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EN
Accurate segmentation of dual-energy X-ray transmission (DE-XRT) coal and gangue image regions are a prerequisite for feature extraction, identification, localization, and separation. A watershed algorithm based on multi-grayscale threshold segmentation (MGTS) is proposed to mark the foreground for the adhesion and overlap of coal and gangue. The grayscale images of foreground objects are segmented using multiple grayscale thresholds, and the number of connected domains is recorded each time. As the gray threshold value decreases, overlapping and adhering objects are gradually separated. The binary image segmented at the grayscale threshold with the most significant number of connected domains is used as a marker region. This marker region is used as the seed point of the watershed algorithm to find the dividing line. The experimental results show that the segmentation accuracy is 91.35%, and the segmentation accuracy of overlapping adhesions of 2, 3, and 4 targets is higher than 90%.
EN
The results of a systematic study of the influence of meridional contours overlap in the stator-rotor axial interspace of the impulse and reactive type stages of a high-pressure steam turbine on the flow structure and gas-dynamic efficiency of the flow part are introduced. The studied flow parts of the impulse and reactive stages are typical for high-power high-pressure steam turbines. It is shown that the stages that have no overlaps and/or have a smooth shape of meridional contours have the best gasdynamic efficiency, and the most negative effect on the flow part is caused by the presence of caverns in the stator-rotor interspace. For cases where, due to technological limitations, it is impossible to avoid the presence of caverns and overlaps with a sharp (step-wise) change in the shape of the meridional contours, it is recommended to perform overlaps with positive size of overlap values near the rotor blades.
EN
An influence of the overlap on the performance of the Classical Savonius wind turbine was investigated. Unsteady two-dimensional numerical simulations were carried out for a wide range of overlap ratios. For selected configurations computation quality was verified by comparison with three-dimensional simulations and the wind tunnel experimental data available in literature. A satisfactory agreement was achieved. Power characteristics were determined for all the investigated overlap ratios for selected tip speed ratios. Obtained results indicate that the maximum device performance is achieved for the buckets overlap ratio close to 0.
PL
Dokonano oszacowania nośności spoin w węzłach podatnych, określenia efektywnych długości spoin, sposobu ich rozmieszczenia w zależności od sztywności płytowej ścianek rur oraz wyznaczenia składowych naprężeń działających na poszczególne odcinki spoin. Zaproponowano sposób sprawdzenia nośności spoin pachwinowych w węźle K lub N ukształtowanym z nachodzeniem prętów o przekroju zamkniętym oraz pasach z dwuteowników.
EN
Estimation of resistance of welded semi-rigid joints is a complex issue because it requires determining of effective lengths of welds, their placement on the member walls with their different rigidity and distribution of components of the loads acting on each section of welds in various joint areas. The objective of this paper is to present the most up-to-date information to designers, teachers and researchers according design of welds for certain K and N joints with partially overlapped RHS brace members and I or H-section chord.
PL
Artykuł dotyczy wybranych ograniczeń funkcjonalnych urządzeń sterowania ruchem kolejowym. Rozważono sytuacje występujące przy usterkach świateł zabraniających na semaforach. Rozważono stosowanie urządzeń ochronnych i kontroli elementów dróg pomiędzy drogami jazdy i ochronną a urządzeniami ochronnymi.
EN
This article presents selected functional limitations of railway signalling and interlocking systems. Some situations occurring when stop signal at semaphore is fault are considered. The usage of protective devices and controlling the elements of the road between highway driving and protective and safety equipment are discussed.
PL
W artykule porównane zostały dwa systemy prowadzenia ciągnika rolniczego. Pierwszy z nich, tradycyjny sposób prowadzenia agregatu ciągnikowego, polegający na aktywnej kontroli toru jazdy przez operatora. System automatyczny wykorzystywał nawigację satelitarną i był wyposażony w układ automatycznego prowadzenia pojazdu po polu. Badania zostały przeprowadzone w gospodarstwie rolnym położonym w województwie zachodniopomorskim w kwietniu i maju 2012 roku. Celem pracy było porównanie manualnego oraz automatycznego systemu prowadzenia ciągnika rolniczego pod względem odchyleń odległości od pożądanego toru jazdy po polu oraz pól powierzchni nakładek i omijaków. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że system automatycznego prowadzenia ciągnika wykorzystujący nawigację satelitarną był dokładniejszy i pozwolił ograniczyć powierzchnię nieobrobioną do 0,20%, zaś dwukrotnie obrobioną do 0,21% powierzchni pola.
EN
Two systems of steering a tractor were compared in the article. The first of them, a traditionalway of driving a tractor, consisting in an active control of the track by an operator. An automatic system used a satellite navigation and was equipped with automatic driving system of a vehicle on a field. The research was carried out in an agricultural farm located in Zachodniopomorksie province in April and May 2012. The objective of the paper was to compare a manual and an automatic system of steering a farm tractor on account of distance deviation from a desired track and surface areas of overlaps and underlaps. On the basis of the research which was carried out, it was determined that the system of automatic steering of a tractor which uses a satellite navigation was more accurate and allowed to limit the undone area to 0.20% and to double the area which was worked twice to 0.21% of the field area.
EN
The paper deals with the shaping atria roofing structures mostly based on strut and tie structures combined with pneumatic systems. Some interesting objects are shown and discussed, as examples of challenging structural designs. A simple method of reverse shaping structure is mentioned, as an easy method for architects and engineers of form-finding, the minimum weight roofing structures.
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