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1

Soil stabilisation with quicklime: influence of lime content and thermal treatment on strength development

Hamdaoui Mohamed, Izemmouren Ouarda, Ali Karwan Abubaker, Zeghichi Leila, Amroune Salah, Mohamad Barhm

Budownictwo i Architektura

|

2026

|

Vol. 25, no. 2

art. no 26023

EN

This research addresses the field of sustainable construction materials, with particular emphasis on the manufacture of stabilised adobe intended for low-rise buildings and rural housing. It aims to optimise soil stabilisation by adding quicklime, identifying the optimal conditions of lime dosage and controlled thermal curing in order to enhance the mechanical performance of earthen construction materials. The soil was first sieved to 2 mm and then dried at 65 ± 2 °C for 24 hours to ensure initial homogeneity. Standardized prismatic specimens (4 × 4 × 16 cm³) were prepared with different lime contents (3%, 5%, 7%, 9%, 11%, 13%, and 15% by dry soil weight) and subjected to curing durations of 3, 7, and 11 days in an oven at 65 °C. The adopted factorial experimental approach enabled evaluation of the interaction between lime dosage and curing duration. The natural soil water content was estimated at 21.35%, based on the liquid and plastic limits. For each formulation, the mixing water content was adjusted according to the percentage of lime incorporated, in order to maintain a consistent water-to-binder ratio and to ensure adequate lime hydration as well as a homogeneous distribution within the soil matrix. Mechanical performance was assessed using uniaxial compression tests.

2

Investigating the effect of pozzolanic activation on some of geotechnical properties of soil stabilized with calcium based waste materials

Jafer Hassnen, Al-Saeedi Abeer Abduljabbar, Al-Jabban Wathiq

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2026

|

Vol. 20, no. 2

125--136

EN

This research is aimed to use two different waste materials; calcium carbide residue (CCR) and alum sludge ash (ASA) for the stabilization of a fine-grained soil. Different dosages of CCR were used (3, 6, and 9% by the soil dry mass) and mixed with varying percentages of ASA (1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6%) at different proportion to produce 13 mixtures of soil-binder along with control mixture; untreated virgin soil. The Atterberg limits, standard compaction and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests were utilized to evaluate the geotechnical properties. The specimens subjected to the UCS test were cured at different periods; 7, 28, and 56 days. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) testing was conducting for microstructural investigation. Experimental results revealed significant improvement in Atterberg limits particularly after the inclusion of ASA in the used binder, which recorded 50% reduction of plasticity index. UCS increased for both soils treated with CCR and with binary binders, recording the highest value for the binder comprising 9% and 4.5% by the soil dry mass of CCR and ASA, respectively, which showed strength about 10 times of that for the untreated soil. SEM testing revealed considerable developments in microstructure of the selected binder through the age of curing confirming the gradual production of cementitious gel, such as C-S-H. hence, the more dense and coherent structure contributes to strength development of the treated soil.

3

The Impact of Different Strain Rates of Polypropylene Geotextiles on Slope Factor of Safety

Sitek Wiktor, Kiersnowska Agnieszka, Bagdasaryan Vazgen, Koda Eugeniusz

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

|

2025

|

Vol. 47, nr 2

134--144

EN

Due to their effectiveness, environmental friendliness, and economic benefits, geosynthetics are increasingly utilized in civil engineering, especially woven geotextiles for soil stabilization reinforcement. Standard strength testing assumes a constant rate of elongation for samples, but in practice, the loading rate of geosynthetics in the field is much lower. Selecting appropriate materials is crucial for the effectiveness and durability of structures. For polymeric materials like woven geotextiles, the strain rate affects their properties. Understanding these properties is essential for safe design and construction. This article explores the potential application of polypropylene geotextiles for soil reinforcement in embankments. The polymer properties are discussed, along with the methodology for strength testing of geosynthetics and the results of the research. The findings allowed for the calculation of the long-term strength of samples at different elongation rates, which was used to verify changes in the factor of safety for a slope model. The highest tensile strength was 33.44 kN/m at a stretching speed of 20 mm/min. At 2 mm/min, it was 30.35 kN/m, and at 0.2 mm/min, it was 28.70 kN/m. These results determined the factor of safety: F = 2.08 for the fastest stretched sample and F = 1.97 for the slowest. Theoretical approaches to understanding changes in strength parameters due to variations in strain rate have been presented, as well as computational approaches using the Bishop method in GEO5 software, based on the results from tensile strength tests.

4

Kontrola jakości drogowego podłoża konstrukcyjnego z wykorzystaniem narzędzi BIM. Część II. Etapy badań, podsumowanie prac badawczych

Szafranko Elżbieta, Czyż Magdalena, Lis Maciej

Przegląd Budowlany

|

2025

|

R. 96, nr 3

148--151

PL

Wśród kluczowych etapów realizacji inwestycji drogowych szczególnie istotnym, a zarazem wymagającym, jest proces wykonywania podłoża pod konstrukcję drogową. Proces ten jest jednak obarczony wieloma czynnikami niepewności, a dodatkowo tradycyjne metody weryfikacji jakości podłoża często charakteryzują się ograniczoną efektywnością. Dlatego opracowanie koncepcyjnego modelu integracji procesu weryfikacji jakości podłoża konstrukcji drogowej w środowisku BIM wydaje się metodą pozwalającą na ominięcie wielu problemów. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest opracowanie koncepcyjnego modelu integracji procesu weryfikacji jakości podłoża konstrukcji drogowej w środowisku BIM. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdzają przydatność proponowanej metodyki, która pozwala na bieżącą kontrolę parametrów technicznych podłoża w czasie rzeczywistym, zwiększając efektywność procesu budowy.

EN

Among the key stages of road investment implementation, the process of making the ground for the road structure is particularly important and at the same time demanding. However, this process is subject to many uncertainties, and in addition, traditional methods of verifying the quality of the substrate are often characterized by limited effectiveness. Therefore, the development of a conceptual model for the integration of the process of verifying the quality of the road structure in the BIM environment seems to be a method that allows to avoid many problems. The main objective of this article is to develop a conceptual model for the integration of the process of verification of the quality of the road structure substrate in the BIM environment. The conducted research confirms the usefulness of the proposed methodology, which allows for ongoing control of the technical parameters of the ground in real time, increasing the efficiency of the construction process.

5

Kontrola jakości drogowego podłoża konstrukcyjnego z wykorzystaniem narzędzi BIM. Część I. Wprowadzenie i schemat metodyki badań

Szafranko Elżbieta, Czyż Magdalena, Lis Maciej

Przegląd Budowlany

|

2025

|

R. 96, nr 2

234--236

PL

Wśród kluczowych etapów realizacji inwestycji drogowych szczególnie istotnym, a zarazem wymagającym, jest proces wykonywania podłoża pod konstrukcję drogową. Proces ten jest jednak obarczony wieloma czynnikami niepewności, a dodatkowo tradycyjne metody weryfikacji jakości podłoża często charakteryzują się ograniczoną efektywnością. Dlatego opracowanie koncepcyjnego modelu integracji procesu weryfikacji jakości podłoża konstrukcji drogowej w środowisku BIM wydaje się metodą pozwalającą na ominięcie wielu problemów. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest opracowanie koncepcyjnego modelu integracji procesu weryfikacji jakości podłoża konstrukcji drogowej w środowisku BIM. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdzają przydatność proponowanej metodyki, która pozwala na bieżącą kontrolę parametrów technicznych podłoża w czasie rzeczywistym, zwiększając efektywność procesu budowy.

EN

Among the key stages of road investment implementation, the process of making the ground for the road structure is particularly important and at the same time demanding. However, this process is subject to many uncertainties, and in addition, traditional methods of verifying the quality of the substrate are often characterized by limited effectiveness. Therefore, the development of a conceptual model for the integration of the process of verifying the quality of the road structure in the BIM environment seems to be a method that allows to avoid many problems. The main objective of this article is to develop a conceptual model for the integration of the process of verification of the quality of the road structure substrate in the BIM environment. The conducted research confirms the usefulness of the proposed methodology, which allows for ongoing control of the technical parameters of the ground in real time, increasing the efficiency of the construction process.

6

The development and application of a global positioning system – based monitoring system for soil stabilization vehicles

Baráth Balázs, Simon Norbert, Háry András

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

|

Vol. 26, nr 3

1--7

EN

The accuracy and efficiency of soil stabilization works are key to ensuring the durability of roads. During the conducted research, a GPS-based (global positioning system) tracking system was developed that can monitor the movement of soil stabilization vehicles in real time, recording the exact location and working width of the stabilized road sections. The system’s software solutions enable the conversion of location coordinates from the WGS84 (World Geodetic System) system to EOV (EOV as Uniform National Projection system) format and visualization of the results in AutoCAD. The developed tool can significantly contribute to the improvement of the quality control of soil stabilization works, as the development of road defects resulting from stabilization errors can be reduced with the help of documentation and visualization. During the testing of this system, the development proved to be successful and provides an opportunity to perform soil stabilization processes more efficiently and reliably, thereby improving the service life of road surfaces and traffic safety.

7

Zagadnienie zagęszczania niestabilnych gruntów spoiwami hydraulicznymi

Stawowiak Michał

Magazyn Autostrady

|

2024

|

Nr 4

41--44

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono problematykę związaną ze stabilizacją gruntów przy wykorzystaniu spoiw hydraulicznych na bazie cementu. Autor przedstawił również zagadnienia związane z podbudowami z nawierzchni betonowych.

EN

This article presents the issues related to soil stabilisation using hydraulic binders based on cement. The matters connected with concrete surface substructures are also discussed.

8

Wykorzystanie popiołów lotnych jako stabilizatora do wzmacniania gruntów organicznych

Filipiak Jarosław

Magazyn Autostrady

|

2024

|

Nr 5

53--56

PL

W artykule omówiono wykorzystanie ubocznych produktów spalania (UPS), głównie popiołów lotnych, jako stabilizatora gruntów organicznych. UPS, powstające w wyniku spalania węgla, mogą być używane do wzmacniania gruntów, co ma potencjał, żeby przynieść korzyści środowiskowe i ekonomiczne. W artykule przedstawiono badania nad stabilizacją torfu, namułu gliniastego i kredy jeziornej przy użyciu mieszanek cementowo-popiołowych.

EN

This article discusses the use of coal combustion products (CCPs), mainly fly ash, as a stabiliser for organic soils. CCPs, which are produced as a result of burning coal, can be used to reinforce soils, which has the potential to bring environmental and economic benefits. The article presents research on the stabilisation of peat, clay silt and lake lime using cement-ash mixtures.

9

Biocementacja - ekologiczna alternatywa dla stabilizacji gruntów

Ciechanowicz Artur, Tisler Witold, Jankowska Katarzyna

Inżynieria Morska i Geotechnika

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2024

|

nr 1

22--27

PL

Przedstawienie badań wytrzymałości na ścinanie dla gruntu niespoistego stabilizowanego biocementacja bakteryjną. Omówienie charakterystyki drobnoustrojów wraz z podziałem badań na dwie części: mikrobiologiczną oraz geotechniczną. Potwierdzenie możliwości wykorzystania cementacji bakteryjnej jako alternatywnej metody stabilizacji podłoża gruntowego.

EN

Presentation of shear strength tests for non-cohesive soil stabilized with bacterial bio-cementation. Discussion of the characteristics of microorganisms and the division of research into two parts: microbiological and geotechnical. Confirmation of the possibility of using bacterial cementation as an alternative method of soil stabilization.

10

Stabilization of Lateritic Soil using Fly Ash Based Geopolymer

Ahmad Muhammad Munsif, Razak Rafiza Abdul, Abdullah Mohd Mustafa Al Bakri, Muhamad Khairunnisa, Mydin Md Azree Othuman, Sandu Andrei Victor

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2024

|

Vol. 69, iss. 3

1165--1173

EN

Current development consists of a high-rise building and heavy traffic load demands for soil with good engineering properties. Lateritic soil is commonly treated with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) to improve its engineering properties in order to enhance its load bearing capacity. The production of OPC however emits a large amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. Geopolymer technology has been explored as an alternative replacement for the OPC. In this research, the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of a lateritic soil treated with fly ash (FA) based geopolymer up to 40% by weight of the dry soil and activated using combination of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was investigated by means of unconfined compression test (UCT). The effect of different molarity of NaOH (5-20 M), FA to alkali activator (AA) ratio (1-3) and different curing temperatures to the UCS of treated soil sample are being determined. In general, as the content of FA in the soil increases, the UCS increases more than 100% and almost 400% compared to the untreated soil for room curing temperature and oven curing temperature respectively. Based on the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) result, the molarity of NaOH solution reduces the pores in the treated soil sample. The geopolymerization process combines the soil particle and makes it denser, resulting in higher UCS than the untreated soil sample.

11

Comment On Energy-Efficient Alternative for Different Types of Traditional Soil Binders

Jangde Himanshu, Khan Farhan

Studia Geotechnica et Mechanica

|

2023

|

Vol. 45, nr 1

72--87

EN

Due to urban sprawl, the demand for land has increased for the purpose of construction. It is unlikely that soil available at different construction sites will be suitable for designed structures. For improving the load-bearing capacity of the soil, different soil binders are used, which are present in distinct states. In this review, the authors have collected details about various binders, which are generally used in the soil stabilization, and their effect as a binding agent on the soil. In this article, the authors tried to review different traditional binders. After studying various research articles, the authors found that lime, ground-granulated blast slag (GGBS) polypropylene, polyurethane grouting, and asphalt mix are frequently used binders. However, the authors also gathered information about the negative environmental impact of these traditional soil binders, which led to the need for alternatives to these commonly used soil binders. To diminish this issue, different alternate hydraulic and non-hydraulic binders are discussed. The authors found alternatives to cement and lime with the alkali-activated material consisting of Na2O and silica modulus and belite-calcium sulfoaluminate ferrite, which is also known as "Aether™." According to the research, both alternatives emit 20–30% less CO2 into the environment and also improve the compressive strength of the soil. The various studies promotes bitumen modification. Incorporating 20-mesh crumb rubber and bio-oil into the bitumen reduces its viscosity and improves its fatigue value. When waste oil is mixed with asphalt, it revitalizes the bitumen, improves fatigue resistance, and increases compressive strength. The soil particles treated by Eko soil are held together by enzymes, which give them the same strength as cement. Apart from that, low-carbon binders such as basic oxygen furnace slag, bamboo fiber, enzyme-based soil treatment, zebu manure for stabilization, and lignin-contained biofuels and coproducts are discussed. Replacing these traditional binders helps with energy savings. All waste products are recycled, and energy is saved by not manufacturing traditional binders. Additionally, energy is saved, which is required to avoid the detrimental effects of these conventional binders, making them energy-efficient alternate binders. The authors also summarize the methods used, impacts, and changes that occur in soil properties after using substitutes in place of traditional binders. From the review, the authors determined that different binders have various properties in terms of chemical and physical compositions, and they show different variations in terms of strength when added to soil with low bearing capacity or poor stability.

12

Badania paneli z gruntobetonu i fibrogruntobetonu do wzmacniania nasypów kolejowych

Gut Remigiusz, Duszyński Andrzej, Jasiński Wiktor, Rychlewski Piotr, Sołtysik Robert

Materiały Budowlane

|

2023

|

nr 2

48--51

PL

W artykule przedstawiono prace badawcze będące częścią projektu dotyczącego opracowania technologii DLM do wzmacniania podtorza kolejowego. Technologia polega na wykonaniu w gruncie in situ dwóch ciągłych i równoległych paneli z gruntobetonu, tj. mieszanki gruntu rodzimego, cementu, wody i ewentualnie dodatków. Badano wytrzymałość i odporność na obciążenia cykliczne paneli wykonanych z gruntobetonu oraz gruntobetonu z dodatkiem włókien, tzw. fibrogruntobetonu. Wyniki potwierdzają spełnienie wymagań ustalonych jako kamienie milowe projektu dotyczącego paneli z obu materiałów.

EN

The article presents research works that are part of the project to develop the DLM technology for strengthening the railway subgrade. The technology consists in making two recessed, continuous and parallel panels of soil-concrete, i.e. a mixture of native soil, cement, water and possible additives. The strength and resistance to cyclic loads of panels made of soil concrete without additives and soil concrete with fibers were prepared. The results confirm that the requirements set as project milestones for panels in both materials are met.

13

Applying different soil stabilization mechanisms: a review

Falah Mayadah W., Muteb Haitham

Archives of Civil Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 69, nr 4

339--358

EN

To guarantee a durable pavement construction that only needs a little care, it is crucial to manage problematic soil conditions properly and prepare the foundation. Some organizations remove soils since they have realized they do not function as well as other materials (for example, a state specification dictating that frost susceptible loess could not be present in the frost penetration zone). Nevertheless, there are more advantageous or desirable courses of action than this (e.g., excavation might create a disturbance, plus additional issues of disposal and removal). The subgrade conditions described in the preceding section may be improved by stabilization, offering an alternative solution. It is impossible to overstate the importance of ensuring a homogeneous soil profile in terms of density, moisture content, and textural categorization in the top section of the subgrade. Thru soil sub-cutting or other stabilizing methods, this consistency may be attained. Additionally, stabilization may be utilized to prevent swelling in expansive materials, create a weather-resistant work platform, enhance soil workability, and limit issues with frost heave. Alternative stabilizing techniques will be discussed in this part, and advice for choosing the best technique will be adequately provided. The current review paper aims to identify bridge issues related to soft soil and takes two ways of soft soil stabilization: chemical and mechanical. The finding of both methods show that the compressive strength and settlement have been improved after using waste materials; therefore, using waste materials as a cement replacement is considered one of the expansive utilized methods in most construction applications and bridges of that applications.

14

Application of steel slag in stabilizations of expansive soil: an experimental study

Kabeta Worku Firomsa

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 69, nr 1

105--117

EN

This study was carried out to evaluate the effect of steel slag (SS) as a by-product as an additive on the geotechnical properties of expansive soil. A series of laboratory tests were conducted on natural and stabilized soils. Steel slag (SS) was added at a rate of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25% to the soil. The conducted tests are consistency limits, specific gravity, grain size analysis, modified Proctor compaction, free swell, unconfined compression strength, and California Bearing Ratio. The Atterberg limit test result shows that the liquid limit decreases from 90.8 to 65.2%, the plastic limit decreases from 60.3 to 42.5%, and the plasticity index decreases from 30.5 to 22.7% as the steel slag of 25% was added to expansive soil. With 25% steel slag content, specific gravity increases from 2.67 to 3.05. The free swell value decreased from 104.6 to 58.2%. From the Standard Proctor compaction test, maximum dry density increases from 1.504 to 1.69 g/cm3 and optimum moisture content decreases from 19.77 to 12.01 %. Unconfined compressive strength tests reveal that the addition of steel slag of 25% to expansive soil increases the unconfined compressive strength of the soil from 94.3 to 260.6 kPa. The California Bearing Ratio test also shows that the addition of steel slag by 25% increases the California Bearing ratio value from 3.64 to 6.82%. Hence, steel slag was found to be successfully improving the geotechnical properties of expansive soil.

15

Ultrasonic P- and S-Wave Reflection and CPT Soundings for Measuring Shear Strength in Soil Stabilized by Deep Lime/Cement Columns in Stockholm Norvik Port

Lindh Per, Lemenkova Polina

Archives of Acoustics

|

2023

|

Vol. 48, No. 3

325--346

EN

In this research project, the measurements of the ultrasonic P- and S-waves and seismic cone penetration testing (CPT) were applied to identify subsurface conditions and properties of clayey soil stabilized with lime/cement columns in the Stockholm Norvik Port, Sweden. Applied geophysical methods enabled to identify a connection between the resistance of soil and strength in the stabilized columns. The records of the seismic tests were obtained in the laboratory of Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI) through estimated P- and S-wave velocities using techniques of resonance frequency measurement of the stabilized specimens. The CPT profiles were used to evaluate the quality of the lime/cement columns of the reinforced soil by the interpretation of signals. The relationship between the P- and S-waves demonstrated a gain in strength during soil hardening. The quality of soil was evaluated by seismic measurements with aim to achieve sufficient strength of foundations prior to the construction of the infrastructure objects and industrial works. Seismic CPT is an effective method essential to evaluate the correct placement of the CPT inside the column. This work demonstrated the alternative seismic methods supporting the up-hole technology of drilling techniques for practical purpose in civil engineering and geotechnical works.

16

Strength and Durability of Cement Stabilized Expansive Soil Amended with Sugarcane Press Mud

James Jijo, Selvam Akilan Gunaselvi, Annamalai Krishna Khumaar, Marimuthu Vishal, Srinivasan Vishnu Varadhan, Kolamurugan Sooraj

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

|

2022

|

Vol. 32, no. 1

138--151

EN

The present investigation delved into the performance of cement stabilized soil amended with sugarcane press mud (PM), an organic waste residue from the sugar industry. An expansive soil was stabilized using 3% and 8% ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and modified with 1%, 3% and 5% PM. Cylindrical samples of dimensions 38 mm diameter and 76 mm height were cast and cured for 7, 14 and 21 days for all combinations considered. After the designated curing periods, the specimens were strained axially until failure to determine the strength of the samples. Samples were also subjected to alternate cycles of wetting and drying and the resistance to loss in weight was determined. The results of the investigation revealed that PM can be considered as a strength accelerator due to enhancement in early strength of the samples at 7 days of curing but beneficial strength gain could not be sustained over extended curing periods considered. However, 1% and 3% PM modified specimens were more resistant to weight loss when compared to pure cement stabilized specimens. Based on the results of the investigation, PM can be considered as a potential auxiliary additive to cement stabilized soil for improving the durability performance of the soil.

17

The development of an ecofriendly binder containing high volume of cement replacement by incorporating two by-product materials for the use in soil stabilization

Jafer Hassnen, Jawad Ibtehaj, Majeed Zaid, Shubbar Ali

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

|

2021

|

Vol. 30, No. 1

62--74

EN

The development of an ecofriendly binder containing high volume of cement replacement by incorporating two waste materials for the use in soil stabilization. This paper investigates the possibility of replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) by two waste and by-product materials for the use of a silty clay soil stabilization purpose. The soil was treated by 9.0% OPC where this mixture was used as a reference for all tests. Two by-product materials: ground granulated blast furnace slag and cement kiln dust were used as replacement materials. Consistency limits, compaction and unconfined compression strength (UCS) tests were conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was carried out for the proposed binder to investigate the reaction of products over curing time. Seven curing periods were adopted for all mixtures; 1, 3, 7, 14, 28, 52, and 90 days. The results showed that the strength development over curing periods after cement replacement up to 45–60% was closed to those of the reference specimens. The microphotographs of SEM analysis showed that the formation of Ettringite and Portladite as well as to calcium silicate hydrate gel was obvious at curing periods longer than 7 days reflected that the replacing materials succeed to produce the main products necessary for binder formation.

18

Stabilizacja chemiczna gruntów problematycznych

Szajna Waldemar

Przegląd Budowlany

|

2021

|

R. 92, nr 11-12

38--43

PL

W artykule przedstawiono syntetyczne omówienie grupy metod wzmacniania podłoża zwanych stabilizacją chemiczną. Do tej grupy zalicza się między innymi wszelkie odmiany stabilizacji powierzchniowej gruntu spoiwami, wgłębne mieszanie gruntu, a także iniekcje strumieniowe. Cechą wspólną metod stabilizacji chemicznej jest modyfikacja cech fizycznych i mechanicznych podłoża przez wprowadzenie substancji wiążących, wypełniających lub modyfikujących właściwości gruntu rodzimego. Omówiono podstawowe materiały stosowane do stabilizacji oraz zasadnicze reakcje chemiczne, a także procesy zachodzące w podłożu, wspólne dla poszczególnych metod. Przedstawiono także sposoby wprowadzania substancji chemicznych do podłoża, które różnicują tę grupę metod. W celu uporządkowania zagadnień wprowadzono pojęcia gruntów problematycznych oraz gruntów metastabilnych. Omówiono także zakres koniecznych informacji o podłożu, które ma podlegać stabilizacji.

EN

The article presents a synthetic overview of the group of soil improvement methods based on chemical stabilization. This group includes, among others, all types of soil surface stabilization with binders, deep soil mixing, as well as jet grouting. The common feature of chemical stabilization methods is the modification of the subsoil physical and mechanical properties by introducing substances that bind, fill or alter the properties of the native soil. The paper presents basic materials used for stabilization, basic chemical reactions as well as processes occurring in the subsoil, common for individual methods. The methods of applying chemical substances into the subsoil, which differentiate this group of methods, are also presented. In order to organize the issues, the concepts of problematic and metastable soils were introduced. The scope of the necessary information about the subsoil to be stabilized was also discussed.

19

Experimental and finite element analysis of slope stability treated by lime milk (case of El Amir Abdelkader embankment)

Belabbaci Zeyneb, Berrabah Amina, Bouri Djamel Eddine

Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering

|

2021

|

Vol. 25, nr 1

77--83

EN

This paper presents an experimental stabilization approach of the landslide that threatens a slope located near the city of El Amir Abdelkader, Ain Temouchent, Algeria. Stabilization is assured by the addition of lime milk, and then a numerical validation of the results with respect to the safety coefficient before and after treatment was performer by “Plaxis” software. Experimental results show that the stabilization by lime milk improves compaction parameters, swelling and shear strength, particularly the cohesion and friction angle, the latter permitting appreciation of the sliding surface on which it is necessary to base the calculation of the safety coefficient before and after treatment. Numerical results indicate that the factor of safety increases with the improvement of the mechanical characteristics c and φ, which are improved by increasing lime milk percentage. The numerical validation using “Plaxis” finite element code gives results that are in perfect agreement with the experimental ones, indicating that this software is a good tool for slope stability study.

20

Biocementacja gruntu przez bakterie ureolityczne - określenie wytrzymałości na ścinanie

Misołek Katarzyna, Popielski Paweł, Affek Katarzyna

Gospodarka Wodna

|

2021

|

Nr 6

17--21

PL

Proces mikrobiologicznego uzyskiwania węglanu wapnia (MICP, z ang. Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation) w celu biocementacji gruntu jest nową, ekologiczną metodą stabilizacji gruntów. Polega ona na wykorzystywaniu aktywności komórek bakterii, które są zdolne do magazynowania produktu metabolicznego CO32-. Jony węglanowe reagują z wolnymi jonami wapnia ze środowiska naturalnego, w skutek czego powstaje struktura minerału. Wykorzystanie bakterii ureolitycznych w celu utworzenia osadu węglanu wapnia okazało się najefektywniejsze. Ta ekologiczna metoda stabilizacji gruntów może znaleźć zastosowanie w zmniejszaniu efektów erozji przy osuwiskach, w budownictwie przy stabilizacji wykopów, a także w naprawie pęknięć w wapieniach. Metoda wzmocnienia gruntu jest obecnie dostosowywana do zastosowania w konstrukcjach hydrotechnicznych. Celem jest zapobieganie mechanicznym uszkodzeniom gruntu z powodu erozji wewnętrznej lub upłynnienia. Artykuł przedstawia badania nad uzyskaniem gruntu ustabilizowanego z wykorzystaniem bakterii ureolitycznych ze środowiska naturalnego. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badania wytrzymałości gruntu na ścinanie wykonanego z użyciem przyrządu kieszonkowego - ścinarki obrotowej.

EN

Microbially Induced Calcite Precipitation (MICP) used for soil biocementation is a new, ecological method of soil stabilization. This process depends on urease active bacteria which are able to accumulate the metabolic product CO32-. Carbonate ions react with calcium ions from natural environment, eventually forming mineral structure. Using urease active bacteria to form calcium carbonate precipitation turned out to be the most efficient method. This ecological method of soil stabilization can be used to decrease erosion effects in slopes, during construction in excavations and also in crack remediation in limestone. An innovative soil reinforcement method is currently being adapted for hydraulic structures. The objective is to prevent mechanical failure of the soil due to internal erosion or liquefaction. Article presents research in soil stabilization by using urease active bacteria from natural environment.