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1

Cyfrowy bliźniak opakowania z tektury falistej – czy to już możliwe?

Garbowski Tomasz, Karasiewicz Dawid

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2026

|

R. 82, nr 4

187--195

PL

Cyfrowy bliźniak stanowi jedno z kluczowych pojęć Przemysłu 4.0 i 5.0, oznaczając dynamiczny, stale aktualizowany model rzeczywistego obiektu, zasilany danymi pomiarowymi oraz wspierający podejmowanie decyzji technicznych. W ostatnich latach koncepcja ta znalazła szerokie zastosowanie w lotnictwie, motoryzacji i energetyce, natomiast sektor opakowań z tektury falistej dopiero rozpoczyna wykorzystanie podobnych narzędzi. Artykuł przedstawia możliwości wdrożenia cyfrowego bliźniaka do opakowań tekturowych, obejmującego cały cykl życia wyrobu – od projektu konstrukcyjnego, poprzez produkcję, magazynowanie i transport, aż po użytkowanie oraz recykling. Omówiono źródła danych niezbędnych do budowy takiego modelu, w tym parametry materiałowe papierów składowych, geometrię fali, warunki klimatyczne, historię obciążeń oraz dane z linii produkcyjnych. Przedstawiono również rolę metod numerycznych, sztucznej inteligencji i systemów IoT w bieżącej aktualizacji modelu oraz przewidywaniu nośności, trwałości i ryzyka uszkodzeń opakowań. Szczególną uwagę zwrócono na możliwość szybkiej oceny wpływu wilgotności, składowania oraz zmian jakości surowca na zachowanie gotowego opakowania. Wskazano, że pełny cyfrowy bliźniak opakowania z tektury falistej jest już technicznie osiągalny, jednak jego praktyczne wdrożenie wymaga standaryzacji danych, integracji systemów produkcyjnych oraz uproszczonych modeli obliczeniowych możliwych do zastosowania w warunkach przemysłowych. Technologia ta może w przyszłości znacząco ograniczyć liczbę kosztownych testów fizycznych, skrócić czas projektowania oraz poprawić efektywność materiałową opakowań.

EN

The digital twin is one of the key concepts of Industry 4.0 and 5.0, referring to a dynamic and continuously updated virtual representation of a real object, supported by measurement data and used for engineering decision-making. In recent years, this concept has been widely adopted in aerospace, automotive, and energy sectors, while the corrugated packaging industry is only beginning to explore similar solutions. This paper discusses the feasibility of implementing a digital twin for corrugated board packaging, covering the entire product life cycle: structural design, manufacturing, storage, transport, use, and recycling. The study presents the main data sources required for such a model, including material parameters of paper constituents, flute geometry, climatic conditions, load history, and production-line data. The role of numerical methods, artificial intelligence, and IoT systems in continuous model updating and in predicting strength, durability, and failure risk is also discussed. Particular attention is given to the rapid assessment of humidity effects, warehousing conditions, and raw material variability on packaging performance. It is concluded that a full digital twin of corrugated packaging is already technically feasible; however, its industrial implementation still requires data standardization, integration of production systems, and simplified computational models suitable for real-time applications. In the future, this technology may significantly reduce costly physical testing, shorten development time, and improve material efficiency of packaging solutions.

2

Transforming industrial organizations in the age of I4.0: a dynamic capabilities framework for strategic adaptation in Morocco

Abouzaid Siham, Ennadi Abdelali, Chamat Abderrahim

LogForum

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2026

|

Vol. 22, no 2

187--198

EN

Background: Moroccan industrial companies operate in an increasingly unstable environment in which Industry 4.0 technologies-such as the Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, and big data-represent powerful levers for strategic adaptation. The dynamic capabilities framework, based on sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring, provides a relevant lens for understanding how organizations sense signals of change, mobilize resources, and reconfigure processes to sustain competitive advantage. Methods: The study is based on a cross-sectional survey conducted among 276 Moroccan industrial companies from heavy and light industry as well as the construction sector. Data were analyzed using the PLS-SEM method with 5,000 bootstrap samples. The measurement model demonstrated strong reliability and validity (factor loadings ≈ 0.857–0.912; composite reliability ≈ 0.934–0.939; AVE ≈ 0.778–0.793; HTMT < 0.85). Results: The findings reveal robust relationships among the three dimensions of dynamic capabilities. Sensing strongly predicts seizing (β = 0.917, p < 0.001), while seizing significantly influences reconfiguration (β = 0.725, p < 0.001). Collectively, sensing (β = 0.385), seizing (β = 0.232), and reconfiguration (β = 0.362) contribute significantly to the development of overall dynamic capabilities (all p < 0.001). The model exhibits high explanatory power for seizing (R² = 0.84), moderate explanatory power for reconfiguration (R² = 0.53), and moderate explanatory power for dynamic capabilities as a whole (R² ≈ 0.33). All six hypotheses are empirically supported, highlighting the role of environmental vigilance, the mobilization of smart technologies, and organizational reconfiguration in strengthening dynamic capabilities. Conclusions: This research demonstrates that Industry 4.0 (I4.0) technologies constitute concrete foundations for the development of dynamic capabilities in an emerging economy context. It advances a systemic model that links the detection of external signals, the use of intelligent technologies, and organizational responsiveness. By doing so, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how I4.0 is integrated into organizational practices and offers an operational framework for managers to navigate highly uncertain environments.

3

Sustainability of the printing industry of the Visegrad Group countries: economic, ecological and technological perspectives in the era of Industry 5.0

Soľavová Monika, Bolek Vladimír

LogForum

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2026

|

Vol. 22, no 2

213--227

EN

Background: The printing industry remains a vital component of the information, cultural, and manufacturing ecosystem, yet it is undergoing profound structural transformation driven by digitalisation, automation, and the emerging human-centric paradigm of Industry 5.0. This study investigates the development of the printing sector in the Visegrad Four (V4) countries through an integrated economic, ecological, and technological perspective, with emphasis on technological readiness, sustainability transitions, and long-term competitive capacity. Methods: A mixed-method research design was applied, combining bibliometric analysis with quantitative evaluation based on Eurostat structural business statistics covering the period 2012–2024. Economic performance across the V4 countries was assessed using descriptive indicators and one-way ANOVA, while the ALR framework was employed to support interpretation of sustainability performance and technological readiness. All assumptions required for ANOVA were verified and satisfied. Results: The findings reveal statistically significant differences in the economic performance of the V4 printing industries, with 99.91% of the total variance attributable to inter-country disparities. Poland exhibits a pronounced three- to four-fold advantage in key indicators, including sectoral GDP contribution, sales, exports, and number of enterprises, reflecting higher levels of technological integration and innovation capacity. These results highlight the central role of digitalisation, automation, and sustainability-oriented technological upgrading in shaping regional competitiveness. Conclusions: This study advances an integrative analytical model linking the adoption of Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 to sustainability outcomes and adaptive competitiveness within the printing industry. The results contribute to ongoing theoretical discourse on sustainable industrial transformation and offer actionable implications for policy formulation, innovation support, and technological upgrading across the EU, particularly in regions affected by structural disparities in digital readiness.

4

Technologie Kosmiczne 4.0 - w kontekście działalności, rozwoju i przyszłości Stowarzyszenia Elektryków Polskich

Romaniuk Ryszard

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2026

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Vol. 67, Nr 4

25--36

PL

Autor, wieloletni członek Rady Naukowej Centrum Badań Kosmicznych Polskiej Akademii Nauk, w tym jej przewodniczący w poprzedniej kadencji, prowadzi wykłady dla studentów i doktorantów na temat Space 4.0. Kosmos 4.0 to oczywiście odnoga kosmiczna ideologii Przemysł 4.0. Ale nie tylko, bowiem kosmos to nieco więcej niż tylko powierzchnia Ziemi, gdzie nie bez trudu wdrażamy Przemysł 4.0. Myśląc tak na szybko, bez głębszej refleksji, możemy zapytać, co takiego daje nam kosmos gospodarczo oprócz gigantycznej pustej przestrzeni wokół nas? Taki rodzaj dodatkowego rozciągniętego trzeciego wymiaru gospodarki. Może nieco zaburza takie myślenie blisko zlokalizowany Księżyc, odległy tylko o ok. 384 tys. km, a w sensie sygnałowym, latencyjnym, tylko o ok. 1.3 sekundy w jedną stronę. Jeśli więc możemy zaakceptować te ok. 3 sekundy opóźnienia to okazuje się że nasz Księżyc może być bardzo pomocny w budowie potężnej, ponad stu-kilotonowej, Yottabajtowej chmury obliczeniowej wokół Ziemi zasilanej Petawatami energii słonecznej, chłodzonej zaciemnioną próżnią kosmiczną o temperaturze 2,7 K. Tak blisko zlokalizowany Księżyc jest naszym błogosławieństwem, bez niego nie byłoby życia na Ziemi. Księżyc jest doskonałą piaskownicą do testów i rozwoju znacznie poważniejszej wielkowymiarowej elektryki i teleinformatyki kosmicznej wymaganej dla zasiedlenia Marsa. Obszarem zainteresowania SEP są ustawowe dyscypliny AEEiTK oraz ITT. Autor dyskutuje dlaczego Technologie Kosmiczne są ściśle i nieuchronnie związane z rozwojem Stowarzyszenia Elektryków Polskich.

EN

The author, a long-time member of the Scientific Council of the Space Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences, including its chairman in the last term, delivers a lecture to students and doctoral candidates on Space 4.0. Space 4.0 is, of course, the cosmic branch of the Industry 4.0 ideology. But it’s not just that, because space is somewhat more than just the surface of the Earth, where we are implementing Industry 4.0 with considerable difficulty. Thinking quickly, without deeper reflection, we might ask what space offers us economically, besides the gigantic empty space around us? This kind of additional, extended third dimension of the economy. Perhaps this thinking is somewhat distorted by the nearby Moon, only about 384,000 km away, and in terms of signal latency, only about 1.3 seconds each way. So, if we can accept this approximately 3-second delay, it turns out that our Moon could be very helpful in building a massive, a more than hundred-kilo tons, yottabyte-sized computing cloud around Earth, powered by petawatts of solar energy, and cooled by dark space at 2.7 K. The Moon, located so close to us, is a blessing; it provides an excellent sandbox for testing and developing the much more complex large-scale space electrical and telecommunications systems required for Mars settlement. The SEP’s areas of interest include the statutory disciplines of AEEiTK and ITT. The author discusses why space technologies are closely and inexorably linked to the development of the Association of Polish Electrical Engineers.

5

The role of digital initiatives in advancing ESG in Polish industrial companies

Celary Olga, Piwowarczyk Zuzanna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 225

55--70

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between digital initiatives and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) performance in the Polish industrial sector. The research aims to determine how the implementation of Industry 4.0 technologies contributes to corporate sustainability and supports the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Design/methodology/approach: The study adopts a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative textual analysis and quantitative statistical evaluation. Corporate sustainability reports of 15 publicly listed companies from the WIG50 index were analyzed using a predefined set of digitalization-related keywords to assess the presence and intensity of digital initiatives. Statistical analysis, including Pearson correlation and regression modeling, was used to identify relationships between digital transformation and ESG performance. The research also considers the influence of external factors, such as regulatory conditions and market competition, on digital strategy development. Findings: The findings reveal a positive but moderated correlation between digital initiatives and ESG performance in the Polish industrial sector. Industry 4.0 technologies such as AI-driven energy optimization, IoT systems, and digital twins were found to significantly contribute to sustainability objectives. However, the results also highlight the complex nature of ESG performance, indicating that while digitalization is a key enabler, other organizational and environmental variables also play a critical role. Research limitations/implications: The research is limited by its scope, focusing on 15 companies within the industrial sector in Poland. Future research should consider a broader dataset, use longitudinal methods, and include qualitative case studies to deepen insights into the evolving relationship between digitalization and sustainability. Practical implications: The study offers practical insights by showing how digital transformation can enhance ESG performance. Companies can use these findings to guide strategic investment in digital technologies within sustainability and governance frameworks. Originality/value: This paper provides novel empirical evidence on the digitalizationsustainability nexus in the Polish industrial context. It adds value by bridging the gap between digital transformation and ESG performance, and is relevant for researchers, practitioners, and policymakers interested in sustainable industrial development.

6

The CAD tool in managing the design process of machinery and equipment as a road to Industry 4.0

Niekurzak Mariusz, Lewicki Wojciech, Coban Hasan Huseyin

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 221

425--435

EN

Purpose: The work aims to emphasize the importance of using the CAD tool in managing the design process of a selected mechanical device. The research includes comparing selected parameters from the use of innovative materials with traditional construction materials, such as steel, aluminium, or plastics. Design/methodology/approach: As part of the research, a 3D model of the body of the selected device was designed and an analysis was carried out tightened by this element from commonly used materials and innovative construction material, which is carbon fibre. The use of the CAD tool allowed us to identify the benefits and restrictions resulting from the implementation of innovative material at the stage before production. In addition, the impact of carbon fibre structure on the distribution of stress and its strength properties in various operating conditions was analyzed. Findings: The purpose of the work was to examine key parameters for the operation of the selected device without incurring real production costs. The obtained results gave a basis for analysis in the field of introducing and effective use of carbon fibre as a material used to build a given device. Research limitations/implications: The main obstacle to the wider use of carbon fibre is its high price. This is related to both production costs and limited accessibility on the market. The price of carbon fibre elements significantly exceeds the cost of components, steel or aluminium. It has been shown how a tool such as CAD can lead to a reduction in production costs already at the design stage. Practical implications: Research results are the first scientific approach indicating the possibility of using innovative materials in construction applications other than the automotive industry. By defining its efficiency and profitability. In addition, they confirm the need for further research on the processes of optimizing the cost of designing data of machinery and devices using a tool such as CAD in response to Industry 4.0 challenges. Originality/value: The originality of the study lies in the innovative approach to the use of CAD software in managing the design process of individual parts of agricultural machines in order to reduce production costs.

7

Systemic shaping of occupational safety as a factor for the functioning of Industry 4.0 (i4.0)

Górny Adam

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 226

329--341

EN

Purpose: The aim of this article is to indicate the possibilities of reducing the burdens related to the lack of safety, occurring in I4.0 enterprises. Design/methodology/approach: The study links the guidelines for the systemic management of occupational safety, indicated in the ISO 45001 standard, with the conditions of operation of I4.0 of enterprises. Findings: The study indicates key factors that determine the efficient functioning of Industry 4.0. The diagnosis showed that taking into account OHS guidelines may be an important condition for ensuring the efficient operation of machines and technical devices. This condition also occurs when a person only performs support functions related to maintenance. Research limitations/implications: It seems reasonable to specify the existing relationships, e.g. the positive and negative impact of the industrial revolution on the consequences related to the state of occupational safety should be determined. It is necessary to consider the impact of new technologies on individual groups of employees. Practical implications: The obtained results indicate the need to take into account safety issues in order to ensure effective implementation of the I4.0 guidelines. This should be considered as important information for people (entities) involved in purchasing, launching technical devices and ensuring the maintenance of machines used in I4.0. Originality/value: The limitations affecting the effective use of technical equipment were identified. It was indicated that the improvement could be based on the guidelines of the systemic management of occupational health and safety. The obtained indications are addressed to people in I4.0 enterprises who make decisions related to the purchase and use of machines and technical equipment.

8

Evaluation of selected instruments, concepts, techniques, methods, tools and principles of quality management in the context of their use in the conditions of Industry 4.0

Skórnóg Damian, Major-Kalinowska Paulina

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 222

533--549

EN

Purpose: The purpose of the publication is to evaluate the effectiveness of selected instruments, concepts, methods, techniques, tools and principles of quality management in the context of their use in the conditions of Industry 4.0, based on the opinions of experts representing the scientific and industrial community. Design/methodology/approach: The research used quantitative expert analysis. Thirty-three experts participated, of which 26 were selected for the final analysis (13 representing industry and 13 the scientific community). The selection of experts was based on a competence factor, taking into account self-assessment of familiarity with the subject matter and the quality of argumentation. Forty-two quality management tools and methods were evaluated using descriptive statistics and Spearman rank correlation analysis. Findings: The results of the survey indicate that industrial practitioners and researchers differ in their preferences for the tools they use - the former focus on practical and implementation solutions, while the latter focus on analytical and conceptual tools. Despite these differences, a number of tools highly rated by both groups were also identified. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong relationships between some methods (e.g., Scatter Diagram and Workflow, QFD and Gantt chart), suggesting the possibility of their complementary use. The results confirm the need to integrate quality management tools in an Industry 4.0 environment. Research limitations/implications: The selection of experts, based on recommendations and self-assessment, carries a risk of subjectivity despite objective criteria. The analysis covered only 42 tools, not fully reflecting the diversity of quality management methods. The absence of strong correlations may stem from the adopted methodology and the complexity of the studied relationships. Future research should involve a broader, more diverse sample, consider industry specifics, and analyze a wider range of tools. Originality/value: The publication provides a detailed analysis of the evaluation of the effectiveness of quality management tools under the conditions of Industry 4.0 and indicates the relationship between them. The results of the study can provide a basis for building integrated quality management systems adapted to the challenges of digital transformation.

9

Drone swarms - as an innovative tool to carry out irregular warfare

Olkiewicz Marcin, Wolniak Radosław, Terebecki Mariusz

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 215

387--408

EN

Purpose: The main purpose of the article is to analyze the possibilities of using drone swarms as an innovative battlefield tool. Design/methodology/approach: The research includes simulation methods by using computer simulation methods based on the so-called random walk - Brownian motion and Brownian bridge. Findings: The research shows that the innovative use of drone swarms will further increase the possibility of using them in an asymmetrical conflict. Particularly important is the cheapness of the presented solution, the possibility of using it after only a short training and the option to perform an earlier simulation of the effects of the drone swarms application by people with an average level of IT knowledge. Research limitations/implications: The study focused on analyzing the possibilities of using simulation methods to manage innovative drone swarms exclusively for military purposes and the possibilities of using such solutions. According to the authors, the research should be carried out in other areas of social life. Practical implications: In the era of Industry 4.0, which is based on digitization and robotization, it will be possible to increasingly use solutions that make use of artificial intelligence (AI) on the battlefield, such as the application of innovative drone swarms. Originality/value: The presented solution is based on innovations in various areas, it can be stated that this type of drone application is an open innovation and can be developed by both military and civilian companies.

10

Continuous improvement: leveraging data security in Industry 4.0 settings

Żywiołek Justyna

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

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z. 216

661--672

EN

Purpose: This study aims to explore the critical role of data security in continuous improvement within Industry 4.0 settings. It focuses on identifying how robust data security practices enable organizations to enhance operational efficiency, foster innovation, and protect sensitive information assets. Additionally, the research highlights the interplay between technological advancements, regulatory compliance, and proactive risk management in achieving sustainable organizational growth. Design/methodology/approach: The research adopts a mixed-method approach to investigate the role of data security in continuous improvement within Industry 4.0. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to identify key theoretical frameworks and best practices related to cybersecurity and continuous improvement. The study also incorporates case analysis of Industry 4.0 technologies, such as IoT, AI, and big data analytics, highlighting their integration with data security strategies. By analyzing real-world applications and leveraging predictive analytics and compliance audits, the research demonstrates how secure data practices can enhance organizational performance and foster innovation. Findings: The study identifies that data security is an indispensable component of continuous improvement in Industry 4.0. Secure data practices enhance decision-making, promote operational resilience, and enable proactive risk mitigation. Moreover, they support compliance with regulatory frameworks, such as GDPR and ISO 27001, while fostering a culture of innovation and trust among stakeholders. The findings also reveal significant challenges, including technological complexity, resource constraints, and rapidly evolving cyber threats. Research limitations/implications: The research is limited by the availability of empirical data on specific Industry 4.0 applications. Future studies could expand on the practical implementation of data security measures across diverse industries and explore the economic implications of continuous improvement strategies. Additional research on emerging technologies, such as blockchain and quantum computing, could further enrich the understanding of secure data management. Practical implications: The study provides actionable insights for businesses seeking to integrate data security into their continuous improvement processes. It emphasizes the importance of investing in advanced security technologies, workforce training, and compliance frameworks to enhance organizational resilience. These recommendations are particularly relevant for enterprises navigating the complexities of Industry 4.0. Originality/value: This paper contributes to the literature by linking data security directly with continuous improvement in Industry 4.0. It offers a novel perspective on the strategic importance of secure data practices, supported by both theoretical insights and practical applications. The findings are valuable to researchers, policymakers, and industry leaders focused on sustainable growth and technological innovation.

11

Conditions and consequences of quality development – from Quality 4.0 to 5.0

Skrzypek Elżbieta, Grudowski Piotr

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 221

529--546

EN

Purpose: To present the essence, advantages and threats of Quality 4.0 and Quality 5.0 and to indicate further development directions of quality management concepts. Design/methodology/approach: The research methods used are a thematic review of literature on research on Quality 4.0 and 5.0 and surveys conducted among companies with certified quality management systems in the region of southeastern Poland. Findings: The challenges and drivers of Quality 4.0 development are closely related to Industry 4.0 and are based on IT revolutionizing the business world. The implementation of Quality 4.0 solutions leads to the integrated and intelligent automation of quality standards. The research results show a growing interest in the implementation of Quality 4.0 and TQM 4.0 solutions. The increased focus on social satisfaction through an environmentally sustainable approach has been reflected in Quality 5.0 related to Industry 5.0 and Society 5.0. Research limitations/implications: The main limitations of the conclusions presented in this article and the reflections described by the authors and other researchers include: the study does not offer long-term data on the outcomes of Quality 4.0 and 5.0 implementations, making it difficult to assess their sustained impact; the concepts of Quality 4.0 and 5.0 are still evolving, and the article does not provide universally accepted interpretation. The authors acknowledge a need to develop research on Quality 5.0 in the following directions: investigate the role of organizational culture, leadership styles, and employee training in successfully adopting Quality 4.0 and 5.0; explore how Quality 4.0 and 5.0 can be tailored to specific sectors (e.g., healthcare, education, manufacturing) to address unique challenges and opportunities; examine the balance between automation and human involvement in Quality 5.0, particularly in industries where human judgment and creativity are critical. Originality/value: The article identifies the challenges related to contemporary approaches to pro-quality management of organizations and systematizes the concept of quality in the conditions of Industry 4.0 and 5.0, indicating its key aspects. It is addressed to researchers of quality management issues.

12

AGV/AMR in managing the automation of internal transport tasks in the enterprise

Chłąd Mateusz, Dec Szymon

Zeszyty Naukowe. Organizacja i Zarządzanie / Politechnika Śląska

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2025

|

z. 228

59--73

EN

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze autonomous mobile robot (AMR) technologies on warehouse and inventory management in a manufacturing company from the automotive industry, with a particular focus on internal transport automation and cost optimization. Design/methodology/approach: The study is based on a case analysis of a manufacturing enterprise in southern Poland. A diagnostic approach was used, including the analysis of internal logistics processes, technical specifications of AMR solutions, cost-benefit comparisons with traditional forklifts, and vendor evaluations in relation to industry standards such as VDA 5050. Findings: The results confirm that AMR implementation leads to enhanced flexibility, increased work safety, and long-term cost efficiency in internal transport. The need for various AMR types was identified based on the load type, and the introduction of standards like VDA 5050 enabled successful integration of multi-vendor solutions. Research limitations/implications: The analysis is limited to a single company from the automotive sector, which may constrain the generalizability of the findings. Future research should investigate implementation outcomes across different sectors and company sizes. Practical implications: The findings support logistics and operations managers in identifying key criteria for successful AMR deployment, including investment planning, route optimization, and systems integration. The structured implementation approach can serve as a blueprint for similar enterprises. Social implications: Automation of internal transport contributes to improving workplace safety, reducing human error, and creating more ergonomic working conditions, while also fostering skills development in modern logistics technologies. Originality/value: This paper provides a comprehensive real-life case study of AMR deployment in a production environment, supported by financial modeling and technical route planning, offering valuable insight into practical integration with warehouse and ERP systems.

13

Innowacyjna bezodpadowa technologia kształtowania odśrodkowego zakończeń rur stalowych – od koncepcji do prototypu przemysłowego

Świątek Marcin, Kavaleuskaya Darya

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2025

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Vol. 14, iss. 1

128--136

PL

Podstawą opracowania projektu plastycznego kształtowania zakończeń rur stalowych było zapotrzebowanie na poprawę jakości połączeń rurowych w dwóch podstawowych aspektach: estetycznym (jakość wizualna złącza) oraz funkcjonalnym (właściwości użytkowe połączenia). Analiza istniejących technologii wykazała fundamentalny konflikt między jakością produktu, efektywnością procesu a nakładami inwestycyjnymi, co uzasadniło opracowanie innowacyjnego rozwiązania eliminującego procesy spawalnicze. Zaprojektowana maszyna oparta na technologii plastycznego kształtowania odśrodkowego charakteryzuje się tolerancją wymiarową ±0,5 mm, czasem cyklu 3-6 min/szt. oraz zakresem średnic Ø155-450 mm. Rozwiązanie zapewnia redukcję czasu produkcji o 50-80% względem metod konwencjonalnych przy jednoczesnej eliminacji zużycia materiałów dodatkowych (0 kg/100 szt. vs 15-22 kg w spawaniu). Kluczowe zalety obejmują: zachowanie integralności powłok ochronnych, zerową emisję zanieczyszczeń procesowych oraz pełną automatyzację zgodną z koncepcją Przemysłu 4.0. Projekt zrealizowano w dwuetapowej metodyce przy wsparciu Funduszy Europejskich: 12-miesięczne badania przemysłowe oraz 14-miesięczne prace rozwojowe, osiągając 6. poziom gotowości technologicznej. Weryfikację założeń funkcjonalnych przeprowadzono w konsultacji z potencjalnymi użytkownikami z sektora przemysłu rolno-spożywczego i systemów wentylacyjnych. Badania eksperymentalne potwierdziły istotny wpływ jakości przygotowania materiału wyjściowego na geometrię produktu końcowego.

EN

The basis for developing the plastic forming project for steel pipe ends was the need to improve the quality of pipe connections in two fundamental aspects: aesthetic (visual quality of the joint) and functional (operational properties of the connection). Analysis of existing technologies revealed a fundamental conflict between product quality, process efficiency, and investment costs, which justified the development of an innovative solution eliminating welding processes. The designed machine, based on centrifugal plastic forming technology, is characterized by dimensional tolerance of ±0.5 mm, cycle time of 3-6 min/piece, and diameter range of Ø155-450 mm. The solution provides a 50-80% reduction in production time compared to conventional methods while eliminating the consumption of additional materials (0 kg/100 pcs. vs. 15-22 kg in welding). Key advantages include: preservation of protective coating integrity, zero process emission pollution, and full automation in accordance with the Industry 4.0 concept. The project was implemented using a two-stage methodology with European Funds support: 12- month industrial research and 14-month development work, achieving Technology Readiness Level 6. Verification of functional assumptions was conducted in consultation with potential users from the agri-food industry and ventilation systems sectors. Experimental studies confirmed the significant impact of raw material preparation quality on the final product geometry.

14

Technologie przyszłości -- monitoring, robotyzacja i Przemysł 4.0 w LW ,,Bogdanka" S.A.

Osowski Dawid, Pacek Łukasz, Mazurek Marcin, Toś Piotr, Dyczko Artur

Przegląd Górniczy

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2025

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T. 82, nr 3

94--104

PL

Artykuł prezentuje koncepcję i praktyczne wdrożenie Dyspozytorni Energomechanicznej w Lubelskim Węglu „Bogdanka” S.A. jako modelowego przykładu nowoczesnego centrum zarządzania w górnictwie podziemnym. Opisano rozwiązania bazujące na platformie ABB Ability™ 800xA, umożliwiające integrację systemów OT/IT, monitorowanie pracy zmechanizowanych kompleksów ścianowych, pomp i urządzeń transportowych, a także wdrażanie modułów predykcyjnego utrzymania ruchu. Wskazano na rosnące znaczenie analizy danych, raportowania, predykcji awarii oraz kompetencji operatorów w kontekście wzmacniania świadomości sytuacyjnej w kopalni. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono aspektom bezpieczeństwa teleinformatycznego, które zgodnie z rozporządzeniem Ministra Energii (2016) oraz Ustawą o krajowym systemie cyberbezpieczeństwa (Ustawa 2024) stają się nieodzownym elementem infrastruktury krytycznej. W artykule przedstawiono referencyjny model architektury dyspozytorni, obejmujący m.in. segmentację sieci OT/IT, redundancję łączy, mechanizmy RBAC/MFA, monitoring logów, procedury obsługi incydentów oraz mechanizmy ochrony przed złośliwym oprogramowaniem. Autorzy podkreślają również rolę robotyzacji i koncepcji Przemysłu 4.0 w transformacji górnictwa, wskazując na potrzebę integracji systemów ERP, MES i SCADA w spójne środowisko informacyjne wspierające cykl PDCA (Plan–Do–Check–Act). Dyspozytornia przyszłości ma być nie tylko centrum operacyjnego nadzoru, ale także platformą analityczną umożliwiającą wykorzystanie algorytmów sztucznej inteligencji i uczenia maszynowego w predykcji awarii oraz optymalizacji jakości i efektywności produkcji. Realizacja projektu w LW „Bogdanka” S.A. potwierdza, że wdrożenie zintegrowanych systemów monitoringu, automatyzacji i analityki danych staje się fundamentem nowoczesnego, zrównoważonego i bezpiecznego górnictwa, w którym kluczową rolę odgrywa człowiek – operator wyposażony w narzędzia cyfrowe umożliwiające podejmowanie trafnych decyzji w czasie rzeczywistym.

EN

The article presents the concept and practical implementation of the Energy and Mechanical Dispatch Center at Lubelski Węgiel "Bogdanka" S.A. as a model of a modern management hub in underground mining. It discusses the application of the ABB Ability™ 800xA platform, enabling OT/IT integration, monitoring of longwall complexes, pumps, and transportation systems, as well as the deployment of predictive maintenance modules. The significance of data analysis, reporting, failure prediction, and operator competencies is emphasized, particularly in strengthening situational awareness within the mine. Special attention is devoted to cybersecurity aspects, which, in line with the Regulation of the Minister of Energy (2016) and the National Cybersecurity System Act (2024), are becoming an indispensable component of critical mining infrastructure. The article introduces a reference model for dispatch center architecture, including network segmentation (IT/OT/DMZ), redundancy of communication links, RBAC and MFA mechanisms, log monitoring and retention, incident response procedures, and protection against malware. The authors also highlight the growing role of robotization and the Industry 4.0 concept in the transformation of mining, underlining the need for integration of ERP, MES, and SCADA systems into a coherent information environment that supports the PDCA (Plan–Do–Check–Act) management cycle. The dispatch center of the future is thus envisioned not only as an operational supervision hub but also as an analytical platform that leverages artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms for predictive maintenance, quality stabilization, and production efficiency optimization. The experience of Lubelski Węgiel "Bogdanka" S.A. confirms that the implementation of integrated monitoring, automation, and data analytics systems constitutes a foundation for modern, sustainable, and safe mining, where human operators—equipped with digital tools—play a decisive role in real-time decision-making.

15

Validation of the use of KPIs to measure information security management system performance in manufacturing companies

Pacana Andrzej, Czerwińska Karolina

Production Engineering Archives

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2025

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Vol. 31, Iss. 2

266--275

EN

An Information Security Management System (ISMS) compliant with ISO/IEC 27001 requires the development and implementation of an effective system to guarantee the protection of information from threats. The aim of the study was to propose a set of indicators to measure the effectiveness of SZBI safeguards in manufacturing companies. A model for analysing the effectiveness of the SMS was built, which requires significant involvement of the company's management. Systemic information security management produces the best results, as it involves treating as a whole all processes taking place in the organisation and is consistent with them. A way to measure the degree of information security was defined using indicator analysis and the application of key performance indicators (KPIs). The metrics addressed key areas such as malware protection, quality of passwords and authentication, updating systems and applications, data handling and training. The implementation of a set of indicators makes it possible to diagnose the security system currently in place and identify critical areas for improvement. The model and set of indicators presented in the study can be a helpful tool in maintaining an effective SMS and safeguarding the interests of manufacturing enterprises and their stakeholders.

16

Two faces of automation: cobots and autonomous mobile robots in action

Wagner Natalia, Ingaldi Manuela

Production Engineering Archives

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2025

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Vol. 31, Iss. 3

276--290

EN

By introducing collaborative robots (cobots) and Autonomous Mobile Robot (AMR) technologies into a company's production and logistics processes and fostering effective human-machine interactions, businesses can unlock the full potential of Industry 4.0 and strategically position themselves for the innovations of Industry 5.0. This paper aims to identify development trends of cobot and AMR technologies, invention patterns, the technological maturity of both solutions, and key application sectors. The study utilised a literature review, analysis of market reports, and patent analysis. A parallel analysis of patent collections obtained for cobots and AMRs was conducted, taking into account development trends, leading patent applicants, technological influence, patent power index, invention S-curve, and patent-based maturity rate. The results show that both cobot and AMR technologies have been developing extremely dynamically over the last ten years, and the rapid growth in interest in these technologies coincides with the popularisation of the Industry 4.0 concept. Comparing the dynamics of knowledge development for both solutions, cobots take the lead in this race. For cobots, the technical knowledge accumulated, defined by the number of patent families, is greater, and its annual growth is more dynamic. The development of technological knowledge and the increase in the use of cobots stimulate each other. AMRs, on the other hand, characterise a greater continuation of research and higher spillover of inventions to various technological fields. Both technologies are on the rising arm of the S-curve, and the saturation level is still far away, which means that further research in both areas is recommended.

17

Zautomatyzowane testowanie poprawności procesu na linii produkcyjnej w oparciu o technikę RFID

Pawłowicz Bartosz, Stęchły Arkadiusz, Trybus Bartosz, Kosior Adrian, Ruman Marek

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2025

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R. 29, nr 2

67--75

PL

Technika RFID pozwala na zautomatyzowanie procesów produkcyjnych, szczególnie w zakresie kontroli jakości, zarządzaniu zasobami i optymalizacji produkcji. W ramach przedstawionego rozwiązania zaprojektowany i skonstruowany został model laboratoryjny linii produkcyjnej, w którym zastosowano identyfikatory RFID do identyfikacji poprawności obróbki komponentu na różnych etapach przetwarzania oraz jego ostatecznego sortowania. Wyniki testów potwierdzają skuteczność systemu w klasyfikacji produktów oraz wskazują na wpływ orientacji i odległości pomiędzy identyfikatorami a czytnikami na wydajność systemu.

EN

RFID technology allows for the automation of production processes, especially in quality control, resource management and production optimization roles. In this study, a laboratory model of a production line was created, using RFID tags to identify the accurate processing of a component at several processing stages and its final sorting. Test results confirm the effectiveness of the system in product classification and show the influence of orientation and distance between tags and readers on system performance.

18

Efektywność identyfikacji towarów w magazynach stosujących technikę RFID

Siwiec Karol, Ćmil Michał, Paszkiewicz Andrzej, Pawłowicz Bartosz, Pachla Łukasz

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2025

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R. 29, nr 4

81--87

PL

Technika RFID odgrywa kluczową rolę w automatyzacji procesów logistycznych, umożliwiając szybką i bezdotykową identyfikację towarów w rozproszonych środowiskach magazynowych. W artykule przeanalizowano koncepcję badań nad efektywnością tej technologii, skupiając się na szybkości odczytu i sprawności samych czytników RFID w różnych warunkach operacyjnych. Największą uwagę zwrócono na wydajność systemów RFID zależną zarówno od konstrukcji urządzeń, jak i od czynników środowiskowych, takich jak wilgotność, zasłonięcie identyfikatorów oraz rozmieszczenie anten. Wstępne pomiary potwierdzają, że optymalne wdrożenie RFID może znacząco zwiększyć efektywność zarządzania zapasami, jednocześnie minimalizując błędy identyfikacji, co czyni tę technikę przyszłością logistyki i zarządzania magazynem.

EN

RFID technology has a crucial role to fulfill in the automation of logistics processes, providing fast and contactless identification of goods in distributed warehouse environments. The article examines the concept of research on the effectiveness of this technology, focusing on the reading speed and efficiency of RFID readers themselves under different operational conditions. Most attention was granted to the performance of RFID systems dependent on both device design and environmental factors such as humidity, tag obscuration and antenna placement. Preliminary measurements confirm that optimal RFID implementation can significantly increase the efficiency of inventory management and simultaneously minimize identification errors, making the technology indispensable in logistics and warehouse management.

19

Selected solutions for the production of precast concrete elements in the era of Industry 4.0

Nicał Aleksander

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 10

145--151

EN

The aim of the article is to present selected issues and solutions in the field of prefabrication for the needs of construction used in industrial production lines. The research methodology includes the author’s observations of automated devices used, among others, in flow lines for forming reinforced concrete flat elements. Photos and basic technical characteristics of these devices are presented, and descriptions of their operation are included. In addition, the issue of software for designing and planning the production of precast concrete elements is discussed. The conclusions formulate potential benefits resulting from the further development of automation and digitalization in the production processes of prefabricated elements and further directions of development of the precast concrete industry.

PL

Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie wybranych zagadnień i rozwiązań z dziedziny prefabrykacji na potrzeby budownictwa stosowanych w przemysłowych liniach produkcyjnych. Metoda badań obejmuje prowadzone przeze mnie obserwacje zautomatyzowanych urządzeń wykorzystywanych m.in. w liniach potokowych do formowania żelbetowych elementów płaskich. Zaprezentowano zdjęcia oraz podstawowe charakterystyki techniczne tych urządzeń, zawarto opisy sposobu ich działania. Ponadto, poruszono zagadnienie oprogramowania do projektowania i planowania produkcji prefabrykatów. We wnioskach sformułowane zostały potencjalne korzyści wynikające z dalszego rozwoju automatyzacji i digitalizacji w procesach produkcyjnych prefabrykatów i dalsze kierunki rozwoju przemysłu produkcji prefabrykatów.

20

Influence of Industry 4.0 technologies on strategic agility

Sajdak Maja, Młody Michał

Management

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2025

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Vol. 29, no. 2

40--62

EN

Amidst escalating market volatility, manufacturers are increasingly leveraging Industry 4.0 technologies to enhance strategic agility. However, a nuanced understanding of their influence on core agility dimensions — strategic sensitivity, entrepreneurial dynamism, operational flexibility, and strategic leadership — remains limited. The purpose of the study is to evaluate how Industry 4.0 technologies support various aspects of strategic agility in manufacturing companies. The study employs a qualitative methodology, involving in-depth interviews with 11 informants from three selected manufacturing industry sectors. Data analysis was conducted using research triangulation, thereby increasing the credibility.