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1

Investigation of methane content and sorption properties of lignite deposits

Karbownik Marcin

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2025

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Vol. 24, iss. 2

214--226

EN

Methane is one of the main greenhouse gases (GHG) affecting climate change, and proper quantification of the amount of its emissions to the atmosphere is crucial. The basic parameter for determining the potential amounts of naturally occurring methane in coal for both hard coal and lignite is the methane content. Determination of the methane content of lignite for open-pit mines is not commonly used and required as there is no possibility of its accumulation in the mine workings, as is the case for underground hard coal mines. In this article, two research areas for open-pit lignite mines were analyzed in terms of the methane content of their coal seams. Two direct methods for determining methane content are presented: the single-phase vacuum degassing (SPVD) method and the United States Bureau of Mines (USBM) method, which have been adapted to the conditions of an open-pit lignite mine. In addition, a study of methane sorption kinetics was conducted to determine the potential methane emission rate during coal exploitation and to estimate gas losses during sampling for proper testing. Conclusions from the analysis can be used to develop new or improve existing solutions for determining the methane content of lignite deposits for open-pit mines.

2

Study of lignite as the raw material for adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution

Thaçi Bashkim, Gashi Salih, Podvorica Fetah, Sopaj Flamur, Hasani Gentiana, Veseli Albana, Prado-Roller Alexander

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 3

31--39

EN

The adsorption of two heavy metal ions, lead and cadmium, from an aqueous solution was investigated using Kosovo's lignite as the raw material. The material's properties, including nature, functional groups, surface shape, and charge, were investigated using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and pHPZC techniques. The objective of determining parameters such as initial concentration, pH, contact time, adsorbent dosage, and temperature was to understand how these variables influence adsorption. Under optimal conditions (0.125g/50cm3, 30 mg/dm3, 30 min, 200 rpm, and pH 6), Tthe removal efficiency of Pb(II) was 97.22 %, and 90.04% for Cd(II) under optimal conditions (0.125g/50cm3, 30 mg/dm3, 30 min, 200 rpm, and pH 6). To investigate the achievement of equilibrium between lignite and metal ions, two key isotherm models, Langmuir and Freundlich, were applied. Based on the Langmuir isotherm model, the maximum adsorption capacities for lead and cadmium were 55.55 mg/g and 48.78 mg/g, respectively, at 288 K. The best medium for removing metal ions from lignite (desorption) is was found to be 0.5M HCl. Standard enthalpy change, standard entropy change, and Gibbs free energy indicated that the adsorption of heavy metals with onto lignite is a favorable, exothermic, and spontaneous process and is spontaneous. This investigation study shows that this lignite from Kosovo is highly effective in adsorbing lead and cadmium these two heavy metalsfrom aqueous solutions.

3

Empirical validation of a comprehensive zero-dimensional model for lignite water evaporation

Lichota Janusz

Rynek Energii

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2024

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Nr 2

82--94

EN

The purpose of this paper is to conduct a theoretical and experimental study of lignite drying to determine the effect of drying on the moisture content of lignite. Based on the experimental study, the theoretical model of coal drying, regarding mass exchange, i.e., moisture loss in the initial stage of drying, was verified. The following results were obtained: a mathematical model of drying was proposed and experimentally verified by conducting evaporation measurements of water droplets and coal particles. A parametric analysis of the effect of drying air temperature and drying air velocity on moisture evaporation was carried out using Frossling's equation. It was demonstrated that a reduction in evaporation time within a certain range of low temperatures is achieved by increasing the air velocity. At higher temperatures, the drying air temperature has a greater effect on the evaporation rate of water from coal. The results are presented in the form of an easy-to-read graph, showing isolines of the constant flux of evaporated water as a function of drying air velocity and temperature. A very simple linear model of water evaporation (drying kinetics) is proposed by author (equation 18), which can be used to analyze the kinetics of water evaporation under constant conditions of air temperature and air velocity. The model can be easily parameterized experimentally for any type of coal.

PL

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przeprowadzenie teoretycznych i eksperymentalnych badań suszenia węgla brunatnego W celu określenia wpływu suszenia na zawartość wilgoci W węglu brunatnym. Na podstawie badań eksperymentalnych zweryfikowano teoretyczny model suszenia wegla W odniesieniu do wymiany masy, tj. utraty wilgoci W początkowej fazie suszenia. Uzyskano następuj ące wyniki: zaproponowano matematyczny model suszenia i zweryfikowano go doświadczalnie poprzez przeprowadzenie pomiarów parowania kropelek wody i cząstek węgla. Przeprowadzono analize parametryczną wpływu temperatury powietrza suszącego i prędkości powietrza suszącego na odparowanie wilgoci przy użyciu równania Frosslinga. Wykazano, że skrócenie czasu parowania W pewnym zakresie niskich temperatur uzyskuje się poprzez zwiększenie prędkości powietrza. W wyższych temperaturach temperatura powietrza suszącego ma większy wpływ na szybkość parowania wody z węgla. Wyniki przedstawiono w formie czytelnego wykresu, pokazuj ącego izolinie stałego strumienia odparowanej wody W funkcji prędkości i temperatury powietrza suszącego. Zaproponowano autorski prosty liniowy model parowania wody (kinetyki suszenia węgla) — równanie (18), który można wykorzystać do analizy kinetyki parowania wody w stałych warunkach temperatury i prędkości powietrza. Model ten można łatwo sparametryzować eksperymentalnie dla dowolnego rodzaju węgla.

4

Brykietowanie komunalnych osadów ściekowych z węglem brunatnym w prasie walcowej

Kosturkiewicz Bogdan

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 8

873--876

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki brykietowania mieszanek komunalnych osadów ściekowych o wilgotności 7,75% i węgla brunatnego ze złoża Bełcha tów-pole Szczerców o wilgotności 53,3%. Udział komunalnych osadów ściekowych w mieszankach wynosił 66,67-94,12% s.m. Materiał scala no w prasie walcowej wyposażonej w pierścienie o niesymetrycznym układzie zagęszczania. Określono najkorzystniejszy, z punktu widzenia wytrzymałości mechanicznej brykietów, skład mieszanki oraz zakres wilgotności.

EN

Mixts. of municipal sewage sludge with a moisture content of 7.75% and lignite from the Bełchatów-pole Szczerców deposit with a mois ture content of 53.3% were briquetted in a roller press equipped with an asymmetrical layout system. The share of municipal sewage sludge in the mixts. was 66.67-94.12% d.m. The most favorable mixt. compn. and humidity range were detd. in terms of the mech. strength of the briquettes.

5

Radioactivity characteristics of lignite and hard coals: Case study of Zonguldak (Kozlu), Konya (Karapınar) and Antalya (Pamucakyayla) in Türkiye

Ozmen Suleyman Fatih, Güllüdağ Cevdet Bertan, Karadirek Selin, Aksoy Ercüment

Nukleonika

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2024

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Vol. 69, No. 2

99--105

EN

In this study, the radioactivity contents of Carboniferous Zonguldak-Kozlu hard coals, Carboniferous Antalya-Pamucakyayla hard coals and Pliocene Konya-Karapınar lignites were determined, then compared with the limit values determined by the authorized institutions and their hazard indexes were determined. The range of measured activity concentrations was from 16.2 Bq∙kg-1 to 227.6 Bq∙kg-1 for 238U, 20.6 Bq∙kg-1 to 67.5 Bq∙kg-1 for 232Th and 211.9 Bq∙kg-1 to 515.5 Bq∙kg-1 for 40K. The calculated mean absorbed gamma dose rate (D), radium equivalent activity (Raeq) and annual equivalent dose (AED) were 105.7 nGy∙h-1 , 227.9 Bq∙kg-1 and 129.6 μSv∙h-1 , respectively. Although 238U and 232Th radionuclide activity concentrations are comparable to literature values, 40K activity concentrations were around three or four times higher than in UNSCEAR (2000) reports. As it poses a radiological risk, it is necessary to take the necessary precautions to reduce the negative effects on the environment and human health due to use of coals from Konya-Karapınar, Antalya-Pamucakyayla basins and to burn in a controlled manner.

6

Induced oxidation effects on physical and mechanical properties of lignite from Tempoku, Hokkaido, Japan for sustainable mining via subsurface cultivation and gasification method

Alam AKM Badrul, Aramaki Noritaka, Tamamura Shuji, Ueno Akio, Murakami Takuma, Fujii Yoshiaki, Kaneko Katsuhiko

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2024

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Vol. 23, iss. 3

240--250

EN

The lignite resource has been under consideration for the subsurface cultivation and gasification (SCG) method to produce biomethane from lignite in Hokkaido, Japan. The primary phase of the method entails initiating the oxidative transformation of lignite using an H2O2 solution, resulting in the formation of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a pivotal component. To examine the effects of induced oxidation on lignite's mechanical properties, artificial oxidation tests were conducted to form DOC. While there was a slight decrease in P-wave velocity and density, the uniaxial compression and indirect tensile strengths, as well as stiffness, did not decrease. These results were obtained at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Therefore, further examination of the results under pore and confining pressures and at a higher temperature is necessary. However, it is expected that a significant strength decrease due to H2O2 oxidation would not need to be considered in the SCG method. This would lead to a reasonable design of the SCG site, saving time and costs. Moreover, DOC, strengths, and Young’s modulus showed positive correlations with P-wave velocity. Its measurement could be an effective tool for designing the site and predicting the performance of the SCG method.

7

Hydraulic Borehole Mining (HBM) technology employed in lignite mining - technical, economic and market aspects

Jura Bartłomiej, Krawczyk Piotr, Skiba Jacek, Howaniec Natalia

Journal of Sustainable Mining

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2024

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Vol. 23, iss. 2

147--159

EN

The results of a cost-effectiveness and economic efficiency assessment of the Hydraulic Borehole Mining (HBM) technology applied to lignite mining are presented. The Dynamic Generation Cost, the Net Present Value, and the Internal Rate of Return were calculated for the extraction of lignite at a rate of about 3.44 million Mg/year from a mining parcel of 1 x2.5 km, taking into account CAPEX and OPEX. The cost of mining 1 Mg of lignite using the HBM technology was reported to be lower than its market prices before the energy crisis in Europe caused by the war in Ukraine. The values of the NPV and IRR confirm that the HBM technology may be economically effective in lignite mining. The greatest influence on the cost-effectiveness of the HBM technology was caused by the price of backfill and the diameter of the mining cavern. The NPV is affected by changes in lignite prices. The capital expenditures required by the HBM technology have the least impact on the results in contrary to the open-pit mining technology. Lignite mining using the HBM technology is possible at a level similar to the current level of mining by open-pit technology in Polish conditions.

8

Elektroenergetyka w Polsce 2024… z wyników, wyzwań i zagrożeń

Gabryś Herbert Leopold

Energetyka

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2024

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nr 12

495--503

PL

Przedstawiono próbę podsumowania stanu elektroenergetyki w Polsce w końcówce roku 2024. Generacja energii elektrycznej z węgla (kamiennego i brunatnego) stanowiła istotny element nie tylko w zaspokojeniu potrzeb pracy dla KSE w podstawie, ale coraz bardziej w możliwościach regulacyjnych. Pracę w podstawie ubezpieczają bloki węglowe. Stanowią one najtańszą rezerwę KSE na czas transformacji. Stanowią także istotny potencjał regulacyjny na czas, gdy nie ma dostatecznej generacji ze źródeł pogodozależnych.

EN

Presented is an attempt to summarize the state of the Polish power industry in the end of the year 2024. Generation of the electric energy from hard coal and lignite constituted an essential factor not only in meeting the basic needs of the PPS but also increasingly in regulatory possibilities. Basic needs are secured by coal-fired units and this is the cheapest capacity reserve of the PPS during the transition period. They form also a crucial regulatory potential for the times when there is no sufficient generation from weather-dependent sources.

9

Estimates of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions from Lignite Power Plants in Kosovo

Hajrizi Faruk, Zabergja-Ferati Flora

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 8

331--338

EN

The importance of energy in the economic development of countries in transition is almost vital, especially in countries with large coal mineral resources, such as our country, Kosovo. Quantification and accurate analysis of sulfur dioxide (SO2 ) emissions from lignite power plants are done to inform environmental stakeholders, improve regulatory compliance, protect public health, improve emission control technologies, and support environmental practices. sustainable energy. This study investigated the quantification and accurate analysis of SO2 emissions from lignite power plants to inform environmental stakeholders, improve regulatory compliance, protect public health, improve emission control technologies, and support sustainable energy practices. The laboratory analyses performed with standard methods have resulted in different values for the parameters: Moisture, ash, and sulfur content in lignite is up to 45%, 20%, and 1.2% during the year 2023, through these results we have calculated the SO2 emission that resulting in an average value of 777.4 kg/h. The realized correlation o between the SO2 emission and parameters such as Moisture, sulfur in lignite (total and organic), and High thermal, has increased the accuracy of SO2 emission estimates, the components that are active components during the coal combustion process. Better estimates facilitate a more accurate assessment of the environmental impact of organic SO2 emissions, such as their role in acid rain formation and ecosystem damage. This assessment reflects the poor state of current lignite combustion technologies and suggests their improvement in terms of controlling SO2 emissions.

10

Maize root architecture and biomass productivity after application of organic and inorganic additives in contaminated soil

Głąb Tomasz, Jarosz Renata, Gondek Krzysztof, Mierzwa-Hersztek Monika

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 1

75--87

EN

Both inorganic and organic soil amendments serve as pivotal tools for augmenting crop yield and optimising fertilisation efficacy, while enhancing soil physical and biological characteristics, bolstering carbon sequestration, and remedying soil degradation caused by pollutants and salinity. This study was carried out with the specific objective of discerning the impact of various zeolite composites and their mixtures with lignite or leonardite on maize biomass output. To achieve this aim, the following treatments were applied in a controlled pot experiment: zeolite/carbon and zeolite/vermiculite composites mixed with lignite or leonardite, and a control treatment devoid of any amendments. Subsequent analysis encompassed the root morphometric parameters and maize aboveground production. The lowest productivity was characterised for maize without any fertilisers and amendments. The highest aboveground biomass of maize straw was obtained when only mineral fertilisation was applied. Both aboveground and root biomass were at the same level, notwithstanding the soil amendments, zeolite composites or organic amendments. Root morphological parameters, including root dry matter, root length, root surface area, and volume, were influenced by the addition of zeolite/carbon and zeolite/vermiculite composites with organic component. Our research shows the beneficial effect of the applied additives on some morphological properties of the roots. Zeolite/vermiculite composite application increased root surface area and root volume.

11

Monitoring of post-mining subsidence using airborne and terrestrial laser scanning approach

Blachowski Jan, Wajs Jarosław, Walerysiak Natalia, Becker Miłosz

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 69, no. 3

431--446

EN

Discontinuous deformations, such as sinkholes, pose significant challenges in post-mining areas due to their unpredictable nature and potential hazard to surface development and the safety of local communities. Therefore, monitoring the post-mining regions should be treated as a continuing task. This study addresses the ongoing problem of sinkhole formation in the former “Przyjaźń Narodów – Szyb Babina” (Babina) lignite mine located in the glaciotectonic region of Muskau Arch in western Poland. The research uses airborne and terrestrial laser scanning methods to identify and monitor discontinuous deformations, focusing on a newly discovered sinkhole. The methodology involves differential analysis of Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) and their derivatives obtained from airborne laser scanning (ALS) and periodic terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) measurements. The results of ALS DEM analysis allowed the successful identification of 75 confirmed sinkholes, the largest measuring 12.8 m in diameter and 4.8 m deep. Whereas, differential DEM analysis indicated new sinkholes that developed between 2011 and 2020 in the area of shallow underground mining. Two-year TLS monitoring of the new sinkhole showed no progression in its dimensions. However, localised erosion processes associated with water transport were detected. The study shows that sinkhole formation processes are active 5 decades after the end of mining and highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of post-mining areas with advanced laser scanning methodss.

12

Jeśli nie węgiel to co? Transformacja energetyczna w kontekście rosyjskiej agresji w Ukrainie

Naworyta Wojciech

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

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2023

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nr 111

95--107

PL

Rok 2022 był pod względem zabezpieczenia energii dla polskiej gospodarki i gospodarstw domowych rokiem wyjątkowo trudnym. To rok stojący pod znakiem napaści rosyjskiej na Ukrainę. W wyniku sankcji podjętych przez państwa przeciwne działaniom rosyjskiego agresora, do Europy trafia mniej surowców energetycznych z Rosji. Deficyt gazu wymusił na wielu europejskich krajach weryfikację dotychczasowych strategii. Rok poprzedni – 2021, również był dla energetyków rokiem nietypowym, był to czas zwiększonego zapotrzebowania na surowce energetyczne, jaki nastąpił po pandemii Covid -19. W rozdziale na tle dostępnych danych z lat 2021 i 2022, podjąłem się próby zdiagnozowania głównych problemów i wyzwań jakie stoją przed polską energetyką. Dane o produkcji prądu z 10 miesięcy 2022 r. wskazują, że polski system energetyczny jak dotąd dobrze radzi sobie z wyzwaniami związanymi z deficytem i wysoką ceną gazu ziemnego. Produkcja prądu z krajowych źródeł po raz pierwszy od 7 lat przekracza wewnętrzną konsumpcję. Ustawicznie rośnie również udział mocy opartych na odnawialnych źródłach energii, co jednak nie przekłada się na równie dynamiczny przyrost produkcji z tych źródeł. Deficyty energetyczne wynikające z braku gazu albo wysokiej jego ceny kompensowane są głównie przez branżę węgla brunatnego, co będzie miało konsekwencje we wcześniejszym, niż to wynika z koncesji, wyczerpywaniu zasobów tego surowca. Uważam, że dla zapewnienia bezpieczeństwa surowcowego kraju w przeciągu najbliższych kilkunastu lat konieczna jest bezzwłoczna realizacja programu energetyki jądrowej. Czasu pozostało bardzo mało a dotychczasowe działania niestety nie dają gwarancji powodzenia ambitnych planów budowy pierwszych trzech elektrowni jądrowych. Dlatego w obliczu kończących się zasobów w udostępnionych złożach węgla brunatnego niebezpodstawne jest ponowne otwarcie dyskusji nad budową nowej kopalni odkrywkowej dla przedłużenia funkcjonowania elektrowni Bełchatów poza obecny horyzont wyznaczony przez obowiązującą koncesję i zasoby złoża.

EN

The current year 2022 is an exceptionally difficult year in terms of energy security for the Polish economy and households. This is a year marked by Russian aggression against Ukraine. As a result of the sanctions taken by countries opposing the actions of the Russian aggressor, Europe receives less energy resources from Russia. The gas deficit has forced many European countries to review their current strategies. The previous year (2021) was also an unusual year for energy specialists, it was a time of increased demand for energy resources that followed the Covid -19 pandemic. In the chapter, against the background of available data from 2021 and 2022, I attempted to diagnose the main problems and challenges facing power engineering. Data on electricity production for 10 months of 2022 indicate that the Polish energy system has been coping well with the challenges related to the deficit and high price of natural gas so far. The production of electricity from domestic sources exceeds internal consumption for the first time in 7 years. The share of capacity based on renewable energy sources is also constantly growing, which, however, does not translate into an equally dynamic increase in production from these sources. Energy deficits resulting from the lack of gas or its high price are mainly compensated by the lignite industry, which will result in the depletion of resources of this raw material earlier than stipulated in the concession. I believe that in order to ensure the security of the country’s raw materials over the next several years, it is necessary to implement the nuclear energy program without delay. There is very little time left and, unfortunately, the actions taken so far do not guarantee the success of the ambitious plans to build the first three nuclear power plants. Therefore, in the face of the depleting resources in the opened lignite deposits, it is not groundless to re -open the discussion on the construction of a new open-pit mine in order to extend the operation of the Bełchatów power plant beyond the current horizon set by the current concession and resources of the deposit.

13

Problematyka koncesjonowania wydobycia kopalin energetycznych w Polsce

Harat Andrzej, Jaguś Andrzej

Polish Journal of Materials and Environmental Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 5 (25)

1--13

EN

The extraction of minerals, including fossil fuels, is a licensed activity. In the case of strategic fossil fuels owned by the state, such as hard coal, lignite, crude oil, natural gas, a license is issued by the minister responsible for the environment. The minister also signs a mining lease agreement, that is the right to use a mining area, with the entity to which they grant the licence. In the case of resources that are not covered by mining lease, but are subject to land property ownership, such as rock or peat, the licensing authority is the staroste or voivodship governor (depending on the area of the deposit or the volume of the mineral to be extracted). The licensing procedure requires the preparation and completion of extensive documentation presenting the interested entity and the activity it is going to undertake. In the case of licences granted by the minister or governor, the submitted documentation is required to contain a de-posit development plan. The licensing procedure consists in examining the license application along with the attached documentation by the competent authority, as well as conducting ar-rangements with the interested institutions and supervisory authorities. Commencement of the licensing procedure for the extraction of coal or peat is not limited in time, whereas the granting of licences for the exploration, identification and extraction of hydrocarbon deposits begins only in the form of a time-limited tender. After the licence has been granted, the area covered by its provisions is entered in the register of mining areas. Licences are granted for a specified period of time. An important element to be included in their contents is indication of the requirements for conducting a business in a way that minimizes the negative impact on the environment.

14

Perspektywy wydobycia wapieni w ZG KWB „Bełchatów” dla przemysłowego wykorzystania w IOS Elektrowni Bełchatów

Sośniak Edward, Kałużny Damian

Nowa Energia

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2023

|

nr 3

31--35

PL

Eksploatacji węgla brunatnego w Zakładzie Górniczym KWB „Bełchatów” towarzyszy występowanie kopalin towarzyszących. Na obszarze objętym eksploatacją węgla brunatnego, występują kopaliny towarzyszące takie jak: piaski, iły, kreda jeziorna, głazy narzutowe, bruki, pospółki krzemienne oraz wapienie i margle. W 2012 r. powstał pomysł wykorzystania części wapieni z Oddziału KWB Bełchatów do Instalacji Odsiarczania Spalin (IOS) w Elektrowni Bełchatów. W ramach prowadzonych od 2012 r. prac, zostało wykonanych szereg prac rozpoznawczych, projektowych, laboratoryjnych oraz przygotowawczych do eksploatacji. Analizie poddano możliwe rejony pozyskania wapienia w Zakładzie Górniczym KWB „Bełchatów” (Pole Bełchatów oraz Pole Szczerców - rejon 1 i rejon 2).

15

Experimental study of lignite structure evolution characteristics and mechanisms under thermal-mechanical co-function

Yu Weidong

Archives of Mining Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 68, no. 4

671--684

EN

In-situ thermal upgrading modification technology is of great significance to lignite utilisation cleanly. It is an extremely complex multi-field coupling process. Therefore, it is necessary to study the physical properties of lignite under the thermo-mechanical coupling function. In this paper, the lignite pore evolution characteristics under thermal-mechanical co-function have been obtained at different scales based on experimental results. The mechanisms also have been deeply studied. The results indicated that lignite total porosity first increased and then decreased as the temperature increased from 23°C to 400°C under the triaxial stress of 7 MPa. The maximum value of 21.64% for the total porosity of lignite was observed at 200°C. Macropores were dominant when the temperature was lower than 100°C, while visible pores were dominant when at temperatures ranging from 100~400°C. The thermal weight loss and deformation characteristics of lignite were further studied using a thermal-mechanical testing platform. The weight loss and deformation process could be divided into three stages, namely the slow, rapid, and relatively slow stages. After being continuously pyrolysed for 5 hours at a temperature of 400°C, the maximum weight loss rate of lignite was 52.38%, the maximum axial linear strain was 11.12%, and the maximum irrecoverable radial strain was 18.79%. The maximum axial thermal deformation coefficient of lignite was −2.63×10 −4℃ −1 at a temperature of 289°C. Macro-deformation and component loss were the main mechanisms of lignite structure evolution.

16

Removal of Direct Orange 26 azo dye from water using natural carbonaceous materials

Kuśmierek Krzysztof, Dąbek Lidia, Świątkowski Andrzej

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 1

47--56

EN

The aim of the study was to assess the possibility of using natural carbonaceous materials such as peat, lignite, and hard coal as low-cost sorbents for the removal of Direct Orange 26 azo dye from an aqueous solution. The adsorption kinetics and the influence of experimental conditions were investigated. The following materials were used in the research: azo dye Direct Orange 26, Spill-Sorb “Fison” peat (Alberta, Canada), lignite (Bełchatów, Poland), and hard coal (“Zofiówka” mine, Poland). The morphology and porous structure of the absorbents were tested. Dye sorption was carried out under static conditions, with different doses of sorbents, pH of the solution, and ionic strength. It was observed that the adsorption of Direct Orange 26 dye on all three adsorbents was strongly dependent on the pH of the solution, while the ionic strength of the solution did not affect the adsorption efficiency. The adsorption kinetics were consistent with the pseudo-second-order reaction model. The stage which determines the rate of adsorption is the diffusion of the dye in the near-surface layer. The process of equilibrium adsorption of Direct Orange 26 dye on all tested adsorbents is best described by the Langmuir isotherm. The maximum adsorption capacity for peat, brown coal and hard coal was 17.7, 15.1 and 13.8 mg/g, respectively. The results indicate that peat, lignite, and hard coal can be considered as alternative adsorbents for removing azo dyes from aqueous solutions.

PL

Celem pracy była ocena możliwości wykorzystania naturalnych materiałów węglowych takich jak torf, węgiel brunatny i węgiel kamienny jako niskokosztowych sorbentów do w usuwaniu barwnika azowego Direct Orange 26 z roztworu wodnego. Zbadano kinetykę adsorpcji oraz wpływ dawki sorbentu, pH roztworu oraz siły jonowej na skuteczność sorpcji. W badaniach wykorzystano barwnik azowy Direct Orange 26, torf Spill-Sorb „Fison” (Alberta, Kanada), węgiel brunatny (Bełchatów,Polska) oraz węgiel kamienny („Zofiówka”, Polska). Wykonano badania morfologii oraz struktury porowatej absorbentów. Sorpcję barwnika prowadzono w warunkach statycznych, przy różnych dawkach sorbentów, pH roztworu i sile jonowej. Zaobserwowano, że adsorpcja barwnika Direct Orange 26 na wszystkich trzech adsorbentach była silnie zależna od pH roztworu, natomiast siła jonowa roztworu nie wpływała na efektywność adsorpcji. Kinetyka adsorpcji była zgodna z modelem reakcji pseudo-drugiego rzędu. Etapem decydującym o szybkości adsorpcji jest dyfuzja barwnika w warstwie przypowierzchniowej. Proces adsorpcji równowagowej barwnika Direct Orange 26 na wszystkich badanych adsorbentach najlepiej opisuje izoterma Langmuira. Maksymalne zdolności adsorpcyjne dla torfu, węgla brunatnego i węgla kamiennego wynosiły odpowiednio 17,7, 15,1 i 13,8 mg/g. Wyniki wskazują, że torf, węgiel brunatny i węgiel kamienny mogą być rozważane jako alternatywne adsorbenty do usuwania barwników azowych z roztworów wodnych.

17

Węgiel brunatny w Polsce a religia Zielonego Ładu

Naworyta Wojciech

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

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2022

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nr 110

29--38

PL

Scharakteryzowano aktualny stan energetyki opartej na węglu brunatnym w Polsce na tle produkcji energii w wybranych państwach UE i niektórych państwach świata. Przedstawiono plany rozwoju energetyki węglowej w państwach azjatyckich i w konsekwencji wzrost globalnej emisji CO2 do atmosfery co najmniej do 2035 r. Z przedstawionych danych wynika, że na tle działania oraz deklarowanych planów państw emitujących najwięcej CO2 do atmosfery polityka europejska zmierzająca do osiągnięcia tzw. zeroemisyjności nie przynosi globalnych skutków. Postawiono tezę, że obecna polityka UE w sferze walki ze zmianami klimatycznymi ukierunkowana na działania regionalne nie jest skuteczna, a wręcz prowadzi do zwiększenia globalnej emisji CO2 do atmosfery. Wskazano na niskie tempo rozwoju energetyki opartej na odnawialnych źródłach energii (OZE) w Polsce. Naturalne (pogodowe, dobowe) ograniczenia produkcji prądu ze źródeł odnawialnych sprawiają, że przy obecnym stanie rozwoju technicznego nie można wyłącznie na tych źródłach oprzeć bezpieczeństwa energetycznego kraju. Zwrócono uwagę na nowe w polskiej energetyce zjawisko – rosnący deficyt energii, który kompensowany jest importem. Postawiono pytanie, czy wobec stanu polskiej energetyki oraz rosnącego zapotrzebowania na prąd należy ograniczać produkcję energii z rodzimych źródeł, w tym z paliw kopalnych, tak jak to wynika z założeń Zielonego Ładu. W konkluzji stwierdzono, że produkcja energii w istniejących ośrodkach górniczo-energetycznych opartych na węglu brunatnym powinna być utrzymana przynajmniej do czasu wyeksploatowania udostępnionych złóż. Dwie dekady pozostałe do zakończenia eksploatacji złóż węgla brunatnego w polskich kopalniach odkrywkowych to niewiele czasu dla przeprowadzenia gruntownych i systemowych zmian. Bez obecnie funkcjonujących elektrowni opartych na węglu brunatnym oraz bez intensywnych działań, mających na celu zwiększenie dynamiki rozwoju alternatywnych źródeł energii, Polska już wkrótce stanie wobec dramatycznego problemu narastającego deficytu energii elektrycznej.

EN

The current state of lignite-based energy in Poland was characterized against the background of energy production in selected EU countries and some countries of the world. The plans for the development of coal-based energy in Asian countries were presented and, as a consequence, the increase in global CO2 emissions into the atmosphere at least until 2035. The presented data show that against the background of the actions and the declared plans of the countries emitting the most CO2 into the atmosphere, the European policy aimed at achieving the so-called being zeroemission does not have a global impact. A thesis has been put forward that the current EU policy in the field of combating climate change aimed at regional actions is not effective, and even leads to an increase in global CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. The low pace of development of energy based on renewable energy sources in Poland was indicated. Due to the natural (weather, daily) limitations of electricity production from renewable sources, with the current state of technological development, the country’s energy security cannot be based solely on these sources. Attention was paid to a new phenomenon in the Polish energy sector – the growing energy deficit, which is compensated by imports. The question was asked whether, in view of the condition of the Polish energy sector and the growing demand for electricity, the production of energy from domestic sources, including fossil fuels, should be limited, as it results from the assumptions of the Green Deal. The conclusion was that the production of energy in the existing mining and energy centers based on lignite should be maintained at least until the available deposits are exhausted. The two decades remaining until the end of the exploitation of lignite deposits in Polish opencast mines is not much time for thorough and systemic changes. Without the currently operating lignite-based power plants and without intensive actions aimed at increasing the dynamics of the development of alternative energy sources, Poland will soon face the dramatic problem of the growing electricity deficit.

18

Polityka Energetyczna Polski do 2040 roku – perspektywy oraz wyzwania

Mazanek Łukasz, Świat Mikołaj

Zeszyty Naukowe Instytutu Gospodarki Surowcami Mineralnymi i Energią PAN

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2022

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nr 110

51--63

PL

Polityka energetyczna państwa stanowi kierunek rozwoju sektora energetyczno-paliwowego, a także wpływa na kwestię jakości powietrza, rozwoju elektromobilności, działań z zakresu efektywności energetycznej procesów przemysłowych i budynków, jak również – w sposób pośredni – stanowi podstawę do przewidywań rozwoju gospodarczego danego obszaru. W lutym 2021 r. przyjęta została Polityka Energetyczna Polski do 2040 r. zakładająca między innymi stopniowe odejście od źródeł węglowych, rozwój energetyki wiatrowej na morzu, a także budowę elektrowni jądrowych w celu pokrycia krajowego zapotrzebowania na moc i energię. W międzyczasie przedstawione zostały projekcje w ramach Sprawozdania z wyników monitorowania bezpieczeństwa dostaw energii elektrycznej, a także Plan Rozwoju Systemu Przesyłowego do 2030 roku. Jednocześnie rynkiem energetycznym zachwiała najpierw pandemia koronawirusa COVID-19, a następnie proces odbudowy gospodarek światowych po niej. W rezultacie nieco wyraźniej zarysowały się wyzwania oraz perspektywy dla sektora energetycznego Polski, które zostały opisane w niniejszym artykule.

EN

The state’s energy policy is the direction of the development of the energy and fuel sector, and also affects the issue of air quality, the development of electromobility, activities in the field of energy efficiency of industrial processes and buildings, and indirectly forms the basis for forecasting the economic development of a given area. In February 2021, the Polish Energy Policy until 2040 was adopted, assuming, among others, a gradual departure from coal sources, the development of offshore wind energy, as well as the construction of nuclear power plants to cover the domestic demand for power and energy. In the meantime, the projections were presented as part of the Report on the results of monitoring the security of electricity supply, as well as the Transmission System Development Plan until 2030. At the same time, the energy market was first shaken by the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic, and then the process of rebuilding global economies after it. As a result, the challenges and prospects for the Polish energy sector, described in this article, have outlined a little more clearly.

19

Współczynnik oporu warstwy fluidalnej

Ziaja Jolanta, Lichota Janusz

Rynek Energii

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2022

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Nr 3

49--57

PL

W artykule pokazano sposób znalezienia współczynników oporu aerodynamicznego wiążących liczby Reynoldsa, Archimedesa i Froude’a w przypadku kotła fluidalnego o mocy elektrycznej 261 MW. Uzyskane równania mogą posłużyć do skalowania kotła.

EN

This paper shows how to find the aerodynamic drag coefficients that combine Reynolds, Archimedes, and Froude numbers for a fluidized bed boiler with an electrical capacity of 261 MW. The obtained equations can be used to scale the boiler.

20

Numerical simulation of the processes of burning lignite in a vortex furnace with swirling countercurrent flows

Redko Andriy, Dzhyoiev Rafael, Norchak Volodymyr, Pavlovskiiy Serhii, Burda Yurii, Redko Oleksandr, Redko Igor

Production Engineering Archives

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2022

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Vol. 28, Iss. 2

141--149

EN

This work presents the results of a numerical study of the working processes of burning lignite in a vortex furnace with swirling countercurrent flows. The results of computer simulation of the processes of burning lignite with a moisture content of 30%, an ash content of 20% and 35% and a higher calorific value of Qрв = 13.9 MJ/kg and 9.7 MJ/kg, respectively are given. The fields of temperature distribution, gas velocity and particle trajectory in the volume and at the outlet of the furnace are determined. The values of the swirling flow velocity near the exit from the furnace reach 150-170 m/s. Mechanical underburning is 3.7% and 9.4% depending on the ash content. The results of a numerical study have showed that the diameter of lignite particles affects their combustion process: coke particles with an initial diameter from 25 microns to 250 microns burn out by 96%. The furnace provides a complete combustion of pulverized coal particles - 99.8% and of volatiles - 100% at volumetric heat stress in the 2500 kW/m3 furnace. The afterburning of fuel particles containing carbon is ensured by their circulation.