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1

Numerical investigation for bending behavior of hybrid core composite sandwich structure

Abdulimam Marwah, Hamzah Ahmed, Hasan Ali

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2025

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Vol. 7, iss. 1

396--405

EN

This study provides a numerical study of the bending behaviour of hybrid-core composite sandwich panels being modeled using finite element method (FEM) using the software ANSYS Workbench 17 R1. This work emphasizes the use of core materials with well-defined mechanical response mechanisms to achieve optimum structural behavior as a way to advance the stiffness-to-weight efficiency and potency of the material for various high-performance engineering applications. The four sandwich core configurations that were modeled and analyzed under the same three-point bending condition were: (i) a conventional PVC foam core, (ii) a carbon/epoxy corrugated core, (iii) a hybrid corrugated core filled with polyurethane (PU) foam, and (iv) a hybrid corrugated core filled with PVC foam. Numerical findings showcased that the hybrid design with PVC foam gave the best mechanical behavior characterized by moderate equivalent stress (≈258 MPa), balanced elastic strain (≈0.022 mm/mm) and least total deformation (≈0.485 mm). Higher mechanical compatibility between the PVC foam and the corrugated composite structure was apparent, therefore, enabling effective stress transfer and stabilizing deformation behaviors. In contrast, the mismatched stiffness of the components in the PU-filled hybrid core resulted in significant strain and base instability, while the carbon-corrugated and neat PVC foam designs exhibited either localized high stresses or an undesirable brittle failure behavior. As viewed from a materials engineering perspective, the results presented here demonstrate that performance in terms of structural stability and durability of sandwich composites is critically dependent on core/textile morphology and material characteristics. The corrugated + PVC foam hybrid provides a good balance between rigidity, toughness, and lightweight properties and is ideal for aerospace, marine, and structural pieces where strength-to-weight is critical, and flexural energy absorption is required.

2

Rozważania na temat mechaniki tkanin w aspekcie odzieżownictwa

Cieśla Katarzyna, Frydrych Iwona, Cichocka Agnieszka

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

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2025

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nr 5

38--44

PL

Przedstawiono uproszczony model tkaniny Peirce’a oraz na podstawie dostępnej literatury opisano podstawowe naprężenia działające na tkaniny, takie jak przy rozciąganiu, zginaniu i ścinaniu. Uwaga została skupiona na współczynniku podatności tkanin na formowanie odzieży, który ma decydujący wpływ na jej układalność oraz dopasowanie do sylwetki człowieka. Wykazano również jak można zapobiegać trudnościom związanym ze złą podatnością na formowanie.

EN

A simplified Peirce fabric model is presented and the basic stresses acting on fabrics, such as in tension, bending and shear, are described based on the available literature. Attention was focused on the formability coefficient of fabrics, which has a decisive effect on the garment’s drapeability and fit the human figure. It is also shown how the difficulties associated with a poor fabric formability can be prevented.

3

Projektowanie wewnętrznego zbrojenia kompozytowego do betonu według wybranych norm

Olechnowicz Franciszek, Grzymski Filip

Przegląd Budowlany

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2025

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R. 96, nr 5

64--67

PL

Wewnętrzne zbrojenie kompozytowe stanowi innowacyjną alternatywę dla klasycznego zbrojenia stalowego w konstrukcjach betonowych. Charakteryzuje się ono korzystnymi właściwościami mechanicznymi, w szczególności wysoką odpornością na korozję, co czyni je szczególnie przydatnym w konstrukcjach narażonych na silną agresję chemiczną. Głównym ograniczeniem zbrojenia kompozytowego jest jego kruchy mechanizm zniszczenia, wymagający odmiennych metod projektowania w porównaniu do zbrojenia stalowego. Celem artykułu jest analiza najważniejszych metod projektowania elementów żelbetowych ze zbrojeniem kompozytowym na zginanie. W pracy przedstawiono wytyczne projektowe z norm amerykańskiej, kanadyjskiej, włoskiej i japońskiej, a następnie przeprowadzono obliczeniową analizę porównawczą elementu zginanego. Wyniki analizy wykazały znaczące różnice w nośności obliczeniowej elementów oraz w przewidywanym mechanizmie zniszczenia.

EN

Internal composite reinforcement offers an innovative alternative to conventional steel reinforcement in concrete structures. It exhibits favorable mechanical properties, particularly exceptional corrosion resistance, making it especially valuable in structures subjected to aggressive chemical environments. The primary limitation of composite reinforcement lies in its brittle failure mechanism, which necessitates design approaches that differ substantially from those used for steel reinforcement. This article aims to analyze the key design methodologies for reinforced concrete elements incorporating composite reinforcement under flexural loading. The study presents design guidelines from American, Canadian, Italian, and Japanese codes, followed by a comprehensive computational comparative analysis of flexural members. The analysis revealed significant variations in design load capacity and predicted failure mechanisms across different approaches.

4

Bending of the three-span rail (UIC 60) subjected to the concentrated force

Jasion Paweł, Magnucki Krzysztof

Pojazdy Szynowe

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2025

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Nr 1-2

32--38

EN

The subject of the paper is the three-span rail (UIC 60) simply supported on four sleepers. The middle span is subject to the concentrated force at half of its length. The goal of the investigation is to analyse the influence of the shear stresses on the bending of the reail. For this reason analytical study of the bending problem of the three parts of this rail is realized with consideration of the Timoshenko beam theory. Moreover, the problem is studied numerically using the finite element method (FEM). Based on the obtained analytical results it is seen that structures like rails, which between the speepers can be treated as short beams, should be analysed with shear effect taking into account. The result obtained this way is consistent with the results of numerical investigation. Ignoring the shear effect results in a significant underestimation of the deflection. The obtained analytical solution may serve as a simple tool for designing I-beam-like structures having in mind the shear stresses.

5

Wpływ normowych modeli materiałowych betonu i stali zbrojeniowej oraz metod analizy na nośność i niezawodność zginanych belek żelbetowych

Szylak Kamil

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2025

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R. 81, nr 4

409--414

PL

W normie EN 1992 dopuszczono projektowanie konstrukcji żelbetowych z wykorzystaniem różnych modeli materiałowych betonu i stali zbrojeniowej oraz metod analizy. W referacie przedstawiono analizę wpływu wybranych modeli materiałowych i metod analizy konstrukcji na nośność i niezawodność zginanych belek żelbetowych. Analiza wyników wykazała znaczny wpływ modeli materiałowych i metod analizy na nośność i niezawodność.

EN

The EN 1992 standard allows the design of reinforced concrete structures using different concrete and reinforcement materials models and analysis methods. This paper presents an analysis of the influence of selected material models and structural analysis methods on the resistance and reliability of bending reinforced concrete beams. Analysis of the calculation results showed a significant effect of the material models and analysis methods on resistance and reliability.

6

A new approach to determining the elastic modulus of structural materials

Zhigun Valery, Chatys Rafał, Plume Egils

Composites Theory and Practice

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2025

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R. 25, nr 3

217--225

EN

Stiffness characteristics are often decisive in the choice of material for structural parts. At the same time, the process of their determination for anisotropic materials does not fully satisfy the requirements in terms of reliability and reproducibility. This work is devoted to the development of an approach for determining the moduli of elasticity. An analysis of the Timoshenko approaches developed to estimate the shear component of deflection in transverse bending is presented. The drawbacks preventing their use as a basis for modern methods of determining the elastic components of structural materials are noted. An approach for determining the elastic moduli is proposed, the basis of which are the maximum values of deflections and angles of rotation of the cross-sections of a specimen under three-point transverse bending. The relationship between angular and linear displacements under the considered type of loading is established, which allows stable and reliable values of elasticity moduli to be obtained from the data of angular displacements. The acceptability of the proposed approach for determining the elastic moduli of both isotropic materials and composites is shown.

7

A simple quasi-3D theory for static stability analysis of imperfect FG beam

Menasria A., Slimani R., Bouhadra A., Refrafi S., Chitour M., Ali Rachedi M., Himeur N., Zerari K.

Archives of Mechanics

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2025

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Vol. 77, nr 3

263--287

EN

This study introduces a simplified approach to assess the buckling and static bending of advanced composite beams, including those composed of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with various porosity models. The technique utilizes a straightforward integral quasi-3D approach based on the advanced shear deformation theory. This approach offers several advantages: it simplifies the analysis by reducing the number of unknowns and equations required, improves accuracy by considering the stretch effect across the entire depth of the beam, resulting in more reliable results, and accurately represents shear by satisfying the zero-traction boundary conditions on the beam’s surfaces without the need for a shear correction factor. Additionally, it captures the parabolic pattern of transverse shear strain and stress throughout the depth of the beam. The governing equations are obtained by applying the concept of virtual work, and the Navier solution is employed to calculate analytical solutions for the buckling and static bending of FGM porous beams under different boundary conditions. The approach is in line with and builds upon existing research on FGMs and other sophisticated composite beams, further enhancing its validity and reliability. Finally, computational analyses demonstrate how the distribution of materials, such as power-law functionally graded materials (FGMs), geometry, and porosity, affect the deflections, stresses, and critical buckling load of the beam.

8

Analysis of the influence of rolling reduction on the springback angle of bent components

Cyganiuk Joanna, Tomaszewski Grzegorz, Słowik Grzegorz

Archives of Engineering Knowledge

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2025

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T. 11, Nr 1

6--12

EN

The article discusses the impact of the rolling reduction obtained during the rolling process on the springback angle of DC01 steel sheet subjected to the V-bending process. The samples with a rolling direction perpendicular to the bending line were used, with three different thicknesses: 1, 1.5, and 2 [mm]. The rolling reductions of 2%, 5%, 10%, and 20% were applied. A non-rolled sample was also used for analysis. The method of sample preparation, the rolling process, the bending process, the measurement of the bending angle, and the determination of the springback angle, as well as the obtained results, were discussed. It was shown that as the rolling reduction increases, the springback angle of the tested material also increases. The results were presented both in a tabular and graphical form, also defining trend lines for the obtained results. An analysis and discussion of the obtained results were presented.

9

Optimizing mechanical properties and pioneering biodegradable polymer blends for superior energy-absorbing structures used in sport helmets

Skwarski Mateusz, Kaczyński Paweł, Dmitruk Anna, Makuła Piotr, Ludwiczak Joanna

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 25, no. 1

art. no. e14, 2025

EN

Replacing elements made of conventional plastics (like polystyrene) with biodegradable substitutes is part of the trend of sustainable development and waste reduction. The manuscript covers issues related to the design, manufacturing and testing of sports helmet protective inserts made of biodegradable material. The FEM numerical simulations carried out by the authors allowed to determine the optimal desirable mechanical properties (Re = 8.5–65 MPa, E = 500–8000 MPa for 30 × 30 mm inserts; Re = 10.5–60 MPa, E = 500–7500 MPa for 48 × 48 mm inserts; Re = 13–95 MPa, E = 400–8500 MPa for 55 × 55 mm inserts) and geometric parameters (wall thickness equal to 0.2–0.5 mm, height of 20 mm), ensuring the formation of a plastic fold, which is the most effective energy-absorbing mechanism. The conducted quasi-static compression, bending and dynamic tensile strength tests allowed to determine blends with appropriate proportions of durable PLA with more plastic PBAT, PBS and TPS that meet the established criteria: PLA50PBAT50, PLA30PBAT70 and PLA30TPS70.

10

Mechanisms of formation of different types of metal chips

Shvets Stanislav, Shvets Roman, Shvets Uliana, Botko Frantisek, Dehtiarov Ivan, Ivanov Vitalii

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 11

317--328

EN

The aim of the work is to determine the cause-and-effect relationships of the formation of different types of chips during the processing of metal alloys. The research methodology involved the use of both experimental work and Finite Element Analysis. Deformations during the cutting of steels AISI 1045 and AISI 321 were studied. It was established that during cutting, depending on the ratio of compression and bending deformations, three types of chips are formed: solid, segmented, and fragmented. Finite element calculations prove that regardless of the properties of the material being processed, the maximum stresses in the workpiece arise near the cutting edge, which is a stress concentrator. Subsequently, if the tool contacts a brittle material, a crack appears in front of the cutting edge. If the material demonstrates plastic properties, a zone of increased plasticity is formed. In both cases, a console is formed, which creates bending deformation in the cutting zone. Analysis of the distribution of deformations in the cutting zone showed that the formation of chips during the cutting of elastic-plastic materials can occur either as a result of simultaneous fracture along the shear plane and the surface between the allowance and the workpiece, or exclusively along the surface between the allowance and the workpiece. In the first case, a segmented chip is formed, and in the second - a solid one. When a crack forms near the cutting edge, further bending destroys the console, and fragmented chips appear. If bending is impossible, a compression fracture occurs, and small fragments and dust are formed. Controlling the chip formation mechanism by adjusting the parameters of the cutting mode and using cooling allows for improving its transportation, increasing the safety of equipment operation, and the quality of the machined surface.

11

Mechanical properties analysis of burnished brass

Al-mahasne Mayas Mohammad

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 8

423--433

EN

Brass alloy consists of copper and zinc. It is used as an industrial material because of its hardness and workability, high corrosion resistance, magnetism and good forging ability. This paper evaluates the mechanical properties of brass alloy subjected to cold working which caused plastic straining of the surface of brass specimen resulting from burnishing forces. Forces have a significant role in a burnished surface of brass sample which squeeze it against the samples making plastic twisting of the specimen surface. Burnishing results under variable forces are investigated. The best results of surface roughness have the forces rate of more than 100 N. with a feed rate (0.07 mm/rev).

12

Durability of ITO/Ag-alloy/ITO films on pet substrate under extended bending stress at various temperature and humidity conditions

Mohammed D. W., Ameen R. B., Bowen J., Sierros Konstantinos A., Kukureka S. N.

Advances in Materials Science

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2025

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Vol. 25, nr 2(84)

36--51

EN

Flexible electronic devices, such as OLEDs, flat panel displays (FPDs), and photovoltaic solar cells, frequently employ transparent conductive electrodes composed of indium tin oxide (ITO)/Ag-alloy/ITO-coated polymer films. However, the films are subjected to a combination of thermal and mechanical forces, particularly bending around rolls, during roll-to-roll manufacturing. This can result in thin film failure. Furthermore, these films are curved around the surface of flexible electronic devices, such as solar cells, during operation. Furthermore, they can be in service in hot and humid locations for extended periods throughout the summer, such as deserts. These stresses can lead to the degradation of the device's performance by causing cracks in the conductive thin films and corrosion of the Ag-alloy layer over time. In this work, ITO/Ag-alloy/ITO films were bent under tensile mode to different radius of curvature over a period of time at different humidity and temperature levels. The electrical resistance was measured in situ, and four combinations of temperature and relative humidity were used: 25°C, 65°C, and 25 percent and 80 percent. According to the results, irrespective of the temperature level, high humidity causes the films to degrade more quickly. Particularly, the films exhibited a notable increase in normalized electrical resistance when subjected to a 4.3 mm radius of curvature in both high temperature and high humidity conditions. This was associated to aggregation of the silver layer, film buckling, and crack formation. Furthermore, the film's conductivity was further reduced by surface cracks that allowed oxygen and moisture to penetrate. Consequently, to maintain the integrity of the film, an external applied stress with moisture and/or harsh environments as well as moisture and/or harsh environments alone should be avoided during both manufacturing and application processes.

13

An individual core structure of a sandwich beam due to the “broken line” theory of the shear effect–three-point bending

Magnucki Krzysztof, Magnucka-Blandzi Ewa

Acta Mechanica et Automatica

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 1

1--6

EN

The work concerns a sandwich beam with an individual core structure giving a shear effect exactly in accordance to the "broken line" theory. According to the general theoretical scheme of a planar cross section deformation, longitudinal displacements, strains and stresses are analytically formulated. Moreover, the unknown deformation function of the core, with consideration of the classical shear stress formula, is analytically derived. Based on the condition regarding the linear deformation function of the core, according to the “broken line” theory, the differential equation is obtained. The solution of this equation is the sought individual core structure. Then, the bending problem of a clamped sandwich beam under three-point bending is studied.

14

Conception of suspension system with variable stiffness for mobile robots

Duda Sławomir, Gembalczyk Grzegorz, Kowalik Zygmunt, Machoczek Tomasz

Vibrations in Physical Systems

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2024

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Vol. 35, nr 1

art. no. 2024118

EN

The paper presents the results of work on an innovative form of the suspension node. It is a concept of semi-active suspension that allows for control the stiffness system during operation of the device. This type of suspension can be used in robotic intralogistics systems, where mobile platforms must have a suspension that ensures adequate vibration damping, keeps the platform in a horizontal position, and at the same time provides adequate pressure to the ground of the drive wheels. A particularly interesting object with the potential possibility of using such a suspension are vehicles with omnidirectional wheels. The proposed design form is the first prototype version, which should primarily be used to validate computational models. The idea of the developed suspension element refers to the double torsion shafts.

15

Cold forming of steel - selected processes, issues, and CAx

Horajski Piotr

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

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2024

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Vol. 13, iss. 1

41--54

EN

This paper presents an analysis of the key challenges and irregularities associated with metal plastic deformation processes, with particular emphasis on phenomena such as springback, wrinkling, folding, cracking, microcracking, and burr formation. These undesirable effects can negatively impact the quality of final products and their mechanical properties, as well as the durability of tools used in processes such as bending, stamping, spinning, and cutting. The paper discusses the mechanisms leading to the formation of these defects, highlighting the role of process conditions, such as stress, processing speed, and tool geometry, which can cause technological issues. It also emphasizes the significance of tool wear, particularly in cutting processes, where abrasive, adhesive, and fatigue wear can lead to burr formation and deterioration in the quality of cut components. The study further explores methods to minimize these defects through process parameter optimization and proper tool design. Special attention is given to the use of numerical tools, such as the finite element method (FEM), which enables precise modeling of stress and strain distributions and the prediction of potential defect locations. Advanced simulations allow for improved prediction of issues like cracking, wrinkling, and springback, which ultimately enhances the quality of deformation processes and final products. The paper also highlights the need for further research in plastic deformation and the development of numerical models, particularly in the context of accounting for microstructural changes and residual stresses in materials.

PL

Niniejsza praca przedstawia analizę kluczowych wyzwań i nieprawidłowości związanych z procesami deformacji plastycznej metali, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem takich zjawisk jak powrót sprężysty, marszczenie, fałdowanie, pękanie, mikropęknięcia oraz powstawanie gratu. Te niepożądane efekty mogą negatywnie wpływać na jakość finalnych produktów oraz ich właściwości mechaniczne, a także na trwałość narzędzi wykorzystywanych w procesach, takich jak gięcie, tłoczenie, wyoblanie czy cięcie. W pracy omówiono mechanizmy prowadzące do powstawania tych wad, zwracając uwagę na rolę warunków realizacji procesu i zjawisk fizycznych, takich jak naprężenia, prędkość obróbki oraz geometrię narzędzi, które mogą prowadzić do problemów technologicznych. Podkreślono również znaczenie zużycia narzędzi, w szczególności w kontekście procesów cięcia, gdzie zużycie cierne, adhezyjne oraz zmęczeniowe może prowadzić do powstawania gratu oraz pogorszenia jakości ciętych elementów. Analizowano także metody minimalizowania wspomnianych wad poprzez optymalizację parametrów procesowych i odpowiednie projektowanie narzędzi. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono wykorzystaniu narzędzi numerycznych, takich jak metoda elementów skończonych (MES), która pozwala na precyzyjne modelowanie rozkładów naprężeń, odkształceń oraz przewidywanie miejsc potencjalnych wad. Dzięki zaawansowanym symulacjom możliwe jest lepsze przewidywanie zjawisk takich jak pękanie, fałdowanie czy powrót sprężysty, co pozwala na poprawę jakości procesów deformacyjnych i produktów końcowych. Wskazano również na potrzebę dalszych badań w zakresie obróbki plastycznej oraz rozwoju modeli numerycznych, szczególnie w kontekście uwzględniania zmian mikrostrukturalnych i naprężeń resztkowych w materiałach.

16

RC beams with an middle phase of reinforcement damage

Blikharskyy Yaroslav, Khmil Roman, Selejdak Jacek, Katunský Dušan, Blikharskyy Zinoviy

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2024

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Vol. 6, iss. 1

184--191

EN

This article presents the results of tests of real-size reinforced concrete beams with damaged A500C class reinforcement from 20 to 18 mm in diameter. To achieve this goal, 4 reinforced concrete beams with dimensions of 2100x180x140 mm were manufactured, two of them were control beams and two beams with damaged working fittings from 20 to 18 mm in diameter. The microhardness of the reinforcement with a diameter of 20 mm of class A500C was previously determined and it was established that the outer layer of the reinforcement is thermally strengthened. For heat-strengthened reinforcement, there is a weakening of the physical and mechanical characteristics over time, since corrosion of the surface strengthened layer can occur, as well as local weakening occurs in places of welding, which can be a source of damage formation and changes in the stress-strain state in this section. To establish the real stress-strain state of the reinforcement, tests were conducted on rods with an initial diameter of 20 mm and damaged from 20 to 18 mm, and a decrease in the physical and mechanical characteristics of the reinforcement was established. The next stage of the research was the testing of control and damaged reinforced concrete beams. As a result of the tests, it was established that the reduction of the bearing capacity occurs not only due to the reduction of the cross-section and, accordingly, the cross-sectional area of the working reinforcement, but also due to the reduction of the physical and mechanical characteristics of the reinforcement. it was found that reducing the transverse diameter of the reinforcement reduces the moment when the reinforcement flow is reached by 43%, and the moment when the most compressed concrete fiber is reached by 36%.

17

Numerical investigation of the asymptotic behavior of tape springs

Coppedè Michele, Paroni Roberto, Picchi Scardaoni Marco

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2024

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Vol. 62 nr 3

535--545

EN

Here, we investigate the behavior of the energy of a tape spring as its thickness becomes smaller and smaller. We consider the case of pure bending, i.e., we impose opposite rotations at both ends of the device. First, tape springs are introduced and their peculiar mechanical behavior is explained, and the details of the numerical model are carefully introduced. Then, a parametric study of the device is conducted for increasing end rotations and decreasing values of the thickness. Thus, we obtain parametric diagrams of reaction moments, energy per unit thickness, and energy densities. Finally, energy estimates are obtained.

18

Buckling and bending analysis of porous fg beam using a simple integral QUASI-3D theory

Himeur Nabil, Menasria Abderrahmane, Bouhadra Abdelhakim, Mourad Chitour, Refrafi Salah, Guessoum Loubna, Ouchene Aya, Lebouazda Salima

Journal of Applied Mathematics and Computational Mechanics

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2024

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Vol. 23, nr 4

30--41

EN

This paper introduces a simplified approach to analyze the buckling and static bending of advanced composite beams, including functionally graded materials (FGMs), with various porosity distributions. This method uses a simple integral quasi-3D approach with a higher-order shear deformation theory, which offers several advantages: reduced complexity by requiring fewer unknowns and governing equations compared to other methods; improved accuracy by incorporating the effect of stretching across the beam’s thickness, leading to more accurate results; finally, accurate shear representation by satisfying the zero-traction boundary conditions on the beam’s surfaces without needing a shear correction factor; and it captures the parabolic distribution of the transverse shear strain and stress across the thickness. The virtual work principle is used to derive the governing equations, and the Navier solution is employed to find analytical solutions for buckling and static bending of various boundary conditions for FGM porous beams. The proposed method agrees well with the literature on FGMs and other advanced composite beams. Finally, numerical results showcase how material distribution (including power-law FGMs), geometry, and porosity affect the beam’s deflections, stresses, and critical buckling load.

19

Bending of a homogeneous beam with a monosymmetric cross section – shear effect

Magnucki Krzysztof, Magnucka-Blandzi Ewa, Witkowski Dawid, Stefańska Natalia

Engineering Transactions

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2024

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Vol. 72, iss. 3

285--307

EN

This paper is devoted to the study of a homogeneous clamped beam with a monosymmetric cross section under uniformly distributed load or three-point bending. A nonlinear shear deformation theory of a plane beam cross section based on the classical shear stress formula known as the Zhuravsky shear stress is developed. The values of shear coefficients and maximum deflections of exemplary beams are analytically determined. Moreover, numerical FEM computations for these beams are carried out. The results of the research from both methods are shown in figures, specified in tables, and compared. The percentage relative differences between the analytical and numerical results prove that the proposed original shear deformation theory accurately describes the shear deformation problem of a beam’s planar crosssection.

20

Fatigue fracture cross-sections after cyclic tests with a combination of cyclic bending and torsion of samples made of aluminum alloy 6060

Łagoda Tadeusz, Małecka Joanna, Małys Slawomir, Derda Szymon, Kuś Juliusz, Krysiński Paweł

Eksploatacja i Niezawodność

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2024

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Vol. 26, no. 1

art. no. 176203

EN

The paper presents the results of fatigue tests of the 6060 aluminum alloy. The test material was taken from the profiles used for the production of side windows and external doors of the passenger trains by the RAWAG company. The tests were carried out for cyclic loads with pure bending, pure torsion, and two combinations of bending and torsion. Fatigue tests were performed at zero mean values. Using scanning electron microscopy, a fractographic analysis was made, which is a supplementary basic for considerations about the mechanism of initiation and development of fatigue cracks. Based on the appearance of individual zones and the characteristics of cracks, a picture of the behavior of the material under specific conditions was obtained. Finally, the plastic property of fatigue cracks was indicated.