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1

Forest fire trends and management practices in the hills of Nepal

Oli Jenisha, Rai Nitant, Sharma Rijan, Baral Nishan

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2025

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Vol. 5, no. 1

189--202

EN

Understanding the trends and patterns of forest fires is critical for effective fire management. This study aimed to analyze forest fire incidences, trends, and management practices in the six different community managed and government managed forests in the Salyan district of Nepal. We analyzed active fire data for 2001-2017 using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), to understand the fire trend. Our results based on MODIS satellite imagery show that fires are common during the dry, windy pre¬monsoon season which starts from March to May, with Pinus roxburghii forests being the most fire-prone, followed by Shorea robusta-dominated forests. Anthropogenic factors were identified as the primary cause of fire ignition. The fire management practices adopted by the Community Forest User Groups (CFUGs) have been effective in managing and preventing fires. These findings are valuable for prioritizing forest areas for fire control and management. We recommend close coordination and cooperation between CFUGs, governmental and non-governmental agencies to design and implement effective forest fire management strategies.

2

Mapping forest fire risk: A comprehensive approach using analytical hierarchy process, geographic information system, and remote sensing integration

Salman Reem, Karouni Ali, Hamadeh Nizar, Rachid Elias

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 2

66--85

EN

Wildfire is one of the natural hazards that is escalating globally. While it can cause extensive harm worldwide, significant economic losses, infrastructural damage, and severe social disruption worldwide, the Mediterranean region is vulnerable because of its distinct climate and vegetation patterns. This study uses geospatial technologies and the multi-criteria decision-making method with Analytical Hierarchy Process to assess and map wildfire risk, using different factors like anthropogenic, meteorological and topographic data. The resulting fire risk map categorizes the area into five zones: very high, high, moderate, low, and very low risk. Findings indicate that 34.89% of the area is at moderate risk, 33.45% at high risk, and 7.62% at very high risk. The model’s final susceptibility map was found to be consistent with the historical fire events that occurred in the area of study, demonstrating the efficacy of the approach utilized to identify and map fire risk zones. This model will enhance disaster response capabilities and preparedness through coordination with stakeholders and development of sustainable forest management contingency plans for more resilient communities.

3

Triassic micro-charcoal as a promising puzzle piece in palaeoclimate reconstruction: An example from the Germanic Basin

Götz Anette E., Uhl Dieter

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2022

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Vol. 92, No. 3

219--231

EN

Fossil charcoal is the primary source of evidence for palaeo-wildfires and has gained increasing interest as a proxy in the reconstruction of past climates and environments. Today, increasing temperatures and decreasing precipitation/humidity appear to correlate with increases in the frequency and intensity of wildfires in many regions worldwide. Apart from appropriate climatic conditions, sufficient atmospheric oxygen (>15%) is a necessary precondition to sustain combustion in wildfires. The Triassic has long been regarded as a period without evidence of wildfires; however, recent studies on macro-charcoal have provided data indicating their occurrence throughout almost the entire Triassic. Still, the macro-palaeobotanical record is scarce and the study of micro-charcoal from palynological residue is seen as very promising to fill the gap in our current knowledge on Triassic wildfires. Here, the authors present the first, verified records of micro-charcoal from the Triassic of the Germanic Basin, complementing the scarce macro-charcoal evidence of wildfires during Buntsandstein, Muschelkalk and Keuper (Anisian-Rhaetian). The particles analysed by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show anatomical features typical of gymnosperms, a major element of the early Mesozoic vegetation following the initial recovery phase after the PT-boundary event. From the continuously increasing dataset of Triassic charcoal, it becomes apparent that the identification of wildfires has a huge potential to play a crucial role in future studies, deciphering Triassic climate dynamics. The first SEM study of micro-charcoal from palynological residue spanning the entire Triassic period, presented here, is a key technique to further unravel the charcoal record as a puzzle piece in palaeoclimate reconstruction.

4

Fire Effects on Soils – A Pilot Scale Study on the Soils Affected by Wildfires in the Czech Republic

Barroso Petra Martínez, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 6

248--256

EN

Fires have always been a natural component influencing ecosystems and driving their evolution; however, in recent years they have become too frequent and ecosystems are not able to cope with them anymore. Fires destroy the natural vegetation, which prevents the soil erosion, and affect the soil properties which delay the natural recovery of the fire affected area. This experiment was conducted to assess the phytotoxicity of fire affected soil and to investigate whether different soil amendments can help to decrease the negative effect of fire on soil properties. The study utilised the PhytotoxkitTM test. The tested burnt soil was supplemented with 3% w/w of the following individual soil amendments: bentonite, biochar, compost and diatomite. Then, the phytotoxicity tests were carried out with garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and white mustard (Sinapis alba L.). The pH and electrical conductivity of soil were measured and it was revealed that the individual soil amendments affected the values of pH and electrical conductivity diversely. The highest root growth stimulation for Sinapis alba L. was observed when diatomite was added, whereas the most favourable amendment for the stimulating root growth of Lepidium Sativum L. were compost, diatomite and biochar, respectively. This study recommended repeated testing for the amendments that show a capability to stimulate the root growth and conducting tests on a wider group of plant species.

5

Application of the BAI index for the classification of the burned area in ground measurements

Szajewska Anna

Measurement Automation Monitoring

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2019

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Vol. 65, No. 2

37--40

EN

Quick determination of the area of the burned forest or field caused by the fire is important when estimating losses, monitoring the rebirth of vegetation on the site of fire and planning strategies for forest reconstruction. In order to provide quick information about the area burned by large fires, the BAI index (Burn Area index) is used. This index is obtained using optical methods of satellite remote sensing. In Poland, most fires are the fires of soil cover, the area of which does not exceed 1 ha. In such cases, the use of satellite technology is not applicable due to a number of limitations that are discussed in the text. The article presents the possibility of using the BAI index from a small height. Since the BAI index was originally used for satellite measurements, the article discusses the differences in ground measurements. Experimental research has been described and results from controlled firing have been presented.

6

Succession of Tree Species on Drained Bogs in ‘Brzozowe Bagno koło Czaplinka’ Nature Reserve, NW Poland

Jagodziński A. M., Dyderski M. K., Horodecki P., Rawlik K., Gdula A. K.

Polish Journal of Ecology

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2018

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Vol. 66, nr 4

352--368

EN

Succession of woody species on bogs is a process limited by high groundwater table. In the case of drainage, this limiting factor becomes suppressed and succession may accelerate. The aim of the study was to assess the development of tree stands on a raised bog influenced by drainage and wild fire and to assess the dynamics of woody species encroachment. The study was conducted in the ‘Brzozowe Bagno koło Czaplinka’ nature reserve in NW Poland, where the originally unforested peat bog was influenced by peat harvesting, drainage and fire over 100 years. The diameter at breast height of tree species and natural regeneration were assessed. Six types of tree stands were distinguished: open bog, bog forest with Pinus sylvestris, early-, mid- and late-successional bog forest with Betula pubescens and pioneer forest with Populus tremula, which occurred in the post-fire sites. After ca 100 years of human activity on an unforested peat bog, dense forest emerged on almost all of the study area. Drainage and wildfire influenced tree stand structure. The course of succession most probably goes from open bog to pine bog forest and early-, mid- and late-successional birch forests. Regeneration of B. pubescens is a crucial phase of woody species succession, because this species creates suitable conditions for growth of late-successional species.

7

Long-term fire effects of the drained open fen on organic soils

Sulwiński M., Mętrak M., Suska-Malawska M.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2017

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Vol. 43, no. 1

11--19

EN

Fire has considerable impact on vegetation and organic soils properties. As we observed that the differences between vegetation of burnt and unburnt areas on the rich fen are visible 11 years after the fire, we assumed that the post-fire changes are long lasting, yet limited exclusively to the burnt areas. In order to check this hypothesis we studied spatial differentiation of physical and chemical properties of soils, and productivity capacities of burnt and unburnt areas in the fen in Biebrza National Park. We took soil samples from the neighboring burnt and unburnt areas, from the depth of 0–30 cm and 30–50 cm. We analyzed 21 parameters of the soils including: pH, ash content, moisture, bulk density, exchangeable K, Na, Ca, available P, N-NH4+, N-NO3−, total N, C, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P; and calculated C:N, C:P ratios. Surface layer of the burnt soils differed significantly from the unburnt soils in respect of 17 out of 21 parameters. The most pronounced difference was observed for available phosphorous (on average 6 times higher for the burnt soils). The differences in the deeper layer were mostly insignificant. The burnt areas were also characterized by twofold higher plant productivity than recorded for the unburnt areas. The influence of fire on peaty soils was long lasting but mostly limited to the surface layer of the soils. In the case of particular soil features, the post-fire differences were modified by advanced muck formation (moorshing) processes in the unburnt areas. Since the fire led to long lasting increase of fertility, the recovery of fen vegetation is unlikely.

PL

Pożary wpływają istotnie na roślinność oraz właściwości gleb organicznych. Zaobserwowano, że nawet po 11 latach od wystąpienia podpowierzchniowego pożaru torfowiska niskiego wciąż istnieją wyraźne różnice pokrywy roślinnej obszarów wypalonych i niewypalonych. Na tej podstawie założono, że wpływ pożaru na ekosystem torfowiskowy jest długotrwały, jednak nie jest widoczny na sąsiednich obszarach niewypalonych. W celu weryfikacji tej hipotezy zbadano właściwości fizyczne i chemiczne gleby, a także produktywność biomasy roślinnej na torfowisku niskim zlokalizowanym w Biebrzańskim Parku Narodowym. Z sąsiadujących obszarów wypalonych oraz niewypalonych, z głębokości 0–30 cm oraz 30–50 cm pobrano próby gleby torfowej. Przeanalizowano 21 cech gleby: pH, popielność, wilgotność, gęstość, wymiennie związane K, Na, Ca, dostępne dla roślin P, N-NH4+, N-NO3-, całkowite N, C, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, P; oraz obliczono stosunki C:N, C:P, Fe:P. W 17 na 21 przebadanych cech stwierdzono istotne różnice w chemizmie wierzchniej warstwy gleby pobranej z miejsc wypalonych i niewypalonych. Najbardziej wyraźną różnicą było zwiększenie (średnio sześciokrotnie) zawartości dostępnego P w glebach z obszarów wypalonych. W większości badanych cech warstwy głębszej nie stwierdzono istotnych różnic. Obszary wypalone charakteryzowały się dwukrotnie wyższą produktywnością biomasy roślinnej. Stwierdzono, że wpływ pożaru na glebę torfową jest długotrwały i ograniczony głównie do jej wierzchniej warstwy. Część zaobserwowanych różnic może jednak wynikać z postępującego procesu murszenia torfu, zachodzącego na obszarach niewypalonych. Z powodu zwiększenia dostępności pierwiastków biogennych scenariusz powrotu typowych zbiorowisk torfowisk niskich na obszary wypalone nie wydaje się prawdopodobny.

8

Evidence of wildfires during deposition of the Upper Silesian Keuper succession, southern Poland

Kubik R., Uhl D., Marynowski L.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2015

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Vol. 85, No. 4

685--696

EN

Charcoals from the Upper Triassic vertebrate-bearing clays of the Zawiercie area (Upper Silesia, S-Poland) were analyzed using petrographic methods, to reconstruct burning temperatures as well as taphonomic processes. SEM and reflected light microscopy show excellent preservation of charcoals most probable connected with early diagenetic permineralization by calcite. The charcoal was assigned to three morphotypes, probably corresponding to three different fossil taxa. Fusinite reflectance data suggest, that the highest temperature reached above 600 °C (fusinite reflectance of 3.59%), what counterparts to the lower limit crown fire temperature. The values for most of the samples are lower (ca. 1% to 2.5%) what is typical for surface fires. In many cases fusinite reflectance values depends on the measured zone within the sample. Such zonation formed due to charring tem- perature differences. In zones remote from the potential fire source, reflectance values gradually decreases. It implies that calculation of fire temperatures based on average fusinite reflectance values might be too far-reaching simplification. Occurrence of fungal hyphae within the charcoal supports the interpretation of a predomination of surface fire, consuming dead twigs and stems. The low content of micro-charcoals in charcoal-bearing rocks as well as rounded to sub-rounded shapes of large specimens indicates that they were transported after burning, deposited away from the burning area, and finally early diagenetic mineralization.