przestrzeń między ekranami akustycznymi, wolna przestrzeń lub zjazdy z autostrady. Obliczone współczynniki wzbogacenia wskazały na ekstremalnie wysokie wzbogacenie pyłu w takie pierwiastki jak Cr, Cu i Zn, bardzo wysokie wzbogacenie w Pb tylko dla pyłu pobranego na zjazdach z autostrady oraz znaczące i umiarkowane wzbogacenie w pozostałe pierwiastki.

7

Palaeoenvironmental indices (calpionellids, gamma-ray spectrometry, magnetic susceptibility) in the Berriasian of the Tisza Mega-unit (Lipse-tető section, Mecsek Mts, Hungary) and the Central Western Carpathians (lower Sub-Tatric succession, Tatra Mts, Poland) – a comparison

Grabowski Jacek, Lodowski Damian Gerard, Pszczółkowski Andrzej, Chadimová Leona, Császár Geza, Sobień Katarzyna, Szinger Balázs

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2024

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Vol. 74, no. 4

art. no. e27

EN

Calpionellid stratigraphy, magnetic susceptibility (MS) and gamma-ray spectrometry (GRS) have been investigated in the Berriasian pelagic limestones of ca. 21 m thick interval from the Lipse-tető section (Mecsek Mts, southern Hungary, Tisza Mega-unit). The section covers the lower and upper Berriasian (Calpionella and Calpionellopsis Zones respectively), however due to a thrust fault, the upper part of the Calpionella elliptica Subzone and the lower part of the Calpionellopsis simplex Subzone (lower/upper Berriasian boundary interval) were not documented. Reslults of GRS measurements reveal contrasting trends, with low detrital input (K, Th) and elevated Th/K ratio through the lower Berriasian, as well as relatively high detrital input and decreased Th/K ratio within the upper Berriasian. The differences occur also in the calpionellid frequencies and species richness: assemblages rich in Calpionella alpina dominate in the lower Berriasian, whilst more diversified yet less abundant associations characterize the upper Berriasian. Trends in palaeoenvironmental proxies correspond well with data from the Lower Sub-Tatric succession (Pośrednie-Rówienka composite section, Tatra Mts, Poland). The palaeoenvironmental change between the early and late Berriasian is most probably related to palaeoclimate (arid to humid transition), and fertility (from oligo- to mesotrophic regime). Trends documented in Th/K ratio might have been controlled by the intensity of aeolian transportation. As revealed by previous studies, the consistent record of palaeoenvironmental changes in both the Tisza Mega-unit and the Central Western Carpathians might be observed also in the middle Jurassic sediments.

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Kierunkowość magneto-mechaniczna w stalach krzemowych - teoria i przykłady

Żurek Zbigniew Hilary, Dobmann Gerd, Chmiela Bartosz

Napędy i Sterowanie

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2023

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R. 25, nr 6

30--33

PL

Powszechnie stosowane blachy elektrotechniczne stali krzemowej [15, 16] są zorientowane na ziarno (GO – np. blachy transformatorów anizotropowych) lub niezorientowane na ziarno (NGO – np. blachy izotropowe lub generatorowe). Badaniu poddano blachę typu M130 o wymiarach odpowiadających formatowi A4. Oceniano dwa przypadki zmiany naprężenia w stosunku do geometrycznego środka arkusza blachy jak i wąskiego paska zwijanego w okrąg. Wprowadzono założenie, że poza zakresem odkształceń plastycznych w blasze pozostaje naprężenie szczątkowe w procesie produkcji i montażu np. transformatorów czy maszyn. Wskazano, że istnieje jakościowa zależność między wynikami pomiarów a przewidywaniami analitycznymi. Podjęto próby ilościowej analizy naprężenia na drodze symulacji i pomiaru. Badano związek stanu naprężenia ze zmianami parametrów podatności magnetycznej na stan odkształceń czy deformacji (efekt magnetosprężysty Villariego).

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Magnetic susceptibility and gamma ray spectrometry in the Tré Maroua section (Tithonian/Berriasian, SE France) - terrigenous input and comparison with Tethyan record

Grabowski Jacek, Frau Camille, Schnabl Petr, Svobodová Andrea

Volumina Jurassica

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2022

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Vol. 20

47--58

EN

Field magnetic susceptibility (MS) and gamma ray spectrometry (GRS) measurements were performed in the Jurassic/Cretaceous boundary interval in the Tré Maroua section (SE France). The 24 m thick section covers the interval from the upper Tithonian magnetozone M20n (Chitinoidella Zone) to the lower Berriasian M17r magnetozone (Calpionella elliptica Subzone). The micritic limestones reveal a very low content of terrigenous impurities (0.0-0.2% K and 0.2-2.0 ppm Th) and low MS values (-5 to 15 × 10-6 SI). Despite low intensity of both MS and GRS signal, a consistent trend of terrigenous input is observed: decreasing values in the upper Tithonian and increasing tendency in the upper part of the lower Berriasian. The long-term trends are quite similar to those documented in some Western Tethyan sections and the Polish Basin, indicating that variations of terrigenous input might be controlled by large-scale palaeoclimatic variations and relative sea-level changes. Decrease of Conusphaera and increase of Nannoconus frequencies fall in the lower part of M19n2n in the uppermost Tithonian. These events correlate with large decrease of terrigenous input and widespread oligotrophication in the Western Tethyan domain.

10

Określanie zmienności mineralogicznej utworów kajpru za pomocą metod petromagnetycznych

Kobyliński Kamil

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 3

221--229

EN

Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) in sedimentary sequences can quickly provide information on the variability of their mineral composition. A typical application of MS is the reconstruction of the supply of terrigenous material in car¬bonate rocks or the variability of the ratio of ferromagnetic to paramagnetic /diamagnetic minerals in clastic rocks. The article discusses the practical aspects of using the Bartington's portable apparatus for magnetic susceptibility probing along with the correlation of these results with the mineral composition obtained from X-ray diffraction tests. The analysed rock material was red and green clays from the vicinity of Częstochowa, assigned to the mud-evaporite Ozimek Member, Grabowa Formation (Keuper facies, Upper Triassic). The obtained results indicate the possibility of a correlation between the MS and the composition of rock-forming minerals in the studied sediments, where in green clays the magnetite/maghemite with pyrrhotite(?) does not substantially affect the MS, and para- and/or diamagnetic minerals have a decisive role. In the red clays the dominant MS carrier is the hematite.Measurements of the magnetic susceptibility (MS) in sedimentary sequences can quickly provide information on the variability of their mineral composition. A typical application of MS is the reconstruction of the supply of terrigenous material in car¬bonate rocks or the variability of the ratio of ferromagnetic to paramagnetic /diamagnetic minerals in clastic rocks. The article discusses the practical aspects of using the Bartington's portable apparatus for magnetic susceptibility probing along with the correlation of these results with the mineral composition obtained from X-ray diffraction tests. The analysed rock material was red and green clays from the vicinity of Częstochowa, assigned to the mud-evaporite Ozimek Member, Grabowa Formation (Keuper facies, Upper Triassic). The obtained results indicate the possibility of a correlation between the MS and the composition of rock-forming minerals in the studied sediments, where in green clays the magnetite/maghemite with pyrrhotite(?) does not substantially affect the MS, and para- and/or diamagnetic minerals have a decisive role. In the red clays the dominant MS carrier is the hematite.

11

Susceptometer in soil magnetic susceptibility studies

Janas Sławomir, Magiera Tadeusz, Szumiata Tadeusz

Metrology and Measurement Systems

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 1

127--142

EN

This work presents a method for measuring the magnetic susceptibility of soil samples based on interactions of magnetic particles contained in a tested sample with a weighed permanent magnet placed in the balance mechanical design. The MYA 2.4Y microbalance manufactured by Radwag Wagi Elektroniczne, Poland, was used to perform mass measurements. The weighing system was adjusted for mass indication using a certified mass standard, and for magnetic susceptibility indication using a certified magnetic susceptibility standard. The volume of each analysed soil sample was 3.93 cm3 and was similar to the volume and the size of the magnetic susceptibility standard. The research was carried out for 10 soil samples with a magnetic susceptibility range varying from 20 to 1600x10-8 m3 kg-1. The soil samples contained technogenic magnetic particles and particles of natural magnetite of geogenic origin. The study was performed for a field of 2 mT.

12

On the influence of the nugget effect on the efficiency of magnetometric soil surface screening

Zawadzki Jarosław, Fabijańczyk Piotr

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2022

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Vol. 29, nr 4

525--535

EN

The paper presents selected aspects of calculations and modelling of variograms from measurements of soil surface magnetic susceptibility for rapid screening of surface soil contamination with Technogenic Magnetic Particles (TMP). In particular, the methodology of variogram analysis in the case of multiple magnetometric measurements in one measurement location with the use of the MS2D Bartington sensor was discussed. A new approach to analysing such measurements was proposed that allows determining and using the nugget effect from standard, already existing measurements. This is of key importance for the quality of spatial analyses, and thus the screening results obtained by means of field magnetometry. In the paper, it was shown, step by step, that averaging the measurements performed at one measurement point during the calculation of the empirical variograms does not result in the loss of information on spatial variability in the microscale. As it was calculated non-averaged measurements were characterised by the nugget-to-sill ratio of about 96 % which was much higher than in the case of averaged measurements (close to 0 %). A range of correlation was similar in both cases and was equal to about 300 m - 400 m. The local variogram revealed a range of correlation of about 80 cm. As a result, the screening results are more reliable than is the case with the traditional procedure. An additional advantage of the work was the performance of all calculations in free R software.

13

The system for complex magnetic susceptibility measurement of nanoparticles with 3D printed carcass for integrated receive coils

Midura Mateusz, Wróblewski Przemysław, Wanta Damian, Domański Grzegorz, Stosio Mateusz, Kryszyn Jacek, Smolik Waldemar T.

Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska

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2021

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T. 11, nr 1

4--9

EN

The article concerns the research on the properties of core-shell superparamagnetic nanoparticles in the context of their use in medicine for diagnostics and therapy. The article presents a system for impedance (AC) spectroscopy of nanoparticles with a new arrangement of receive coils. A significant modification was the position of the reference coil in relation to the receive coils as well as the method of winding and routing the wires on the carcass. The 3D printing technique was used in the production of the measuring coil system. The aim of the work was to experimentally verify the developed measurement system and analyze its properties. The system tests were carried out at low frequencies ranging from 2 to 50 kHz. Complex magnetic susceptibility was measured for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in polymer shells in a physiological saline solution. The obtained results confirmed the relevance of the concept of the measurements. In summary, the observed properties of the realized system are discussed and further directions of its development are proposed.

PL

Artykuł dotyczy badań właściwości nanocząstek superparamagnetycznych typu rdzeń-powłoka w kontekście wykorzystania ich w medycynie do diagnostyki jak i terapii. W artykule przedstawiono układ do spektroskopii impedancyjnej (AC) nanocząstek z nowym układem cewek odbiorczych. Istotną modyfikacją była pozycja cewki referencyjnej względem cewek odbiorczych jak również sposób nawijania i prowadzenia przewodów na karkasie. W realizacji układu cewek pomiarowych wykorzystana została technika druku 3D. Celem pracy była eksperymentalna weryfikacja opracowanego układu pomiarowego i analiza jego własności. Testy układu zostały przeprowadzone dla niskich częstotliwości w zakresie od 2 do 50 kHz. Pomiary zespolonej podatności magnetycznej dokonano dla nanocząstek superparamagnetycznych tlenku żelaza w otoczkach polimerowych w roztworze soli fizjologicznej. Uzyskane wyniki potwierdziły poprawność koncepcji realizacji pomiarów. W podsumowaniu omówiono zaobserwowane własności zrealizowanego układu i zaproponowano dalsze kierunki jego rozwoju.

14

The estimation of an anthropogenic depth boundary using the magnetic susceptibility method in Kogi State, North-Central Nigeria

Jatto Salomon Sunday, Musa Kizito O., Mojisola Usikalu R.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2020

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Vol. 46, no. 1

49--56

EN

Magnetic susceptibility measurements remain one of the most reliable methods used to investigate the pollution of both surface and subsurface soil from metallic anthropogenic sources. Most of the geological rocks within the study area increase the susceptibility of the soil; however, knowing the natural background susceptibility of the parent rocks will give an idea of the anthropogenic influence on the susceptibility of the soil. This study was carried out in Kogi State, North Central Nigeria, with the aim of determining the depth of the boundary between the anthropogenic influences on soil magnetic susceptibility from those of a lithogenic origin. Magnetic susceptibility measurements were carried out on 1,760 soil samples, collected from 220 soil profiles at a depth of 80.0 cm and at intervals of 10.0 cm. From the spatial distribution of magnetic susceptibility maps at different depths, the boundary between the basement complex and the sedimentary basin was clearly demarcated. The result further shows the highest magnetic susceptibility values of 350–650 × 10−5 SI, which dominates the surface soil to a depth of 40.0 cm. At the depth of 40–50 cm, the result indicates the combination of a natural anthropogenic influence on soil magnetic susceptibility with an average of 250 × 10−5 SI. Furthermore, no evidence of layering along the depth sections was observed, suggesting that the soil profiles indicate areas mainly covered by anthropogenically influenced susceptibility, which were localized and restricted to commercial places within the state. This study reveals that the average depth of soil affected by anthropogenic pollutants is between 40–50 cm in commercial places and 20–30 cm in other places with less commercial activities.

15

Magnetostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility of the best developed Pleistocene loess-palaeosol sequences of Ukraine : implications for correlation and proposed chronostratigraphic models

Hlavatskyi Dmytro V., Bakhmutov Vladimir G.

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 3

723--753

EN

We provide a revised magnetostratigraphy and magnetic susceptibility stratigraphy of the most complete and thickest (to nearly 60 m) loess-palaeosol sequences in Ukraine spanning the past 1 My: the Roksolany (Black Sea Lowland) and Vyazivok (Dnieper Lowland) sections. The Matuyama-Brunhes boundary has been detected in both sequences in stratigraphically different palaeosol units according to current regional chronostratigraphic schemes. Hypotheses of a large magnetic lock-in depth at Vyazivok and lithostratigraphic incompleteness at Roksolany do not resolve this inconsistency. Instead, new chronostratigraphic models following the Chinese loess designation system, which are supported by correlation of the magnetic susceptibility records with the marine isotope record and estabilished magnetostratigraphic control points, are proposed. We conclude that the Matuyama-Brunhes reversal in the Roksolany and Vyazivok sections belongs to the same palaeosol unit, the Shyrokyne (according to our nomenclature, the U-S7), which corresponds to MIS 19. This novel interpretation resolves the inconsistency of the stratigraphic position of the Matuyama-Brunhes boundary in Ukrainian loess, ends long-standing debate regarding the chronostratigraphy of the Roksolany section, and allows precise correlation of the most representative loess-palaeosol sequences of Ukraine with those in the Danube Basin and the Chinese Loess Plateau. It is considered that the Roksolany Tephra in MIS 6 loess unit can be related to the L2 Tephra which is widely distributed in southeastern European loess records and lacustrine archives. In the light of our results, the Roksolany sequence may serve as a national lectostratotype of the Middle Zavadivka (U-L4) loess unit corresponding to MIS 10. Additionally, a generalized pedostratigraphic column of the past 1 My for central and southern Ukraine has been constructed and correlated with the Hungarian, Serbian and Chinese loess stratigraphies, as well as with the marine isotope record down to MIS 25.

16

Comparative analysis of soil magnetic susceptibility and concentration of rare earth elements in soil of problematic areas

Zawadzki Jarosław, Fabijańczyk Piotr

Multidisciplinary Aspects of Production Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 2, Iss. 1

81--90

EN

Soil contamination with rare earth metals (REE) can have both direct and indirect connection with industrial activity and ore-exploration. In the studies conducted so far, the presence of rare earth elements in coal seams, coal combustion waste as well as fly ash was found. It is important that detailed studies of the REE content in soil were not carried out in Poland. Until now, in a few studies, a high content of cerium and lanthanum was found in relation to the average content of the torn ones in the world. This work focuses on the areas under the influence of the industry associated with the extraction and combustion of hard coal, but also with other types of industry. Analyzes of REE content in soil were conducted in selected areas of the Upper Silesian Industrial Region and Norway, located near the Bjornevatn mine. In study areas, soil samples were collected and used for chemical and magnetometric measurements. Firstly, concentrations of REE were determined, and after that soil samples were used to measure soil magnetic susceptibility. Finally, statistical analyses were performed in order to check the correlation between REE concentrations in soil and soil magnetic susceptibility.

17

Magnetic Susceptibility in the Soils Along Communication Routes in the Town of Opole

Łuczak Katarzyna, Kusza Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 20, nr 2

234--238

EN

Magnetic susceptibility measurements were taken in eight selected streets of Opole, with diversified vehicle traffic intensity. The experiment surfaces were marked on every street, with two separate zones: A – a strip directly adjacent to the road and B – a strip 1 m away from the road edge. The carried out research indicated considerable influence of communication-generated pollution, with simultaneous influence of other local emission sources. The relation of magnetic anomalies was indicated, which may be the result of ferromagnetic materials aggregation, originating mainly from combustion processes. The road structure, including the surface condition, the main construction material and susceptibility of the surface to cracking are equally important when considering the magnetic increase. A considerable variation of magnetic measurements in different season was pointed out; however, the largest median values of magnetic susceptibility were recorded in the summer season.

18

Sources of Magnetic Particles from Air Pollution in Mountainous Area

Kantor Pavel, Raclavska Helena, Matysek Dalibor, Raclavsky Konstantin, Svedova Barbora, Kucbel Marek

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2019

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R. 21, nr 1

47--52

EN

Measurement of magnetic susceptibility of topsoil represents a very useful tool for the detection of atmospherically deposited magnetic particles. The samples of forest soils from the Moravian-Silesian Beskydy Mountains (the Czech Republic) were used for identification of emissions sources of particles with magnetic ordering. Magnetic susceptibility was measured at bulk samples of grain size class under 2 mm. Microanalysis using electron microscope with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer was used for the determination of particles in the magnetic fraction. The samples of dust from the sintering plant of the Iron Works in the town of Třinec were analysed. The values of magnetic susceptibility of forest soils in the Třinec region are increased. In the relatively near vicinity of the industrial area, the average value for Javorový Mount was 7.90×10-6 m3/kg, for Ostrý Mount it was 6.69×10-6 m3/ kg. It was proved that they were higher than the average values from the Beskydy Mountains (4.64×10-6 m3/kg). The concentrations of lead and magnetic susceptibility in soils showed significant correlation dependence (rs = 0.85). The iron and steel industry represent the primary source of the pollution load in forest soils of the studied area. Statistically, significant dependences between the organic matter content and the lead and zinc concentrations as well as between the magnetic susceptibility values and the iron concentrations in forest soils were found. It was confirmed that the airborne particles are deposited on vegetation and accumulated in the organic horizon of forest soils.

PL

Pomiar podatności magnetycznej wierzchniej warstwy gleby stanowi bardzo przydatne narzędzie do wykrywania osadzonych z atmosfery cząstek magnetycznych. Próbki gleb leśnych z Beskidu Morawsko-Śląskiego (Czechy) wykorzystano do identyfikacji źródeł emisji cząstek o właściwościach magnetycznych. Podatność magnetyczną mierzono w próbkach zbiorczych w klasie ziarnowej poniżej 2 mm. Mikroanaliza z użyciem mikroskopu elektronowego ze spektrometrem dyspersyjnym energii rentgenowskiej została użyta do oznaczenia frakcji magnetycznej cząstek. Przeanalizowano próbki pyłu ze spiekalni Huty Żelaza w Trzyńcu. Stwierdzono wzrost wartość podatności magnetycznej gleb leśnych w regionie Trzyńca. W stosunkowo bliskim sąsiedztwie obszaru przemysłowego Javorový Mount średnia wartość wynosiła 7,90 × 10-6 m3/kg, w przypadku Ostrý Mount 6,69 × 10-6 m3/kg. Wykazano, że były one wyższe niż średnie wartości dla Beskidów (4,64 × 10-6 m3/kg). Zawartość ołowiu i podatność magnetyczna w glebach wykazały istotną korelację (rs = 0,85). Hutnictwo żelaza i stali stanowi główne źródło ładunku zanieczyszczeń w glebach leśnych badanego obszaru. Stwierdzono statystycznie istotne zależności między zawartością materii organicznej a stężeniem ołowiu i cynku, a także między wartościami podatności magnetycznej a stężeniami żelaza w glebach leśnych. Potwierdzono, że zawieszone w powietrzu cząstki osadzają się na roślinności i gromadzą się w organicznym horyzoncie gleb leśnych.

19

Nano-structured (Mo,Ti)C-C-Ni magnetic powder

Kaczmarek S. M., Biedunkiewicz A., Bodziony T., Figiel P., Skibiński T., Krawczyk M., Gabriel-Półrolniczak U.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 86, nr 1

5--13

EN

Purpose: The paper presents the results of phase composition and magnetic properties of Mo-Ni-Ti-C nanostructured powders. The aim of this research is understanding the correlation between key magnetic properties and the parameters that influence them in the nanostructured powders from Mo-Ni-Ti-C system. Design/methodology/approach: The powder samples were synthesised using modified sol-gel method. Obtained powder were subjected for composition and magnetic properties in a wide temperature range by means of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and magnetic susceptibility measurements. To study the phase composition X-ray diffraction were performed. The morphology of the powders were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Findings: Different kinds of structural and magnetic phases have been found in the investigated compounds, e.g. (Mo, Ti)C, C, Ni. It was found that such different phases create different kinds of magnetic interactions, from paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic up to superparamagnetic. Significant magnetic anisotropy has been revealed for low temperatures, which lowers with temperature increase. Moreover, non-usual increasing of the magnetization as a function of temperature was observed. It suggests, that overall longrange AFM interaction may be responsible for the magnetic properties. Research limitations/implications: For the future work explanation which phases in Mo-Ni-Ti-C system are responsible for different kinds of magnetic interactions are planned. Practical implications: The composition of different kinds of phases may be controlled to tune magnetic properties of the nanostructured Mo-Ni-Ti-C systems. Originality/value: In this study, for the first time Mo-Ni-Ti-C nanostructured samples were prepared with different kinds of structural and magnetic phases, creating different kinds of magnetic interactions, from paramagnetic, antiferromagnetic up to superparamagnetic-like. The latter seems to be formed due to the presence of magnetic nanoparticles and longrange antiferromagnetic interactions dominating in the whole temperature range.

20

Coastal dune dynamics along the northern Curonian Spit, Lithuania : toward an integrated database

Bitinas A., Dobrotin N., Buynevich I. V., Molodkov A., Damušytė A., Pupienis D.

Geological Quarterly

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2018

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Vol. 62, No. 3

553--562

EN

Sand dunes are the most prominent subjects of geological and geomorphological interest along the Curonian Spit - a mega-barrier that separates the Curonian Lagoon from the Baltic Sea. To date, an assessment of various parameters of migrating dunes along the spit has been based on comparative analysis of old maps or aerial and satellite images, as well as geodetic measurements. These investigations have allowed assessment of dune dynamics over a relatively short historical period (~1700s to present). The most recent detailed investigations of the Dead (Grey) Dunes along the Lithuanian part of the spit using ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and magnetic susceptibility (MS) surveys, supported by a radiocarbon (14C) chronological framework of palaeosols and infrared optically stimulated luminescence (IR-OSL) ages of sand horizons, have advanced our understanding of aeolian landscape evolution. The interpretation of dune activity and stability phases has been generally based on IR-OSL dating results of the sand layers located between radiocarbon-dated palaeosols. However, the influence of soil-forming processes on the IR-OSL dating results related to possible migration of natural radioactive isotopes via aeolian sand layers has not been previously considered. Hypotheses of dune reactivation and migration caused by abrupt regional climate shifts, catastrophic forest fires, anthropogenic influence, and more local forcings have been tested. An integrated approach to dune investigations has offered an estimate of the rates of sand accumulation and key phases of aeolian dynamics during both stormy and calm periods, as well as helped to extend the record of dune evolution to the mid-Holocene. The palaeoenvironmental and palaeodynamic reconstructions of the Dead Dunes suggest that this mid-Holocene phase of dune activity was of a local character and likely did not exceed several centuries.