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1

Removal of Fe3+ ions from aqueous solutions using poly(methyl methacrylate)

Börklü Budak Türkan, Keskin Doğruyol Sevnur, Özcan Fatma

Polimery

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2025

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Vol. 70, nr 9

550--558

EN

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) monomer was synthesized using 2-pyrrolidinoacetonaphthone (MPY) as a photoinitiator, and the obtained PMMA was used as an adsorbent of Fe3+ ions. Under optimal conditions (0.2 g PMMA, 15 mg/L Fe3+, 40 min contact time, 30°C, pH 10, 150 rpm) 99.98% Fe3+ ions were removed from natural water samples. The obtained results indicate that UV-synthesized PMMA has the potential not only to remove Fe3+ but also other heavy metals and may constitute a sustainable solution for wastewater treatment.

PL

Monomer metakrylanu metylu (MMA) zsyntetyzowano z użyciem fotoinicjatora 2-piroli-dynoacetonaftonowego (MPY), a otrzymany PMMA użyto jako adsorbent jonów Fe3+. W optymalnych warunkach (0,2 g PMMA, 15 mg/L Fe3+, czas kontaktu 40 min, 30°C, pH 10, 150 obr./min) z próbek naturalnej wody usunięto 99,98% jonów Fe3+. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, że syntetyzowany promieniowaniem UV PMMA ma potencjał nie tylko do usuwania Fe3+, ale także innych metali ciężkich i może stanowić zrównoważone rozwiązanie w zakresie oczyszczania ścieków.

2

Conceptual modelling of land cover change effects on groundwater quality in the Amman-Zarqa Basin, Jordan

Odeh Taleb, Mohammad Alsharifa Hind

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2025

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no. 65

219--229

EN

The Amman-Zarqa Basin, a critical groundwater resource in Jordan, has experienced substantial land cover changes over recent decades due to accelerated urbanisation, industrial development, and agricultural intensification. This study assesses the effects of these changes on groundwater quality by employing an integrated methodological framework that combines Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing (RS), and conceptual hydrogeochemical modelling. Multitemporal satellite imagery (2002-2022) was analysed to detect land cover transformations using supervised classification techniques and change detection algorithms. Groundwater quality data, collected from monitoring wells across the basin over the same period, were subjected to hydrochemical analysis, including the evaluation of major ions and trace metals. Spatial overlays were used to correlate groundwater quality trends with specific land cover changes, identifying pollution hotspots and vulnerable zones. Hydrogeochemical characterisation was performed using Piper, Durov, Wilcox, and Schoeller diagrams to classify water types and assess its suitability for various uses. Results indicate a marked deterioration in groundwater quality, particularly increased concentrations of total dissolved solids (TDS), chloride, sulphate, and heavy metals such as chromium, lead, and manganese-especially near industrial and agricultural zones. The methodology proved effective in capturing both spatial and temporal dynamics of groundwater degradation. The integration of GIS and RS tools with long-term hydrochemical data provided a robust framework for understanding the interactions between land use change and groundwater quality. These findings emphasise the urgent need for implementing sustainable land and water management strategies to protect the Amman-Zarqa Basin from further environmental stress and ensure long-term water security.

3

Assessment of the levels of heavy metal pollution in roadside soils of Termiz – Taskent, Uzbekistan

Kholikulov Shodi Turdukulovich, Erdem Halil, Bobobekov Isomiddin Nuriddinovich, Demir Saniye, Gence Cabir Çağrı

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 3

283--295

EN

This study investigates the contamination of roadside soils by heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Ni, and Mo) along the Tashkent-Termiz International M-39 highway, utilizing indices such as the enrichment factor (EF), geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and pollution load index (PLI). Soil samples collected at 21 distances (5–1000 m) indicate that metal concentrations decrease with distance from the road, with rapid reductions observed within the 5–100 m range. Pb levels decline from 24 mg kg-1 at 5 m to 1.4 mg kg-1 at 1000 m, while Zn reduces from 26.3 mg kg-1 to 2.1 mg kg-1. Ni and Mo follow similar trends, but Mo exhibits lower mobility. Pb, Zn, and Ni stand out as indicators of anthropogenic pollution, with high correlation values between their DTPA-extractable and total concentrations (R2: Pb = 0.953, Zn = 0.930, Ni = 0.932). The Igeo values reveal moderate to high contamination near the road, particularly for Pb and Zn. The EF values for Mo (2.06) suggest moderate enrichment due to anthropogenic sources, such as traffic emissions, while Pb (0.76), Zn (0.89), and Ni (0.93) show minimal enrichment. PLI values of 4.24, 4.03, 3.63, and 4.87 for Pb, Zn, Ni, and Mo, respectively, classify the area as “highly polluted” for most metals. These findings highlight the significant anthropogenic contribution to heavy metal accumulation, driven by vehicular emissions, tire wear, and industrial activities. The contamination poses risks to soil health, biodiversity, and human safety through bioaccumulation in the food chain. Sustainable environmental management and pollution mitigation strategies are urgently required to address these concerns and safeguard agricultural productivity and ecosystem functions.

4

Valorization of citrus fruit processing waste in order to obtain a natural plant sorbent for the removal of heavy metals

Bejanidze Irina, Davitadze Nazi, Tavdgiridze Vakhtang, Didmanidze Nato, Nakashidze Nunu, Jakeli Eteri

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 4

34--49

EN

The efficiency of technology is determined by the amount of waste. The purpose of this work - valorization of citrus fruit processing waste in order to obtain a natural plant sorbent for the removal of heavy metals; is the processing of waste - citrus peels, after squeezing the juices from them, to obtain effective sorbents for the removal of heavy metals. At the same time, ecological problems are solved - the ecological situation in the country is improved (utilization of waste and heavy metals) and the economic one - the company receives a high profit without any significant additional costs for the production of the sorbent. In addition to its practical significance, the project has scientific significance: for the first time, a technological scheme has been developed for the production of pectin and Na+-pectate sorbents in liquid and solid form from citrus processing waste: lemon, tangerine, orange and pomelo; For the first time, pectin isolates were concentrated using the baromembrane method of membrane technology - ultrafiltration, and this reduced the consumption of pectin precipitant by 12 times; was identified for the first time by high-performance liquid chromatography composition of pectin and sorbent obtained on its basis. The laws of sorption of divalent metal ions by pectin polysaccharides: their complexing ability with heavy metals from 0.02 M CuSO4 · 5H2O, NiCl2 · 6H2O, CoCl2 · 6H2O, Pb (CH3COO) 2 · 3H2O methods were studied by potentiometry and conductometry. To determine the kinetics of heavy metal sorption by the obtained liquid sorbent, the resulting mixture was left for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours. The structure of the sorbent is confirmed by IR spectra It was established that ion exchange plays an important role in the process of complex formation. Also found: similarity of sorption isotherms of copper and lead ions, influence of metal nature on sorption capacity of corresponding pectin polysaccharides; sorption activity of pectin polysaccharides in relation to lead ions higher than that of copper; The possibility of applying the linear equation of Langmuir in the wide range of concentrations of the external solution, for the estimation of the maximum capacity of the sorbent.

5

Evaluating the productivity of five forages for the phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated lan

Sajimin Sajimin, Subiksa I Gusti M., Krisnan Rantan, Fanindi Achmad, Hidayat Cecep, Tresia Gresy E., Harmini Harmini, Sutedi Endang, Pamungkas Fitra A., Herdiawan Iwan, Isbandi Isbandi, Zulchi Try, Purwantari Nurhayati D., Rahman Rahman, Kurniawan Widhi, Bain Ali, Malesi La, Napirah Astriana

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 63

158--167

EN

Post-tin mining land holds promise for cultivating forage crops, with the potential to address Pb metal contamination through plant-based phytoremediation. However, the presence of heavy metals and depleted soil fertility resulting from tin mining activities may pose challenges to plant productivity and contribute to residual heavy metal accumulation. This study aims to assess the productivity and phytoremediation capacity of Pb by various grass species on reclaimed mining land. Using a randomised block design with three replications, the study was conducted over a four-year period in a post-mining area in Central Bangka Regency, Indonesia. Three grass species: Megathyrsus maximus (‘Riversdale’ and ‘Purple guinea’), Pennisetum purpureum (‘Taiwan’ and ‘Mott’), and Chrysopogon zizanioides were evaluated for forage production, quality, digestibility, and heavy metal content. It was shown that ‘Riversdale’ and ‘Purple guinea’ cultivars had relatively stable production for over four years, with the crude protein content of all grass types remaining relatively low (<6%), apart from ‘Mott’ cultivar, which had a crude protein content of 10%. The Pb concentration in the plants remained below the permitted limits for ruminants. In the post-tin mining site, ‘Riversdale’ and ‘Purple guinea’ cultivars showed potential for development. It is concluded that mined land can be replanted with forage crops for phytoremediation purposes. ‘Purple guinea’ and ‘Riversdale’ cultivars emerge as potential livestock feed sources on ex-mining land due to their four-year productive stability and low lead (Pb) concentration in their shoots, which falls below the safe threshold for cattle.

6

Utilization of Galvanic Sewage Sludge to Produce Alkali-Activated Materials

Sitarz-Palczak Elżbieta

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 4

305--313

EN

The development of civilization is causing an increase in the amount of industrial wastes, especially hazardous wastes. Among the methods of utilisation of this type of waste, the methods of stabilisation and solidification deserve attention, which enable the transformation of hazardous waste and the heavy metals it contains into an environmentally safe form, that is, immobilised. This paper proposes a method to stabilize and solidify galvanic sludge using geopolymerization reactions. The surface morphology was studied, and the chemical composition was analyzed using the SEM-EDS method. The presence of characteristic functional groups on the surface of the galvanic sludge and the geopolymer obtained on its basis was determined by FTIR spectroscopic analysis. Moreover, we evaluated of the recovery of selected heavy metals were performed on the basis of leaching tests. It was found that, as a consequence of geopolymerization of galvanic sludge, this hazardous waste is transformed in such a way that the heavy metals it contains, which occur in the form of soluble compounds are immobilised. In relation to the metals analyzed, reduction in solubility were obtained at a practical level of 100% for Zn and Mn, for the remaining metals, respectively, 94% for Cu and in the range of 40 to 90% for Pb. Analysis of the FTIR spectra showed that the ions of the metals studied were permanently immobilised in the aluminosilicate structure of the geopolymers obtained. This shows, that galvanic sewage sludge, as hazardous waste, is chemically transformed into inert waste that may be deposited in landfills.

7

Synthesis of New Composite Adsorbents for Removing Heavy Metals and Dyes from Aqueous Solution

Mokif Layla Abdulkareem, Obaid Zahraa Hussein, Juda Sarab A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 6

164--179

EN

In the current study, a novel composite (Fe3O4 @MnO2@Al2O3) was prepared to remove crystal violet dye and cadmium from aqueous solutions. The coprecipitation method was utilized to synthesize the composite. Batch studies were carried out using a contact period of 0.5–3 hours, an initial crystal violet and cadmium content of 50–200 mg/L, an agitation speed of 50–200 rpm, a pH of 4–12, and a composite dosage of 0.2–1.0 g per 50 mL of contaminated solution. The isotherm and kinetics models were formulated the experimental data. XRD, SEM-EDS, and FTIR analyses were utilized for composite characterization. The results revealed that the removal efficacy of crystal violet dye was 99.311% at 1 g of adsorbent, pH 12, 50 mg/L, 1 hour, and 200 rpm. The removal efficacy for cadmium (Cd) is 99.7296% at 1 g of sorbent mass at pH 6, 50 mg/L, 1 hour, and 200 rpm. The outcomes demonstrated that the Langmuir model could accurately depict the sorption of crystal violet dye onto the composite with R2 (0.9882) and SSE (0.7084). On the basis of Freundlich, the capacity of the composite to reflect cadmium sorption was assessed by its highest R2(0.8947) and lowest SSE (8.5149). The pseudo-second-order model is a more realistic way to explain how cadmium and crystal violet dye sorb onto the composite. The results showed that the composite is effective in eliminating target pollutants, since cadmium has a maximum adsorption capacity of 48.5052 mg/g and crystal violet dye has a capacity of 40.9682 mg/g. Therefore, (Fe3O4 @MnO2@Al2O3) can be used as efficient sorbent for removing Cd and crystal violet dye from synthetic industrial wastewater.

8

Bioaccumulation and Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination (Lead and Copper) Build Up in the Roots of Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha

Khotimah Nadila Nur, Rozirwan Rozirwan, Putri Wike Ayu Eka, Fauziyah Fauziyah, Aryawati Riris, Isnaini Isnaini, Nugroho Redho Yoga

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 5

101--113

EN

Mangrove roots play an important role in reducing heavy metal pollution in their surroundings. This study aimed to assess the bioaccumulation and ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in mangrove roots. Mangrove root samples consisting of two species (Avicennia alba and Excoecaria agallocha) were collected from two observation stations in the mangrove ecosystem of Payung Island, Banyuasin District, South Sumatra, Indonesia. Heavy metal concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Then, statistical analysis was carried out by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Ecological risk assessment used the bioconcentration factor (BCF), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), and pollution load index (PLI). On the basis of the results, the highest sediment heavy metal concentration at station 2 was Pb amounted to 13.57±0.46 mg/kg, and Cu amounted to 11.08±0.38 mg/kg. In turn, the highest heavy metal concentration of mangrove roots in E. agallocha species for Pb amounted to 2.89±0.033 mg/kg and A. alba for Cu amounted to 10.57±0.38, BCF was classified as exclusion (BCF<1), except for the BCF of Cu station 1, which was classified as hyperaccumulator (BCF>1). Igeo shows that the level of pollution is not contaminated (Igeo<0), and Cf shows low pollution (Cf <1), except Cf Pb station 2 is classified as moderate pollution. Conversely, PLI is included in the category of not polluted (PLI<0). Mangrove roots play an important role in reducing heavy metal pollution in the surrounding area. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of heavy metal dynamics can be the basis for designing effective coastal environmental conservation strategies.

9

Use Fry of Cyprinus Carpio as Biomarker for Lead and Cadmium

Aljaryan Sara Khalid, Al-Amari Moayed J. Y., Al-Rezzaq Adi Jassim Abd

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 3

64--69

EN

Fishes are considered a good biomarker, and bioindicator of pollution, Our current research aims to investigate the magnification of (Pb and Cd) and how both affect antioxidants and use fry carp Cyprinus carpio as a bioindicator. The samples were analyzed to find the possible biomagnification of metals in fish. The highest concentration in fry fish fed with Artemia used Dunaliella salina as food treated with Pb in Food type 1 for 28 days, with a significant difference. The highest concentration of Cd in fry fish fed with Artemia used D. salina as food treated with Cd in food type 1 for 28 days, with a significant difference. The activity of the enzyme (SOD - GSH - CAT– GST) U/gm is affected by toxicity in fry fish mussels. The investigation has proved that exposure of fish to (lead and cadmium) induced a significant increase in content and increased activity of GST U/gm. For this purpose, an aquarium-based trial was conducted with two different types of food treated with Cd and Pb. The highest concentration of SOD U/gm enzyme of fry fish fed with Artemia used D.salina treated with Pb in food type 1 for 28 days when fry fish fed on Artemia used food treated with Pb the results show a strong positive significant correlation between (GPX, with SOD and CAT) U/gm and (SOD, with CAT) U/gm. While the concentration has a positive significant correlation with all enzymes, With Cd the highest concentration was in the SOD U/gm enzyme in fry fish fed with Artemia that used D. salina as food treated with Cd in food type 2 for 28 days.

10

Environmental Assessment of Sediment Quality for the Main Outfall Drain and Al-Sanaf Marsh

Al-Bahathy Idrees A. A., Al-Janabi Zahraa Zahraw, Al-Hassany Jinan S., Majeed Osama S., Naje Ahmed Samir

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 4

188--196

EN

This study evaluated the sediment quality of the Main Outfall Drain River in Thi-qar Government by measuring (Mn, Ni, Pb, Fe, Cr, Zn, Cd and Cu) in the sediments. Samples were collected at 4 locations between the summer of 2021 and the winter of 2022, and the results revealed that the heavy metal dominance in the Main Outfall Drain and Al-Sanaf Marsh was in the order of Fe> Mn> Ni> Zn> Cr> Pb>Cu>Cd. Among these sedimentary contaminants, Fe has the highest level in sediments. Two indices were used: sediment quality criteria (QSm) and pollution index (PI). All sites were in the third class of QSm (a possible hazard for aquatic life) because QSm> 0.5. The lowest value is recorded in site 4, and the highest value is located in site 3. The results of PI of Zn and Cu show no effected by pollution to slightly affected in all sites, Cr exhibits the same pattern as Zn and Cu except for site 3 was moderately affected in winter, while Pb caused moderate pollution effect in all sites, except site 2 and site 3 which were slightly affected in winter. Mn, Cd and Fe were seriously affected by pollution in all sites. Pollution index values of most metals (except Fe and Cr) were higher in summer than in winter, probably due to the observed dilution of the metals with anthropogenic origin by rain, leading to lower values in winter. At the same time, Fe and Cr were higher in winter than in summer due to being mostly of terrestrial origin, derived from runoff of the nearby soil by rain. The results show that the sediments of the main outfall drain suffer from large quantities of heavy metals, mainly from site 3, which may be due to receiving industrial effluent, sewage and irrigation water from the governorates through which it passes.

11

Ecological and health risk assessment of soil heavy metal contamination along National Highway 107 in China

Jin Xiaohua, Tong Xinru, Hua Shunheng, Xu Yang

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 2

155--175

EN

This study investigates soil heavy metal contamination behind the green belts along National Highway 107 in China. Soil samples were collected from both sides of the highway to determine the concentrations of heavy metals such as copper, cadmium, chromium, lead, and zinc. The distribution patterns, ecological risks, and health hazards associated with these heavy metals were analysed. In order to provide more sample examples and data support for soil heavy metal pollution control. Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) was employed to detect the concentrations and speciation of these five heavy metals in the soil samples. The Geo-Accumulation Index method, the Nemerow pollution index method, and a health risk assessment model were used to evaluate the ecological and health risks of heavy metal pollution adjacent to the highway. Results indicated that: (1) The concentrations of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn in the soil decreased with the increasing number of protective forest layers, highlighting the significant role of protective belts in impeding the migration of heavy metals from the highway. (2) In terms of pollution assessment, the Geo-accumulation index method revealed prominent Cd contamination, the Geo-accumulation index of Cd peaked at 1.95 indicating a moderate to mild pollution level overall. Conversely, the Nemerow index method suggested a medium to extremely high risk of soil heavy metal Cd contamination. Specifically, the peak value of Cd single-factor pollution index in the study area reached 5.78, and the mean value of its Nemerow index (P) was 4.67. (3) In health risk assessment, it was found that children are more susceptible to heavy metal threats. The non-carcinogenic risk indices of all five heavy metals were less than 1, implying minimal risk. However, the total carcinogenic risk index for Cr ranged between 10–6 and 10–4, posing a certain level of carcinogenic risk to humans.

12

The potential of Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 for phenol degradation under exposure to heavy metal

Gąszczak Agnieszka, Szczyrba Elżbieta, Szczotka Anna

Chemical and Process Engineering : New Frontiers

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2024

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Vol. 45, nr 2

art. no. e64

EN

The large diversity of chemical substances present in air, water, or soil makes it necessary tostudy their mutual impact on the effectiveness of microbiological decomposition ofcontaminants. This publication presents the results of the studies aimed at evaluating the effect of two biogenic heavy metals - zinc and copper - on the phenol biodegradation by the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia KB2 strain. The tests were carried out for concentrations ofmetals significantly exceeding the legally permitted wastewater values: for zinc up to13.3 g·m -3, and copper up to 3.33 g·m -3. In the tested metal concentration range, phenol biodegradation by the S. maltophilia KB2 strain was not significantly influenced by theintroduced dose of zinc. While the presence of copper inhibited both biomass growth andsubstrate degradation. Kinetic data of metal and phenol mixtures were analyzed and very goodcorrelations were obtained for the proposed equations. An equation consistents with the Hanand Levenspiel model was proposed for the system S. maltophilia KB2-phenol-copper, whilean equation consistents with the Kai model for the system St. maltophilia KB2-phenol-zinc. The simultaneous presence of Zn and Cu ions in the culture resulted in a stronger inhibition ofphenol biodegradation.

13

Bibliometric and visual analysis of heavy metal health risk assessment: development, hotspots and trends

Zhang Yingsen, Lu Xinwei, Deng Sijia, Zhu Tong, Yu Bo

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 1

56--71

EN

Due to the widespread presence and harmfulness of heavy metals in the environment, scholars around the world have evaluated the exposure characteristics and health risks of heavy metals. To understand the status, hotspots, and development treads of heavy metal health risk assessment research, we used bibliometric analysis tools to conduct scientometric analysis of the literature related to the health risk assessment of heavy metals in the Web of Science database from 2000 to 2022. The analysis results indicate that research related to heavy metal health risk assessment is rapidly developing in both developed and developing countries. China’s significant international influence in this field is worth noting, as there are many publications and highly cited documents related to China. France and other developed countries also play an important role in this field due to their high centrality and strong bursts. The results of co-citation cluster analysis and keyword co-occurrence analysis indicate that in the past two decades, the primary research domains and hotspots of heavy metal health risk assessment have been the study of heavy metals in soil, dust, drinking water, vegetables, fish, and sediment. There is a specific focus on bioaccumulation, bioavailability, source apportionment, and spatial distribution of heavy metals. The main types of heavy metals studied are lead, cadmium, mercury, and zinc. The results of the bursts keywords analysis suggest that future research trends may focus more on the health risks of heavy metals in different functional areas of cities.

14

The seasonal changes of heavy metal content as limiting factor of sewage sludge re-use as fertilizer ingredient, based on data from WWTPs in Poland

Kacprzak Małgorzata J., Bauman-Kaszubska Hanna, Wójcicka Karolina

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 70, nr 3

173--190

EN

In Europe, half of the amount of sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is used in agriculture, in Poland about 27%, respectively. Fertilizing products (compost or organic-mineral fertilizers) produced from sewage sludge are promise alternative for directly use of no-treated waste. The paper presents seasonal changes of Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cd and Hg content in sewage sludge from different regions of Poland collected during one year. It was noted wide range of the metal amount in dependence on season and WWTPs capacity. The Cu concentration was from 0.4 to 784 mgkg-1 d.m., Ni from 0.25 to 1281 mgkg-1 d.m., Cd from 0.005 to 14.85 mgkg-1 d.m., Pb from 0.11 to 306.2 mgkg-1 d.m., Hg from<0.001 to 2.3 mgkg-1, Cr from 0.23 to 854 mgkg-1 and Zn from 11 to 4669 mgkg-1, respectively. It has been shown that Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg and Cr content did not exceed the permissible levels for agricultural purposes according to Polish law. There was no clear correlation between the heavy metal amount and the WWTP capacity, expressed as population equivalent (PE). However some increase trend in the case of Cu, Ni, Hg and Cr concentration at the higher PE value was found. It has been concluded that in spite relatively low level of heavy metals in Polish WWTPs, it may be limiting factor for production high quality fertilizers on the base of sewage sludge.

PL

W Europie połowa ilości osadów ściekowych z oczyszczalni ścieków jest wykorzystywana w rolnictwie, w Polsce odpowiednio około 27%. Istnieje kilka przepisów prawa krajowego opartych na ramowej dyrektywie osadowej (86/278/EWG) ograniczających poziom zanieczyszczeń (głównie metalami ciężkimi) w przypadku bezpośredniego wykorzystania odpadów na powierzchni gleby. Jednak nowelizacja Dyrektywy Osadowej (i drastyczne obniżenie dopuszczalnych stężeń zanieczyszczeń) może ograniczyć, a nawet utrudnić bezpośrednie wykorzystanie osadów ściekowych do celów rolniczych. Stąd efektywne produkty nawozowe (kompost lub nawozy organiczno-mineralne) pochodzące z osadów ściekowych są dobrą alternatywą dla ponownego wykorzystania nieoczyszczonych odpadów. Na zawartość substancji toksycznych w osadach ściekowych mogą mieć wpływ różne czynniki, w tym obecność ścieków przemysłowych czy wielkość oczyszczalni. W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań zawartości metali ciężkich (Cu, Pb, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cd, Hg) w osadach ściekowych analizowanych przez certyfikowane laboratoria, udostępnianych przez oczyszczalnie ścieków z różnych regionów Polski, pobranych w ciągu jednego roku. Uzyskane wyniki wskazały na bardzo szerokie przedziały zawartości poszczególnych pierwiastków w suchej masie osadu. Stężenie Cu mieściło się w zakresie od 0.4 do 784 mgkg-1 s.m., Ni od 0.25 do 1281 mgkg-1 s.m., Cd od 0.005 do 14.85 mgkg-1 s.m., Pb od 0.11 do 306.2 mgkg-1 s.m., Hg od < 0.001 do 2.3 mgkg-1, Cr od 0.23 do 854 mgkg-1 i Zn od 11 do 4669 mgkg-1. Wykazano, że zawartość Cu, Cd, Pb, Hg i Cr nie przekraczała dopuszczalnych poziomów użytkowania rolniczego zgodnie z polskimi przepisami. Nieliczne były przypadki przekroczenia ilości niklu i cynku. Nie stwierdzono wyraźnej korelacji między minimalną i maksymalną ilością metali ciężkich a wielkością oczyszczalni wyrażoną przez równoważną liczbę mieszkańców (RLM). Zaobserwowano jednak pewien trend wzrostowy w przypadku stężeń Cu, Ni, Hg i Cr przy wyższych wartościach RLM. Ponadto odnotowano sezonowe zmiany zawartości metali ciężkich w osadach ściekowych oraz sezonową zmienność poziomów poszczególnych pierwiastków. Stwierdzono, że pomimo stosunkowo niskiego poziomu metali ciężkich, może to być czynnikiem ograniczającym produkcję wysokiej jakości nawozów na bazie osadów ściekowych.

15

Use of magnetic nanoparticles in an Ionic liquid (BMIM-PF6) based vortex‐assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (VSLLME) for measuring the traces amounts of cadmium in environmental, biological and nutritional samples

Payab Meghdad, Maleki Fatemeh Yousefnezhad, Sheikhloie Hossein, Baghban Ali

Scientiae Radices

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2023

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Vol. 2, Iss. 4

359--377

EN

In the present project, the magnetic nanoparticles were used in a type of an ionic liquid based micro-extraction to measure trace amounts of cadmium in different real samples containing environmental water samples, saliva and human hair. In the optimum condition, the recovery percentages for the real sample were about 94.5% to 101.3%, showing the designed method is suitable to be used for analyzing the real environmental and biological samples. The main parameters were evaluated and optimized as follows: pH was 2.5, the volume of ionic liquid was 150 μl, the amount of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles was 50mg, the volume of the complexing agent was 12 μl, and the vortex time was 1 min and 2 min for ionic liquid, and magnetic nanoparticle distribution steps, respectively. Also, the volume of the medium was 10 to 20 ml.

16

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in the Sidi Boughaba Lake, Morocco

Najy Mohamed, Talbi Fatima Z., Ech-Chafay Hassan, Akkaoui Omar, Lachhab Mohamed, Achhar Abderrahman, Nouayti Nordine, Belghyti Driss

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

215--219

EN

The goal of the research was to evaluate the heavy metal detection and potential ecological risks in lake’s water. Geological formations consisting essentially of sandstone and quaternary marine or dune sands characterize the study area. With a climate of the Mediterranean type winters are mild and humid, whereas summers hot and dry. At the analysis center of the Faculty of Sciences, the monitoring of ETMs is carried out by ICP-MS, the processing of data and the validation of the analysis method have been drafted according to the NF T 90-120 standard applicable to the analysis in a laboratory. The analysis covers concentrations of heavy metals, which include Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Pb and As, in the water. Pollution load index (PLI) values were above one (>1) which indicates progressive deterioration of the water quality. However, contamination factor (CF) values of Pb and Cu, ranging from 8.31 to 15.68 and from 5.5 to 28.05 respectively, show that the studied water remains under a strong impact by Pb and Cu. Considering the severity of the ecological risk (Er) for a single metal, the descending order of contaminants is Cu > Pb > Mn > Fe > Zn. In relation to the total ecological risk index (RI), water from the lake shows low to considerable ecological risk.

17

Wastewater Treatment Using Activated Carbon Produced from Oil Shale

Hamdan Mohmmad Ahmad, Sublaban Esraa Taha, Al-Asfar Jamil Jawdat, Banisaid Mai Abdullah

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 2

131--139

EN

In recent years, many researchers have expressed interest in wastewater treatment using activated carbon produced from cheap raw materials. In this work, an activated carbo-aluminosilicate (ACS) – supported zero-valent iron (ZVI) composite was produced from Um AL-Rasa oil shale mine and examined to eliminate Chromium (VI) from contaminated water. Activation of raw oil shale fine particles (< 212 μm) was chemically performed using 95 and 5% wt of H2SO4 and HNO3, respectively, as activating agents. The activated material was further treated with caustic soda, named ACS, and modified with fine zero-valent iron particles < 212 μm), called ZVI/ACS composite. Kaolin was added to the composite with the ratio: (50 % wt. light kaolin: 50 % wt. ACS), named as ZVI/ACS/K. The XRD analysis for both composites confirmed iron dispersion at 45°. Adsorption experiments were carried out using the two adsorbents ZVI/ACS & ZVI/ACS/K under different values of pH, and adsorbent dosage. The results indicated that the reduction of Chromium was maximum under the 3 pH value and 2.0 gm amount of ZVI/ACS/K. Furthermore, it was found the removal rate was enhanced by 17% and 24.7% when ZVI/ACS & ZVI/ACS/K adsorbents were used, respectively, compared to that when only ACS adsorbent was used alone. Finally, the dependency of Chromium removal on its initial concentration by ZVI/ACS/K adsorbent was also investigated at two different temperatures of 27° and 50°. The results indicated a decrease in the removal rate of the Chromium as the concentration increased at 27°; however, the removal rate previously enhanced at 50° at all initial concentrations.

18

Thermal Recycling of Bentonite Waste as a Novel and a Low-Cost Adsorbent for Heavy Metals Removal

Shubber Mukhtar D. H., Kebria Daryoush Yousefi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

288--305

EN

The objectives of this study are the thermal remediation of bentonite waste to convert non-hazardous material, and the use of the obtainedthermal recycling bentonite waste (TRBW) as a novel low-cost adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solution using the batch system. The origin of bentonite waste is a by-product from plants of spent engine oil recycling [PSEOR]. It was remediated in two stages, directly burning and in the electrical furnace at 700 °C for 100 minutes to eliminate oil residues and impurities. The tests of XRD, BET, FTIR, EDX, and SEM were accomplished to identify the chemical and physical characteristics of TRBW. After then, the examination of the ability of TRBW to adsorption of the fiveheavy metals (Zn, Ni, Cd, Cr, and Pb) with different experimental parameters such as initial concentration, adsorbent dose, temperature, pH, and contact time. Different models of isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic were utilized andthe results indicate that the nature of heavy metals adsorption onto TRBW was homogeneous. According to the maximum adsorption capacities, the metals ranked as Pb> Cd> Zn> Cr> Ni, and adsorption capacities were 94.97, 73.85, 39.56, 38.34, and 36.33 mg/g, respectively.

19

The Removal Performance of Bio-Sorption on Sunflower Seed Husk for Copper and Lead Ions from Aqueous Solutions

Abdulhusain Noor Alaa, Mokif Layla Abdulkareem

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

110--117

EN

This study was concerned with the feasibility of using sunflower seed husk (waste material from the food industry) as a low-cost and available sorbent material to remove copper and lead ions. Sunflower seed husk was used for the biosorption of heavy metal ions (Pb(II) and Cu(II)) from aqueous solutions. The properties of natural adsorbent were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorption were investigated in batch experiments through several influencing operating parameters, including contact time, sorbent dosage, initial pH, and initial concentration. The Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were also applied to the experimental data to determine the adsorption kinetics. The results showed that adsorption of both ions fitted well by pseudo-Second-order, with determination coefficient R2 = 0.99, for both ions with SSE (1.628, 1.345) for Pb(II) and Cu(II), respectively.

20

The Potential Biosorption of Copper and Manganese by Bacterial Cellulose in the Environment

Kroeksakul Patarapong, Ngamniyom Arin, Chongkolnee Boonsong

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 11

190--196

EN

This study investigated the efficiency of copper and manganese adsorption by bacterial cellulose (BC) produced from Komagataeibacter intermedius BE073. BC was collected from production processes in a village in Nakhon Nayok province. BC had high moisture content of 91.15±3.68%, an average water absorption index (WAI) of 5.30±0.362, an average tensile strength of 99.1 ±6.18 MPa, average elongation at break of 6.41±0.67%, and an average Young modulus of 1445±177 MPa. Structural analysis of the BC material shows that it is a cellulose powder with a main group. Measurements show that the Mn content in BC rapidly decreased after soaking in solution, and that the highest Cu absorption efficiency of BC during a 120 minute period was 15469 mg kg-1. The results of this study show that BC may be successfully used to absorb various heavy metal residues from leachate, particularly Cu solutions. BC cannot absorb Mn from solution, so it cannot be used to absorb Mn from leachate. However, studies have shown that BC can release Mn into solution. Therefore, BC may be effective for use in agriculture, as Mn is a micronutrient for plants.