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1

Strategies for enhancing the energy efficiency of ships within the framework of global decarbonization

Kutateladze Ketevan, Rostiashvili Tamar, Soselia Maia, Patsatsia Khatia, Darchia Irina

Polityka Energetyczna

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2026

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T. 29, z. 2

249--268

EN

The relevance of improving energy efficiency in seagoing vessels is growing due to global decarbonization, stricter environmental standards, and increasing demands to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the maritime sector. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of innovative strategies for improving ship energy efficiency, taking into account current decarbonization trends, as well as to evaluate their impact on the environmental and economic performance of maritime transport. Arange of methods, including statistical analysis, empirical approaches, and experimental techniques, was used to study the impact of new technologies. A comparative analysis of three fuel types – diesel, biofuel Romashka-3, and LNG – focused on consumption, emissions, and voyage costs. The results show that biofuel reduces CO2 emissions by 19% and voyage costs by 6%. LNG provides the greatest emission reductions – CO2 by 20%, NOx by 49%, and SOx by 95% – though it increases voyage costs by 6%. Diesel, with the highest emissions and a cost of USD 33.7 thousand, is the most environmentally harmful. The findings suggest that the optimal strategy involves a gradual transition to alternative fuels and digital solutions to improve energy efficiency without major economic trade-offs. This research offers practical value by helping shipping companies, fleet operators, policymakers, and regulators improve energy efficiency, reduce environmental impact, and support fleet modernization and sustainable transport policies.

PL

Znaczenie poprawy efektywności energetycznej statków morskich rośnie w związku z globalną dekarbonizacją, zaostrzającymi się normami środowiskowymi oraz rosnącymi wymaganiami dotyczącymi ograniczenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych w sektorze morskim. Celem niniejszego badania było przeprowadzenie kompleksowej analizy innowacyjnych strategii poprawy efektywności energetycznej statków z uwzględnieniem aktualnych trendów w zakresie dekarbonizacji, a także ocena ich wpływu na efektywność środowiskową i ekonomiczną transportu morskiego. W celu zbadania wpływu nowych technologii wykorzystano szereg metod, w tym analizę statystyczną, podejścia empiryczne i techniki eksperymentalne. Analiza porównawcza trzech rodzajów paliw – oleju napędowego, biopaliwa Romashka-3 i LNG – skupiała się na zużyciu, emisjach i kosztach rejsu. Wyniki pokazują, że biopaliwo zmniejsza emisję CO2 o 19% i koszty rejsu o 6%. LNG zapewnia największą redukcję emisji – CO2 o 20%, NOx o 49% i SOx o 95% – choć zwiększa koszty rejsu o 6%. Olej napędowy, charakteryzujący się najwyższą emisją i kosztem 33,7 tys. USD, jest najbardziej szkodliwy dla środowiska. Wyniki sugerują, że optymalna strategia polega na stopniowym przechodzeniu na paliwa alternatywne i rozwiązania cyfrowe w celu poprawy efektywności energetycznej bez większych kompromisów ekonomicznych. Badania te mają praktyczne znaczenie, ponieważ pomagają przedsiębiorstwom żeglugowym, operatorom flot, decydentom politycznym i organom regulacyjnym poprawić efektywność energetyczną, zmniejszyć wpływ na środowisko oraz wspierać modernizację flot i politykę zrównoważonego transportu.

2

Treatment of biomass using hydrothermal carbonization method

Kowalski Zygmunt, Nowaczek Agnieszka, Makara Agnieszka, Kulczycka Joanna

Gospodarka Surowcami Mineralnymi

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2026

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Vol. 42, iss. 1

185--203

EN

The analysis of hydrothermal carbonization technology processing showed that this technology effectively transforms hydrated biomass into high-quality hydrated and biocarbon pellets used as biofuels. One of the key advantages of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is its ability to enhance the efficiency of bio-waste recycling, leading to increased productivity in waste management. It also decreases reliance on fossil fuels by providing a sustainable alternative energy source while lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with conventional waste disposal. The process is highly efficient, converting a significant part of biowaste carbon into biocarbon. Hydrothermal carbonization is an exothermic process operating with low energy consumption. The hydrochar produced can be utilized as a soil amendment, enriching soil and sequestering carbon. Investing in innovative technologies like HTC strengthens sustainable waste management strategies, fostering the circular economy concept. By increased use of hydrothermal carbonization, the volume of untreated biowaste can be reduced while simultaneously producing environmentally friendly materials. The development of this technology holds great potential for transforming organic waste into valuable resources, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional disposal. The assessment showed that it is possible to process approximately 50 million tons of biomass per year in Poland using the HTC method and thus produce about 16.5 million tons of carbon bio pellets.

PL

Analiza procesu hydrotermalnej karbonizacji wykazała, że technologia ta skutecznie przekształca uwodnioną biomasę w wysokiej jakości uwodnione peletki biowęglowe, wykorzystywane jako biopaliwa. Jedną z kluczowych zalet hydrotermalnej karbonizacji (HTC) jest jej zdolność do zwiększenia efektywności recyklingu bioodpadów, co prowadzi do wzrostu produktywności w gospodarce odpadami. Zmniejsza ona również zależność od paliw kopalnych, zapewniając zrównoważone, alternatywne źródło energii, jednocześnie obniżając emisję gazów cieplarnianych związaną z konwencjonalną utylizacją odpadów. Proces ten jest wysoce wydajny, przekształcając znaczną część węgla z bioodpadów w biowęgiel. Hydrotermalna karbonizacja to proces egzotermiczny o niskim zużyciu energii. Wytworzony hydrowęgiel może być wykorzystany jako dodatek do gleby, wzbogacając ją i wiążąc dwutlenek węgla. Inwestowanie w innowacyjne technologie, takie jak HTC, wzmacnia strategie zrównoważonego gospodarowania odpadami, wspierając koncepcję gospodarki o obiegu zamkniętym. Dzięki zwiększonemu wykorzystaniu hydrotermalnej karbonizacji można zmniejszyć ilość nieprzetworzonych bioodpadów, jednocześnie produkując materiały przyjazne środowisku. Rozwój tej technologii niesie ze sobą ogromny potencjał w zakresie przekształcania odpadów organicznych w cenne zasoby, oferując zrównoważoną alternatywę dla tradycyjnego składowania. Analiza wykazała, że w Polsce metodą HTC możliwe jest przetworzenie około 50 milionów ton biomasy rocznie, a tym samym wyprodukowanie około 16,5 miliona ton biopelletu węglowego.

3

Green energy from bio-waste – study on the properties of olive stones for use as fuel in small-scale heating systems

Mirowski Tomasz, Pacura Wiktor, Domagała Julia

Polityka Energetyczna

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2025

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T. 28, z. 2

135--150

EN

This study explores the potential of olive stones as a renewable biofuel for small-scale heating systems. Olive oil production generates approximately 4 million tonnes of olive stones annually, often classified as waste. By analyzing their elemental and physical properties, this research evaluates the energy potential of olive stones, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional fuels. A sample from Spain underwent elemental, technical, and thermogravimetric analyses. The results revealed a high calorific value of 18.26 MJ/kg, which can be attributed to the considerable carbon (47.4%) and hydrogen (6.1%) content, along with minimal sulfur levels. This composition makes olive stones a promising low-emission fuel. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that pyrolysis occurs in four phases, with 65% of the mass lost between 170 and 866°C, indicating the material’s suitability for thermal energy applications. The findings suggest that olive stones hold significant potential for use in renewable energy systems. Their utilization aligns with circular economy principles, transforming waste into energy and reducing environmental impact. Olive stones have low ash and moisture content, improving their efficiency as a fuel. Their high volatile matter content also supports energy-efficient gasification processes, further enhancing their energy potential. In conclusion, this study confirms that olive stones are a viable alternative to fossil fuels, particularly for small-scale heating applications. With their high energy value, low emissions, and minimal residual waste, olive stones offer a sustainable and efficient energy solution. Their use not only supports green energy production but also contributes to reducing the carbon footprint and promoting sustainability.

PL

Niniejsze badanie analizuje potencjał pestek oliwek jako odnawialnego biopaliwa do małoskalowych systemów grzewczych. Produkcja produktów pochodnych z oliwek, takich jak oliwa z oliwek, generuje znaczne ilości produktów ubocznych, rocznie powstaje około 4 milionów ton pestek oliwek, które często są traktowane jako odpady. Analiza właściwości fizykochemicznych pestek oliwek zapewnia informacje na temat możliwości wykorzystania ich jako źródła energii. Próbka, pochodząca z Hiszpanii, została poddana analizie elementarnej, technicznej oraz termograwimetrycznej. Wyniki wykazały, że pestki oliwek charakteryzują się wysoką wartością opałową (18,26 MJ/kg), co wynika z ich znacznej zawartości węgla (47,4%) i wodoru (6,1%) oraz niskiej zawartości siarki, czyniąc je obiecującym paliwem niskoemisyjnym. Analiza termograwimetryczna ujawniła, że piroliza przebiega w czterech wyraźnych fazach, z utratą 65% masy w zakresie temperatur od 170 do 866°C, co potwierdza przydatność materiału w procesach wytwarzania energii cieplnej. Wnioski z badania wskazują, że pestki oliwek, jako łatwo dostępny produkt uboczny, mają znaczący potencjał do wykorzystania w systemach energii odnawialnej, wspierając tym samym cele zrównoważonego rozwoju i gospodarki obiegu zamkniętego.

4

Simulation of the Effective Distribution of Biofuel Droplets in a Reacting Flow

Askarova Aliya, Bolegenova Saltanat, Ospanova Shynar, Bolegenova Karlygash, Nurmukhanova Alfiya

Journal of Machine Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 25, No. 2

123--137

EN

This work is devoted to developing a universal model of atomization and combustion of biofuel droplets using a statistical approach and a particle trajectory tracking model. The model applies to all types of biodiesel used in internal combustion engines with direct injections and is designed to optimize combustion processes, reduce emissions, and improve engine efficiency. Based on mathematical equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy, as well as numerical methods for calculating complex turbulent flows and the droplet atomization process, complex computational experiments were carried out using modern technologies. Research has shown that biodiesel has higher combustion temperatures and better evaporation characteristics compared to diesel fuel, which helps to reduce carbon oxides and soot emissions. The results of modeling the effect of pressure in the combustion chamber on the combustion process showed that its increase reduces soot emissions and promotes more complete fuel combustion. Visualization of aerodynamic and temperature profiles confirms the high efficiency of biodiesel combustion, especially under high temperature and pressure conditions.

5

Morski Terminal Przeładunkowy Produktów Ropopochodnych na Martwej Wiśle w Gdańsku

Drążkiewicz Jerzy, Głuszak Patrycja, Zadrejkowska Anna

Inżynieria Morska i Geotechnika

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2025

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nr 4

165--171

PL

Terminal przeładunkowy produktów ropopochodnych dla rafinerii w Gdańsku, na Martwej Wiśle będącej dopływem rzeki Wisły przed jej ujściem do Zatoki Gdańskiej (do Morza Bałtyckiego).

EN

The transshipment terminal for petroleum products for the refinery in Gdańsk, on the Martwa Wisła River, a tributary of the Vistula River near its mouth into the Gdańsk Bay (into the Baltic Sea).

6

Polski biometan w teorii

Sobolak Andrzej

Energia i Recykling : gospodarka obiegu zamkniętego

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2025

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nr 2

PL

W zapisach Krajowego Planu w dziedzinie Energii i Klimatu słowo „biometan” zostało użyte 28 razy, co może sugerować, że problematyka tego biopaliwa jest dobrze rozpoznana i traktowana jako istotny składnik miksu energetycznego. Tymczasem przed rokiem 2022 w Polsce nie było ani jednej biometanowni, a w 2024 r. na listę KOWR wpisano jedynie 14 nowych instalacji w zakresie biogazu rolniczego, ale żadna z nich nie będzie produkować biometanu.

7

Ecological characteristics of productivity formation in winter Brassicaceae crops under different fertilization rates

Tsaruk Illia Volodymyrovych, Ryzhenko Anatolii, Kucher Larysa, Panchuk Тymur, Moroz Serhii, Bordyuzha Nadia, Bordyuzha Ihor

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 7

384--391

EN

The article presents the results of a study on the productivity of winter crops from the Brassicaceae family under different fertilization rates and the influence of agroecological factors during the growing seasons. The experiments were conducted in 2019–2023 at the Nizhyn Agrotechnical Institute, a separate unit of the National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine (Chernihiv region). Wintercress (Barbarea vulgaris) cv. Oriana, winter rapeseed hybrid Mercedes, and typhon (B. rapa ssp. oleifera f. biennis × (B. rapa ssp. rapifera × B. rapa ssp. pekinensis)) cv. Orakam were cultivated with 15 cm row spacing under three fertilization regimes: no fertilizer (control), N80P60K60, and N120P90K90. Among all the Brassicaceae crops studied, typhon showed the best seed yield (3.89 t/ha) under the N80P60K60 fertilization rate. While both field cress and rapeseed responded positively to additional fertilization, their yield increases of 0.11 and 0.17 t/ha respectively did not justify the costs of additional mineral fertilizer. Typhon also showed a lower yield response under the higher N120P90K90 rate compared to the moderate N80P60K60 rate. Energy output from aboveground biomass and oil yield from Brassicaceae seeds were significantly influenced by the fertilization regime. These parameters increased with higher fertilization rates – from N80P60K60 to N120P90K90. However, the economic efficiency of increasing fertilizer doses requires separate analysis. The study showed that the best conditions for realizing the biological potential and achieving high seed yield and energy output in the aboveground biomass of typhon cv. Orakam and the winter rapeseed hybrid Mercedes were achieved under fertilization with either N80P60K60 or N120P90K90. Under these conditions, seed production and biomass energy accumulation occurred with high plasticity, and overall, the cultivation conditions corresponded to intensive farming systems. This promoted effective realization of the crops’ biological potential and efficient use of technological elements, particularly fertilization.

8

Antifouling and anticorrosive protection of renewable energy marine structures with TiO2-based enamel

Sanz D., García S., Trueba‐Castañeda L., Boullosa-Falces D., Trueba A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 2

419--424

EN

Biofouling is a significant problem that affects renewable energy marine structures (REMS), such as wind turbines and those designed for wave or tidal energy exploitation. Marine organisms, including algae, barnacles, and mollusks, attach themselves to the surface of these structures, which can lead to reduced efficiency and increased maintenance costs. In addition, biofouling can also cause corrosion, which can compromise the structural integrity of the offshore platforms. To combat this problem, several methods have been developed, including anti-fouling coatings, physical methods, and biological methods. Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and the most effective solution often depends on the specific type of fouling and the location of the offshore structure. Effective biofouling prevention is essential for the safe and efficient operation of offshore structures and the protection of marine ecosystems. To prevent the spread of invasive species, an innovative ceramic coating has been designed and tested in accordance with ASTM-D3623 procedure. The investigation results revealed that, after four years of experimentation in a real environment, the biofouling growth observed in the splash zone of the antifouling paint was 129.76% higher than that of the titanium-based ceramic coating and it is expected that this difference will continue to grow over time.

9

Optimization of the biofuel production by idealized fermentation of the animal manure, chicken wastes, and sewage sludge

Afif Mohamed M. I., El-Shehawy Ashraf A., Ali Fatma A. A.

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

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2024

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Vol. 26, nr 2

48--56

EN

This study aims to optimize an economic procedure to produce biogas and bio-ethanol from different organic wastes such as sewage sludge (SS) and/or cattle dung (CD) and/or poultry manure (PM). The experiment was carried out at a wastewater treatment plant in Egypt. Each waste type was mixed with the starter, CaCO3, and water then loaded in a fermenter and kept for 35 days at 35° C under the anaerobic digestion. The evolved volume of the biogas and the content of methane CH4 were measured daily while the cellulase and protease enzymes were tested every four days. Results have indicated that the digester containing the SS has produced the greatest biogas volume (L) 27.45 Lb/D/d (liters biogas/digester/day), 0.61 Lb/D contents’ volume/d, and cumulative 606.30 Lb/D during the 16th day. Significant CH4 volume percentages produced during the 17th day were 72.07, 71.16, and 71.11% while the produced bio-ethanol alcohol was 2.47, 2.32, and 1.99% from the SS, CD, and PM, respectively. The procedure efficiency is prominent by the production of the biogases and in-situ activating enzymes all in one reactor that was periodically monitored for its reactants and product content. No need for the pre-treatment of wastes as raw materials or chemical additives and the fermented residue can be further tested for soil fertilization. These wastes can be promising for bio-energy production being economic and environment friendly.

10

Linear Correlation Analysis of Production Parameters of Biofuel from Cacao (Theobroma Cacao L.) Mucilage

Chicaiza Intriago Jonathan G., Zambrano Briones Gema E., Delgado Villafuerte Carlos R., Ávila Martínez María F., Pincay Cantos María F.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

187--194

EN

The present study aimed to analyze the linear correlation between the production variables of biofuel based on cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) mucilage in the city of Calceta - Manabí. The issue addressed was the generation of waste from cocoa farming, leading to contamination of aquifers and the land surface. The CCN-51 cocoa variety was used for the research, following the guidelines of the Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with the proportion of yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) as the studied factor, in three quantities: 0.5 kg, 0.1 kg, and 0.025 kg, and two methods of sample dehydration: saline distillation and molecular sieves the interaction between factors generated six treatments, each of which was repeated three times. The study found significant differences in the variables of alcohol content and yield, while there were no differences in pH and ratio/biomass. Treatment T6 was identified as the most feasible for biofuel production, with a pH of 5.86, 83% alcohol content, 76.67 mL ratio/biomass, and 58.10% yield. Regarding the relationship between the production variables, the analysis of linear correlation revealed a strong, directly proportional correlation for all variables, with values ranging from 0.94 to 0.98.

11

Growth Kinetic and Biodiesel Lipid Extraction of Nannochloropsis oculata Microalgae in a Photobioreactor under Varying Salinity Conditions

Khadim Hussein Jabar, Abdelkareem Hala Naseer, Hussein Hala Ali Meer, Mohamed Ahmed Isam

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 11

46--54

EN

Microalgae are microorganisms that in recent years have become protagonists in research because they are potential candidates for use in obtaining compounds of interest such as lipids, which may be transformed into bioenergy compounds like biodiesel. Nannochloropsis oculata is a marine microalga whose main characteristic is its high lipid content. In this work, the effect of salinity intensity on the growth of N. oculata was investigated in the photobioreactor batch cultures incubated with a salinity ranging from 20 to 40 ppt to analyze its growth profile and chlorophyll pigment to obtain dry biomass and biofuel produced as lipid extraction. The results indicated specific growth rate maximum values of 0.343 day-1 , obtained at 35 ppt salinity. Chlorophyll pigment increases with salt concentration between 25 and 35 ppt. The total lipid extracted increases considerably at moderate salinities condition (25–35) ppt, the maximum dry biomass harvest and productivity, accomplished after the microalgae cultivation salinity at 30 ppt was 0.623 g/l and 62.3 mg/l respectively. Same applies to the maximum total lipid content and productivity, which was 221 mg/l and 22.1 mg/l. day, respectively. These findings show that a variety of salinities support optimal biomass yield and biochemical composition in N. oculata cultivation. Salinity monitoring is crucial for successful cultivation. Furthermore, the advantages of N. oculata microalga, including its large cell size (facilitating harvest and grazer tolerance) and its salinity resilience, should be considered.

12

A Simulation of the Impact of Biodiesel Blends on Performance Parameters in Compression Ignition Engine

Saleh Fouad Alwan, Allawi Mohammed Kadhim, Imran Murtdha S., Samarmad Ahmed Oleiwi

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 7

1--7

EN

Recently, there has been significant interest in biodiesel, since it depends on renewable resources, which is essential given the increasing depletion of fossil fuels. Using palm oil in biodiesel production is an innovative application of botanical resources in this sector. Simulation research examined how blending palm oil with Iraqi conventional diesel influences engine performance. The impact of several mixtures, consisting of different proportions (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%) of palm oil and diesel, on engine fuel consumption, volumetric efficiency, torque, brake mean pressure, brake power, and thermal efficiency was evaluated in each case. The study found that using palm oil fuel at a mixing ratio of 20% resulted in a 4% increase in fuel consumption. Furthermore, a 3% enhancement in volumetric efficiency was also noted. Again, there was a noticeable reduction in the torque, power, and average adequate pressure levels across all diesel fuel mixing ratios compared to diesel fuel, which exhibits the highest value.

13

Improved Biodiesel Production Yield Using Coconut Mesocarp-Based Catalyst

Espinoza-Montero José, Rodríguez-Mora Karina, Jirón-García Eddy, Casanova-Treto Pedro, Fernández-Peraza Ana Vivian

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 8

358--368

EN

Current concern over the decrease in the use of fossil fuels has led to the study of various options as an alternative to replace them in the transportation and industrial sectors. Different materials, such as agricultural products, lignocellulosic residues, solid wastewater products, and algae, can be used in the production of biochar and, through a sulfonation process, it can be converted it into a heterogeneous acid catalyst. The purpose of this study was employed coconut mesocarp as lignocellulosic biomass feedstock, obtaining sulfonated biochar (BACS), and evaluates its use in biodiesel production, comparing it with a KOH catalyst. The methodology included the pyrolysis of coconut mesocarp and the activation with H2 SO4 for BACS production. BACS was characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, BET surface area analysis and elemental analysis. The biodiesel obtained by BACS and biodiesel obtained by KOH were compared using international biodiesel standards. An activated sulfonated biochar with a sulfonation percentage of 15.23% was successfully obtained, providing a higher FAME conversion percentage than the KOH catalyst. During the characterization of the biodiesel obtained with both catalysts, it was found that KOH meets the specified standards, while the BACS catalyst requires variations in reaction temperature or blending with diesel to comply with the biodiesel characteristics. Additionally, it was observed that the coconut mesocarp-based catalyst showed a 2.78% reduction after the first working cycle, allowing for its reuse without the need for a new sulfonation process.

14

Exploiting Landfill-Derived Rhodotorula mucilaginosa for Simultaneous Biofuel Synthesis and Leachate Remediation

Wusnah Wusnah, Supardan M. Dani, Haryani Sri, Umi Fathanah, Yunardi Yunardi

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

|

Vol. 25, iss. 8

96--108

EN

Landfill leachate, a complex mixture resulting from decomposing waste, contains suspended and dissolved organic and inorganic compounds. This nutrient-rich environment facilitates the growth of diverse microbial communities that can utilize these compounds for sustenance. Rhodotorula mucilaginosa is a yeast with great potential in the field of biotechnology due to its ability to utilize diverse substrates and its strong resistance to environmental stress. This study was aimed at investigating the potential of R. mucilaginosa, a yeast strain isolated from landfill environments, for biofuel production and simultaneous pollutant reduction in leachate. Batch cultivations were conducted using leachate as the sole growth medium. Cultivation was conducted for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days to analyse the lipids from R. mucilaginosa biomass and the degradation of pollutants in the resulting leachate. Additionally, the fuel properties were determined to assess the quality of the biodiesel produced from R. mucilaginosa lipids. The obtained quality was compared with the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D6751), the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 8968:2021), and the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) derived from palm oil. Results demonstrated significant lipid accumulation by R. mucilaginosa, reaching 19% (w/w) after 144 hours (6 days) of cultivation. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed a FAME profile dominated by C16 and C18 fatty acids, suitable for biodiesel production. Concurrently, substantial reductions in leachate pollutant levels were observed, with decreases of 40.43% for chemical oxygen demand (COD), 86% for phosphate, 90% for ammonia, 53% for nitrate, and 64% for nitrite. These findings highlight the potential of R. mucilaginosa, isolated from landfill leachate, as a promising bioremediation agent for wastewater treatment and a sustainable source of lipids for renewable energy production.

15

Exhaust emissions from a jet engine powered by sustainable aviation fuel calculated at various cruising altitudes

Kurzawska-Pietrowicz Paula, Maciejewska Marta, Jasiński Remigiusz

Combustion Engines

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2024

|

R. 63, nr 3

62--67

EN

The article focuses on emission analysis of non-CO2 pollutions from aircraft engines on different flight levels: FL240, FL300 and FL350. The calculation was made based on the A320 flight from Berlin to Lisbon at flight level 350, which was the reference flight level in the analysis. Four sustainable aviation fuels have been taken into consideration: biofuel from jatropha and biofuel from camelina, which are used in different percentages of fuel: 20% of CSPK and JSPK and 40% of CSPK and JSPK. The results showed that the lowest emission of carbon monoxide is on the lowest tested flight level for flight on biofuel, and the lowest emission of nitrogen oxides is for Jet A-1 on the lowest tested flight level. Emission of every toxic gas compound has been compared to conventional jet fuel on flight level 350 to show the differences between flight levels.

16

Analysis of alternative configurations of ship power systems using biofuels and renewable energy

Herdzik J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 3

569--575

EN

The requirements to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases from maritime transport require taking actions aimed at increasing the overall efficiency of the propulsion system, optimal and rational use of electricity and heat. Taking such actions is necessary in order to demonstrate the improvement of the energy efficiency index of a ship in operation or an already existing one (EEOI and EEXI), which will allow to obtain category A or B emissions for a given ship. Obtaining similar energy efficiency effects is also possible after switching to fuels containing less carbon in the molecule and the use of renewable energy. Attempts are made to create new configurations of combined energy systems so as to obtain maximum benefits related to the use of various energy sources in order to ensure the production of energy in quantities consistent with the current demand of the ship in the operating condition.

17

The BioRen project in the context of the development of new generations of biofuels

Plata Piotr Jan, Nowaczek Agnieszka

Polityka Energetyczna

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2023

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T. 26, z. 1

77--92

EN

In these times of the climate crisis surrounding us, the improvement of technologies responsible for the emission of the largest amounts of greenhouse gases is necessary and increasingly required by top-down regulations. As the sector responsible to a large extent for global logistics and supply chains, the fuel sector is one of the most studied in terms of reducing its harmful impact. The development of the next generations of fuels and biofuels, produced by companies using increasingly modern, cleaner and sustainable technologies, is able to significantly reduce the amount of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere. In this case, the most effective solution seems to be the use of closed loops. Due to their low, often zero emission balance and the possibility of using waste to produce materials that can be reused, a circular economy is used in many sectors of the economy, while ensuring the emission purity of technological processes. One of the innovative solutions proposed in recent years is the installation created as part of the BioRen project, implemented under the Horizon 2020 program. The cooperation of European institutes with companies from the SME sector has resulted in the creation of an experimental cycle of modern technologies for the production of second-generation biofuels. The project involves the processing of municipal solid waste into second-generation drop-in biofuels. The entire process scheme assumes, in addition to the production of biofuels, the processing of inorganic fractions, the production of carbon material for the production of thermal energy, and the simultaneous treatment of wastewater.

PL

W dobie otaczającego nas kryzysu klimatycznego udoskonalanie technologii odpowiedzialnych za emisję największych ilości gazów cieplarnianych jest konieczne i coraz częściej wymagane odgórnymi regulacjami. Sektor paliwowy, jako ten odpowiedzialny w dużej mierze za światową logistykę i łańcuchy dostaw, jest jednym z najbardziej badanych pod względem ograniczania jego szkodliwego wpływu. Rozwój kolejnych generacji paliw i biopaliw, produkowanych przez firmy stosujące coraz nowocześniejsze, czystsze emisyjnie i zrównoważone technologie jest w stanie znacząco wpłynąć na obniżenie ilości gazów cieplarnianych do atmosfery. Najefektywniejszym rozwiązaniem wydaje się w tym wypadku zastosowanie obiegów zamkniętych. Ze względu na ich niski, często zerowy, bilans emisyjny oraz możliwość wykorzystania odpadów do produkcji materiałów, które mogą zostać ponownie wykorzystane, obiegi zamknięte znajdują zastosowanie w wielu sektorach gospodarki, zapewniając jednocześnie czystość emisyjną procesów technologicznych. Jednym z innowacyjnych rozwiązań, zaproponowanych w ostatnich latach, jest instalacja powstała w ramach projektu BioRen, realizowanego w ramach programu Horyzont 2020. Współpraca europejskich instytutów z firmami sektora MŚP zaowocowała powstaniem eksperymentalnego cyklu nowoczesnych technologii produkcji biopaliw drugiej generacji. Projekt zakłada przetwarzanie stałych odpadów komunalnych w biopaliwa II generacji typu drop-in. Cały schemat procesu zakłada, oprócz produkcji biopaliwa, przetwarzanie frakcji nieorganicznych, produkcję materiału węglowego do produkcji energii cieplnej a także jednoczesne oczyszczanie ścieków.

18

Dyrektywa RED II – obliczanie emisji GHG paliw odnawialnych

Lubowicz Jan

Nafta-Gaz

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2023

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R. 79, nr 4

278--285

PL

Energia uzyskiwana ze źródeł odnawialnych (w tym biopaliw, biopłynów i biopaliw z biomasy) jest jednym z najważniejszych czynników koniecznych do zmniejszenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Przedstawiono szereg dokumentów, które z poziomu UE (dyrektywy) oraz krajowego (ustawy) regulują wymagania w zakresie spełnienia kryteriów zrównoważonego rozwoju, do których muszą być dostosowane paliwa odnawialne wprowadzane na rynek. Kluczowa w tym aspekcie jest dyrektywa 2018/2001 (RED II) w sprawie promowania stosowania energii ze źródeł odnawialnych, która w sposób szczegółowy reguluje kwestie formalno-prawne związane ze stosowaniem paliw ze źródeł odnawialnych. W głównej części pracy na podstawie dyrektywy RED II, a także wytycznych zawartych w dokumentach systemu certyfikacji KZR INiG przedstawiono sposób obliczania ograniczenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych GHG dla biopaliw, biopłynów i paliw z biomasy i innych produktów odnawialnych. Określenie ograniczenia emisji GHG pozwala na zweryfikowanie, czy dane paliwo odnawialne spełnia obowiązujące kryteria zrównoważonego rozwoju. Przedstawiono również wytyczne do prowadzenia obliczeń emisji GHG dla paliw odnawialnych, wskazując w nich sposób postępowania i zakres niezbędnych danych, które muszą zostać uzyskane w celu przeprowadzenia prawidłowych obliczeń. Dane te można pozyskać z oficjalnych publikacji organów unijnych i rządowych (dyrektywy, ustawy) lub innych zweryfikowanych źródeł. Każdą metodę wytwarzania danego biopaliwa, biopłynu czy paliwa z biomasy należy analizować w sposób indywidualny, tak aby prawidłowo zinwentaryzować wszystkie procesy i dane niezbędne do przeprowadzenia obliczeń emisji GHG.

EN

Energy obtained from renewable sources (including biofuels, bioliquids and biofuels from biomass) is one of the most important factors necessary to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. A number of documents have been presented that regulate the requirements regarding the fulfillment of sustainable development criteria, which must be met by renewable fuels placed on the market, both at the EU (directive) and national (acts) level. The key in this aspect is Directive 2018/2001 (RED II) promoting the use of energy from renewable sources, which regulates in detail formal and legal issues related to the use of renewable fuels. The main part of the work, based on the RED II Directive as well as the guidelines presented in the documents of the KZR INiG certification system, presents the method of calculating the reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions for biofuels, bioliquids and fuels from biomass and other renewable products. The determination of GHG emissions reduction enables verification whether a given renewable fuel meets the applicable sustainability criteria. Guidelines for calculations of GHG emissions for renewable fuels, indicating the procedure and the scope of necessary data that must be obtained in order to carry out the correct calculations, are also presented. This data can be obtained from official publications of EU and government bodies (directives, acts) or other verified sources. Each method of producing a given biofuel, bioliquid or fuel from biomass should be analyzed individually, so as to properly inventory all processes and data necessary to carry out calculations of GHG emissions.

19

The Influence of Olive Oil Waste as a Biofuel on the Exhaust Gases of the Internal Combustion Engine

Al-Aseebee Munaf D. F., Naje Ahmed Samir

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 5

322--328

EN

Future options for addressing the depletion of fossil fuels and reducing pollution from internal combustion engines may include biofuel as an alternative fuel. This study aims to experimentally and statistically assess the effect of using diesel-biofuel blends on the emissions of a single-cylinder direct-injection engine. Using recycled olive oil, a chemical Tran’s esterification process was used to create biofuel. The experimental results were contrasted with those of a one-dimensional engine model for exhaust emissions and torque, which showed high agreement between test and numerical data. In order to comprehend the factors that affect the engine’s reaction to variations in fuel composition, the thermodynamic characteristics of the engine for various blends were also supplied. According to the investigation, a mixture with 20% of the volume fraction of oleic acid methyl ester olive-based biofuel and 80% of the volume fraction of pure diesel can be an effective fuel alternative for cleaner exhaust emissions while offering almost the same performance.

20

Niezawodność uszczelek PTFE w instalacjach biopaliwowych - badania i prognozy

Romanik Grzegorz, Struś Mieczysław, Jaszak Przemysław, Sierpowski Korneliusz

Instal

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2023

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nr 12

26--31

PL

Biopaliwa zaliczane są do grona odnawialnych źródeł energii. Produkcja biopaliw do celów wykorzystania w silnikach spalinowych może zapewnić ich rozwój technologiczny oraz mieć wpływ ekonomiczny na sektor OZE i przemysł rolniczy, jednak ich wykorzystanie nadal stanowi istotny problem w eksploatacji tych silników. W artykule zbadano interakcję wybranych biopaliw z uszczelkami. Badane biopaliwa wyprodukowano z surowców odpadowych przemysłu spożywczego - tłuszczów i olejów. W artykule przedstawiono wpływ biopaliw na uszczelki złączy kołnierzowych, podczas badań trwałościowych. Materiał uszczelek (PTFE) został przetestowany zgodnie z normami DIN 28090-3:2014-11 i DIN28091-2. W czasie 1000 godzin badań w temperaturze 353 K mierzono ubytek masy biopaliwa oraz zmianę wydłużenia (naprężenia rozciągającego) śrub kołnierzowych. Określono stopień wycieku paliwa. Po badaniach sprawdzono uszczelkę i nie stwierdzono rozwarstwień. Wartość emisji lotnych biopaliw oraz stopień wycieku paliwa po 1000 godzinach odpowiadały normom DIN. Stwierdzono, że badane materiały uszczelniające mogą mieć kontakt z mieszaniną benzyna - etanol oraz mieszaniną oleju napędowego i estrów metylowych i etylowych.

EN

The biofuels are concerned as one of the Renewable Sources of Energy. Production of biofuels for transportation purposes may provide additional technological development and economical impact on agricultural industry, but their usage is still a vital problem for vehicle exploitation. In this paper an interaction between chosen biofuels and gaskets was researched. Tested biofuels were produced using waste materials from food industry - fats and oils. Biofuels influence on pipes and especially gaskets and its materials during durability tests are shown in this paper. PTFE gasket materials were tested in accordance with DIN 28090-3: 2014-11 and DIN28091-2. During 1000 hours of tests at 353 K, the weight loss of the biofuel and the change in elongation (tensile stress) of the flange bolts were measured. Fuel leakage rate was determined. After tests the gasket was checked and no delamination was observed. The value of volatile biofuels emission and fuel leakage rate after 1000 hours met the DIN standards. It was concluded that researched gasket materials may be allowed for contact with gasoline - ethanol mixture and mixture of diesel and methyl and ethyl esters.