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80 lat Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego Konin. Część III – słoń leśny Palaeoloxodon antiquus z odkrywki Jóźwin

Frydrychowicz Dagmara, Galantkiewicz Ewa, Widera Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 5

505--510

EN

So far, bone fragments of the Pleistocene forest elephant (Palaeoloxodon antiquus) have been found only in a few sites in Poland. Almost complete skeletons were found in three of them, including one discovered in 1984 in the JóŸwin opencast, central Poland. It rested between Pleistocene glacial tills in organic sediments (peat, gyttja) of the Eemian Interglacial age. The forest elephant from JóŸwin is the most valuable palaeontological specimen ever found in the Konin Lignite Mine. It was named 'Gosław' by the local population, because its skeleton and a life-size model can be admired in the district museum in Konin-Gosławice.

2

Poznań Clays versus Poznań Formation in the upper Neogene of the Polish Lowlands : controversy about meaning, origin and age

Widera Marek, Klęsk Jakub

Geological Quarterly

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2025

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Vol. 69, No. 2

art., nr 17

EN

The Poznań Clays, deposited during the late Neogene, form one of the most famous lithological units in Poland, and the Poznań Formation is a lithostratigraphic unit which includes these fine-grained deposits. This formation is divided into the lower Grey Clay Member (MPLS-1 – the first Mid-Polish lignite seam and grey clays) and the upper Wielkopolska Member (green and flame-coloured clays). Nevertheless, the Poznań Clays comprise the uppermost parts of the lower Grey Clay Member and the entire upper Wielkopolska Member. This often causes confusion among researchers who incorrectly assign the position of the Poznań Clays in the lithostratigraphic scheme of the Neogene of the Polish Lowlands. This also results in incorrect determination of the age of the Poznań Clays, which in reality span the time interval between the late Middle Miocene and the earliest Early Pliocene. Such a range of meaning, covering two lithostratigraphic members, impacts the interpretation of the origin of the Poznań Clays. An additional factor complicating the understanding of the problem is the connection between the colour of the Poznań Clays and their stratigraphic position. The Poznań Clays and the Poznań Formation are often ambiguously understood, and these issues require clarification and discussion, as provided in this study.

3

Late Glacial and Early Holocene palaeoenvironmental changes in the Kuyavian Lakeland, Smólsk site, central Poland

Stachowicz-Rybka Renata, Kittel Piotr, Nalepka Dorota, Płóciennik Mateusz, Alexandrowicz Witold P., Pawłowski Dominik, Rzodkiewicz Monika, Okupny Daniel, Gruszczyńska Agnieszka, Stachowicz Krzysztof, Korzeń Katarzyna, Muzolf Błażej, Kortys Bartosz, Luoto Tomi P., Papiernik Piotr

Geological Quarterly

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2025

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Vol. 69, No. 1

art., nr 4

EN

High-resolution biological proxies (pollen, macrofossils, Cladocera, Chironomidae, malacological analysis and diatoms), geochemical analyses, and AMS radiocarbon dating were employed to reconstruct the responses of the Smólsk palaeolake (Kuyavian Lakeland, central Poland) to rapid climatic and environmental changes during the Late Glacial-Early Holocene transition. The integration of palaeoecological and geochemical data enabled detailed insights into the dynamics of short-term shifts in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems triggered by abrupt climate events. Precise age control and high-resolution sampling allowed the identification of temporal leads and lags between proxy responses to climatic shifts during this transitional period. Key findings include: (1) the coolest lake development phase, corresponding to the Late Glacial (9.050–5.400 m; 13,835–12,800 cal14C BP); (2) evidence of an open landscape and decreased water levels in the Late Glacial, resulting in intensified catchment erosion; (3) a change in sediment deposition at a depth of 5.35 m (~11,000 cal14C BP), marked by a transition from silt to calcareous gyttja and peat, indicating a lowering of groundwater levels and improved climatic conditions at the beginning of the Holocene; (4) a hiatus between the Late Glacial and Early Holocene recorded across all proxies; and (5) progressive eutrophication during the Holocene, characterized by reed belt development, reduced sedimentation, and the cessation of terrigenous sediment input. These findings highlight the lake system’s sensitivity to rapid climatic and environmental changes during this critical period.

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80 lat Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego Konin. Część I : historia rozpoznania złóż i ich eksploatacja

Frydrychowicz Dagmara, Galantkiewicz Ewa, Kasztelewicz Zbigniew, Widera Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 10

532--545

EN

Abstract. February 2025 marks the 80th anniversary of the operation of the Konin Lignite Mine (KWB Konin/ in central Poland. During the period, lignite was extracted in 12 opencasts, of which currently (late 2024) only the Tomisławice opencast remains. Throughout the history of the KWB Konin, a total of approx. 650 mill. Mg of lignite was exploited. Lignite mining was inextricably linked to the removal of over 3.5 billion m3 of overburden and the pumping out of more than 6 billilon m3 of water. These activities led to enormous changes in the hydrogeological and geological environment, as well as transformations of the morphology of the area around the town of Konin. In the latter case, this is manifested in the occurrence of numerous external dumps and anthropogenic lakes, which are up to several dozen metres high and deep, respectively. All post-mining areas are subject to multi-directional reclamation, such as: water, forest, agricultural, recreational, etc. Finally, it is worth mentioning the open-air museums located in the vicinity of the former Konin Lignite Mine opencasts, where mining machines and equipment will be available for future generations.

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Clay mortars in traditional mansonry buildings of soft limestone – research on composition and structure

Gorączko Aleksandra, Gorączko Marcin

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 7

24--29

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki analizy składu granulometrycznego i mineralogicznego zapraw glinianych stosowanych w tradycyjnym budownictwie wiejskim. Jest to kolejny etap badań mających na celu odtworzenie dawnych technik murarskich stosowanych w międzyrzeczu Warty i Neru, w centralnej części Polski. Polegały one na wznoszeniu budynków z miejscowego kamienia wapiennego (opoki) i cegły, uzyskiwanej metodą polowego wypału, wiązanych zaprawą glinianą. Obiekty zrealizowane w tej technologii stanowią o wyraźnej odrębności architektonicznej oraz krajobrazowej tego regionu i są coraz częściej uznawane za istotne dziedzictwo kultury materialnej.

EN

The article presents the results of the analysis of the granulometric and mineralogical composition of clay mortars used in traditional rural construction. This is the next stage of research aimed at reproducing old masonry techniques used in the area between the Warta and Ner rivers, in the central part of Poland. They involved the buildings from local soft limestone and brick obtained by field firing, bonded with clay mortar. Objects constructed using this technology constitute a clear architectural and landscape distinctiveness of this region and are increasingly recognized as an important heritage of material culture.

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Zmiany szaty roślinnej na przełomie interglacjału eemskiego i wczesnego vistulianu na stanowisku Srebrna (Polska Centralna)

Sieradz Dominika, Rychel Joanna

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 10

523--526

EN

The paper describes a new profile of lake-bog sediments at the Srebrna site in central Poland. Palynological analysis of deposits confirmed their Eemian Interglacial to Early Vistulian age. Based on palynological data the authors made a reconstruction of climate and vegetation changes from the middle Eemian Interglacial to the beginning of the Early Vistulian.

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Siarka i jej główne minerały w iłch poznańskich (górny neogen) oraz ich wpływ na barwę osadu

Klęsk Jakub

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 5

249--254

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High-resolution record of Late Saalian and Eemian palaeoenvironments : the case study of Struga and Parysów (central Poland)

Bober Aleksandra, Drzymulska Danuta, Stachowicz-Rybka Renata, Kończak Magdalena, Żarski Marcin

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 3

art. no. 37

EN

Eemian organogenic deposits, analysed at the Struga and Parysów sites (Garwolin Plain, central Poland), reveal the vegetation history. Palynological analysis supported by plant macrofossil analysis revealed a pollen succession encompassing seven regional pollen assemblages zones, E1-E7 RPAZ, within which indicator taxa for various climate characteristics (mainly temperature and humidity, including Tilia tomentosa and Hedera helix) were recorded. Additionally, the Struga G-120 profile encompasses a Late Saalian section of deposits in which stadial and interstadial oscillations are inferred. The data corroborated earlier findings that the warmest and wettest part of the Eemian interglacial was during the hazel phase (E4 RPAZ) and the beginning of the hornbeam phase (E5 RPAZ). The younger part of the hornbeam phase bears the record of a decrease in humidity and gradual drop in air temperature. During the telocratic period encompassing the spruce-fir (E6 RPAZ) and pine (E7 RPAZ) phases, increased humidity and rising water levels in the lakes studied are again evident. The reconstructed plant succession and climatic conditions are discussed against a broader background of other Eemian profiles from Poland and neighbouring countries. They largely confirm that, at that time, the Garwolin Plain showed characteristics typical of a transitional climate from oceanic in Western Europe to continental beyond the eastern borders of Poland.

9

Reconstruction of the sedimentary environment of phytogenic deposits in the Tomisławice opencast mine (Konin Region, central Poland)

Słodkowska Barbara, Widera Marek

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 4

art. no. 34

EN

Palynological analysis of the Tomisławice opencast mine deposits has allowed reconstruction of the plant communities and investigation of the evolution of sedimentary environments at various stages of lignite-forming marsh development, recorded in the composition of pollen assemblages from deposits of the 1st Mid-Polish lignite seam (MPLS-1). Rich pollen communities from an ~9 m thick section has enabled study of the succession of plant communities and of the evolution of phytogenic sedimentation. The pollen succession indicates that the assemblages in the whole lignite seam represent the VIII Celtipollenites verus pollen Zone. Slight differences in the composition of the communities reflect different stages of basin development, depending more on the variable water dynamics than on climatic oscillations. Lignite of the MPLS-1 developed in a continental regime on alluvial plains. Changes in the succession of plant communities in the Tomisławice section record flooding-drainage cycles caused by groundwater level oscillations. Peat bog accumulation took place in river basins, in which the lack of siliciclastic intercalations within the massive lignite seams points to weak fluvial dynamics. A rise in groundwater level and/or surface water resulted in flooding of the marshes and the formation of an extensive shallow lake basin, as shown by the presence of freshwater algae and pollen of aquatic plants. The section as a whole does not record an increased contribution of thermophilic plant taxa. The flora was generally dominated by warm-temperate and thermophilic species, without the participation of strongly thermophilic vegetation, which indicates that the lignite seam in the Tomis³awice opencast mine was formed in the generally stable conditions of a warm temperate climate.

10

Environmental changes during the MIS 6a–MIS 5e transition : the Parchliny 2016 profile, central Poland

Majecka Aleksandra, Wachecka-Kotkowska Lucyna, Krzyszkowski Dariusz, Malkiewicz Małgorzata, Mirosław-Grabowska Joanna, Niska Monika, Rzodkiewicz Monika, Myśkow Elżbieta, Tomaszewska Klara, Wieczorek Dariusz, Raczyk Jerzy

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 4

art. no. 31

EN

We describe the penultimate glacial – last interglacial transition from the one of the numerous palaeolake successions in central Poland, which have yielded many documented Eemian and Early Weichselian floral records. In the new profile, Parchliny 2016, the lacustrine deposits were analysed lithologically, botanically, zoologically, and geochemically, providing new data that illustrate the environmental transition from the Late Saalian (MIS 6a) to the Eemian interglacial (MIS 5e). Five phases of palaeolake development have been distinguished. The first phase was related to the rapid melting of a dead ice block buried in the tills to form a lake. The second phase documented a Late Saalian initial succession, with the dominance of open steppe communities (Stadial 1), followed by a third phase with gradual increasing density of vegetation, the spread of boreal forests (Zeifen interstadial) and further increase in open communities and the retreat of pine (Kattegat stadial). The fourth phase reflected the beginning of Eemian interglacial by the expansion of pioneering birch-pine and purely birch forests and an increasing proportion of deciduous trees, including oak (Vth phase). Diatom, cladoceran and geochemical studies indicate at least two stages of lake development. The first stage (Late Saalian) was of an open lake (2–4 m deep), in relatively cold conditions and nutrient-poor water with the lowest amounts of organic carbon and nitrogen. The second stage (Eemian interglacial), shows warmer, shallower conditions in which the lake’s primary production increased, the water was well oxygenated, and there were more trophic levels.

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Middle Pleistocene fluvial, lacustrine and glaciolacustrine sediments of the Czyżów and Kuców Formations (Kuców 9, 10 and 16 sections), Bełchatów outcrop, central Poland – the problem of stratigraphical interpretation

Krzyszkowski Dariusz, Wachecka-Kotkowska Lucyna, Nita Małgorzata, Wieczorek Dariusz

Studia Quaternaria

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2021

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Vol. 38, Nr 1

53--66

EN

The article presents results of research of three sections (Kuców 9, 10 and 16). Two of them record fluvial and lacustrine interglacial sediments and the third, cold-stage glaciolacustrine sediments. They were formed inside the Miocene–Pliocene syncline depressions in a central part of the southern horst within the Kleszczów Graben. Fluvial and lacustrine deposits of the Middle Pleistocene Interglacial (Mazovian or Ferdynandovian in the Czyżów Formation) are described from the Kuców 9 and 10 sections. Their sediments are located in marginal parts of a buried river valley and within an oxbow palaeolake, then covered by glaciofluvial deposits of the Ławki (Early Saalian) and Rogowiec (Late Saalian) Formations. The Kuców 16 section comprises ice-dam sandy lithofacies (Kuców Formation, Elsterian) of a marginal part in a proglacial lake. Two pollen diagrams of K65/15 and Kuców 9 sections represent the Mazovian (Holsteinian) succession, although in the Kuców 9 section some features are typical for the Ferdinandovian succession.

12

Palaeobotanical record of the Eemian Interglacial succession at the Jagodne site (Garwolin Plain, central Poland)

Bober Aleksandra, Brzozowicz Dorota, Drzymulska Danuta, Żarski Marcin, Suchora Magdalena

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 2

art. no. 34

EN

Our high-resolution data of pollen and macrofossils from 2 cores taken from the Jagodne site (Garwolin Plain) reveals a pollen succession covering the final part of the Late Saalian (Marine Isotope Stage MIS 6) and embracing the Eemian (MIS 5e). The results correspond to Regional Pollen Assemblage Zones (RPAZ). The hornbeam phase (E5 RPAZ) has been subdivided into subzones and compared to the corresponding division of the key profile of the Garwolin Plain, Kozłów K2-19. The comparison revealed a considerable sedimentary hiatus in the E5 RPAZ at Jagodne. This is attributed to significant palaeohydrological changes occurring widely in this zone, and also seen at other Eemian sites in Poland. Another specific feature of the Jagodne site is the early, rapid terrestrialisation of the palaeolake and its transformation into a raised bog, which occurred already at the end of the hornbeam phase. The Sphagnum dominated peatbog developed for a long time as evidenced by a thick peat layer covering also the Early Vistulian. Both pollen and plant macrofossil data correspond well to observed lithological boundaries, providing a consistent record of palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimate changes. The results obtained contribute to knowledge of palaeoenvironmental changes and palaeoclimate interpretation of that area.

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Depositional architecture of the Upper Cretaceous succession in central Poland (Grudziądz-Polik area) based on regional seismic data

Stachowska Aleksandra, Krzywiec Piotr

Geological Quarterly

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2021

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Vol. 65, No. 2

art. no. 21

EN

Interpretation of the regional high-resolution seismic data of the PolandSPANTM survey in the Grudziądz-Polik area revealed a new depositional architecture of the Upper Cretaceous succession that differs substantially from the previously assumed layer-cake model, commonly applied to Permian-Mesozoic sequences. A previously unrecognized regional unconformity, dividing the Upper Cretaceous succession into two units characterized by very different internal geometries, was identified and mapped. The lower unit, with a generally layer-cake internal pattern, is overlain by an upper unit composed of a regionally low-angle succession that pinches out toward the south. This newly revealed regional pattern remained unrecognized in previous regional compilations based on borehole data, which suggested that a layer-cake depositional architecture prevailed throughout the entire Upper Cretaceous. This new image of Upper Cretaceous depositional patterns has far-reaching consequences for understanding of the evolution of the Polish Basin in the Late Cretaceous, including its subsidence and burial history, deposition, and tectonic development. A re-evaluation of the chronostratigraphy of the Upper Cretaceous of the Polish Basin is needed to temporally constrain the succession of sedimentary and tectonic events revealed here.

14

The Increasing in the Floristic Diversity of the Abandoned Arrhenatherion Elatioris Meadows by Dicotyledonous Species Oversowing

Janicka Maria, Pawluśkiewicz Bogumiła

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 1

168--179

EN

The paper presents the research on the increasing in the floristic diversity of abandoned Arrhenatherion elatioris meadows through the introduction of three dicotyledonous species: Achillea millefolium, Daucus carota and Leucanthemum vulgare and the re-management. They were carried out in the meadows of the landscape reserve “The Ursynów Escarpment” (“Skarpa Ursynowska”) in 2016-2018. The studies were aimed at restoring natural values of these meadows, especially their landscape and aesthetic functions. The experiment was designed in the community of Arrhenatherum elatius + Bromus inermis, as a randomised complete block, with eight replications, on the plots of 2 m2. In each plot the diaspores (collected in The Lower Pilica Valley) were sown close to the centre of the plot, within an area of 0.5×0.5 m. In the sowing year two top-cuttings and one productive one were made. In the following years the meadows were mowed once or twice. The following features were estimated: the abundance of sown species populations, the seedling density, the heights of the sown species, the height of the resident vegetation, the total ground cover, the species composition of the sward and the species richness. The improvement of the landscape and aesthetic functions of the reserve due to increasing in the species richness from 10 to 38 species and significant decreasing in Urtica dioica share was achieved. The species diversity, described with the Shannon-Wiener index, enlarged of 53% in the first year after oversowing. The introduced species decided also about the improvement of the total ground cover. Fast and lasting effect was obtained especially on the area over-sown with L. vulgare. The good effects in the first two years were obtained also in the plots with D. carota (biennial species). A. millefolium was characterised by significantly fewer number of seedlings but its population abundance was increasing gradually during the following years. The impact of high grasses (A. elatius, B. inermis) on the soil coverage by the plants of sown species and their heights was shown. The studies also proved that in the conditions of summer drought the resident vegetation may protect the seedlings against the temperature and evapotranspiration.

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Is the Złoczew lignite deposit geologically suitable for the first underground gasification installation in Poland?

Urbański Paweł, Widera Marek

Geologos

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2020

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Vol. 26, No. 2

113--125

EN

The present study focuses on alternative methods of exploiting lignite in comparison to conventional opencast mining and combustion in power plants for the generation of electricity. In Poland, opencast lignite pits cover large areas, creating social and environmental conflicts. In order to stabilise the production level of electricity and reduce the negative effects of opencast mining, alternative ways of exploiting lignite are suggested, one of these being underground gasification in situ. The Złoczew lignite deposit, which will most likely be exploited in the near future, provides an opportunity to discuss the unconventional method of underground coal gasification (UCG). On the basis of technological and geological criteria that have been established to determine the suitability of Polish lignite for underground gasification, resources to be used this way have been estimated. Through gasification, over 15 million tonnes of lignite can be utilised, which is about 2.5 per cent of resources of the Złoczew deposit intended for opencast mining. With this in mind, we suggest to take action by starting a pilot installation, to be followed by a commercial one for underground gasification after completion of superficial mining. Naturally, any future application of this method will be preceded by assessment of geological conditions at the Złoczew opencast pit.

16

A Tree-Ring chronology from Allerød–YD transition from Koźmin (Central Poland)

Krąpiec Marek, Szychowska-Krąpiec Elżbieta, Barniak Joanna, Goslar Tomasz, Kittel Piotr, Michczyńska Danuta J., Michczyński Adam, Piotrowska Natalia, Rakowski Andrzej, Wiktorowski Damian

Geochronometria

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2020

|

Vol. 47, no.1

101--111

EN

Subfossil trunks of pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) from the Late Weichselian were discovered in the site Koźmin in the Koło Basin, central Poland (Dzieduszyńska et al., 2014a). Another part of organic sediments with trunks was excavated in the frame of the research project. Altogether 224 samples from Koźmin were analysed dendrochronologically; they represented generally young trees, 40 to 70 years old. Based on the most convergent sequences, the chronology 2KOL_A1 was produced, 210 years in length. With the wiggle-matching method, it was dated to ca. 13065–12855 cal BP. Dendrochronological dating of trunks buried in organic sediments, most of which occurred in situ, revealed that tree deaths occurred successively, over more than 100 years. That could have been due to unfavourable climatic conditions, as well as extreme events, e.g. strong winds.

17

Buntsandstein magnetostratigraphy in Poland : new data from the Brześć Kujawski IG-1 borehole

Nawrocki Jerzy, Becker Anna

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2020

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Vol. 90, No. 4

435--446

EN

New magnetostratigraphic data from the Middle Buntsandstein section, drilled in the Brześć Kujawski IG-1 borehole (Central Poland), are presented and discussed. The chronostratigraphic positions of particular formations of the Buntsandstein are discussed as well. The magnetic polarity pattern obtained from the Brześć Kujawski IG-1 borehole matches the pattern obtained earlier in other boreholes from the Polish part of the Central European Basin. Although magnetostratigraphy and palynological evidence undoubtedly indicates that the Induan/Olenekian boundary in the Polish part of the CEB is located in the lower part of the Pomerania Formation, the placement of the Olenekian/Anisian boundary within the sedimentary sequences of the Central European Basin remains problematic. This boundary most probably is located within the upper part of the Upper Buntsandstein, as can be inferred from palynological studies.

18

Application of ground penetrating radar method combined with sedimentological analyses in studies of glaciogenic sediments in central Poland

Lejzerowicz A., Wysocka A., Kowalczyk S.

Studia Quaternaria

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2018

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Vol. 35, Nr 2

103--119

EN

GPR method is perfectly suited for recognizing of sedimentary facies diversity in shallowly occurring sediments if there is a contrast of electrical properties between and/or within each layer. The article deals with the issue of the correlation between GPR surveys results and sedimentological analyses. As a result of this correlation a conceptual model of depositional systems of studied areas was developed. Studies were performed in two areas located in central Poland, where glacial deposits formed in the Middle Polish (Saalian) Glaciation are present. The study was based on 49 sediment samples and 21 GPR profiles. Analyses of litho facies as well as granulometric and mineralogical composition of deposits of collected samples were carried out, showing the diversity of glacial deposits in both study sites. During GPR measurements shielded antenna with a frequency of 500 MHz was used which allowed high-resolution mapping of the internal structure of deposits and to identify four characteristic radar facies. Correlation of GPR profiles with point, one-dimensional sedimentological studies allowed the unambiguous interpretation of the GPR image and draw conclusions about the formation environment of individual units. Geophysical and sedimentological data obtained during study provide a new and detailed insight into selected glacial deposits in central Poland.

19

Przepływy i odpływy maksymalne w środkowej Polsce

Jokiel Paweł

Geography and Tourism

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2016

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Vol. 4, No. 2

7--21

EN

In the article presented above the seasonal and multiannual variation and spatial differentiation of a few parameters were studied. These specifications were obtained on the basis of maximum discharges registered for 71 water-gauges in central Poland in the second half of the 20th century (1951-2002) (Table 1). In particular, seasonal and spatial regularities of maximum outflows, maximum discharges (WWQs and WWQs) and Françou-Rodier Flood Ratings (K) appearance were established. The greatest number of WWQs (WWQs) in central Poland was registered during the cold half-year (months: January and March) and in the summer (July and August). In autumn and early winter months (from September till December) maximum outflows were not registered. In central Poland the maximum unit runoffs are not very differentiated as they range from 23 to 228 dm3∙s-1 km-2. These values can be assumed as the representatives of the regional extremes. Regression equations between catchment surface areas and maximum discharges (unit runoffs) were also calculated - equation 1 (Fig. 4) and equation 2 (Fig. 6). In the catchments of the region, the maximum unit runoffs values (WWQ) decrease very slowly with increasing catchment areas (compare with Fig. 6). Spatial differentiation of Françou-Rodier Flood Indexes (K, equation 3) was under investigation. Moreover, the regional equation of the relationship between WWQ and K (equation 4, Fig. 8) was computed. Due to the Françou-Rodier Flood Indexes (K), the risk of precipitation and snowmelt/rainfall floods in the small and large central Poland river valleys is of minor importance. In general, some previously identified patterns, which describe the relationships between WWQ, WWQ, K and A in the global, continental and national scale are also visible considering the regional scale (central Poland area). The aim of this study was also to investigate the multiannual variability of the Flood Indexes (IWW K) – equation 5 and Fig. 9, which were calculated for central Poland area. In the second half of the 20th century the IWW indexes, which were determined in this region were continuously declining. It proves that the scale and the frequency of floods in the rivers of the particular area are getting reduced. The relationships and linkages between annual North Atlantic Oscillation Indexes (NAO) and Flood Indexes (WWQ) were also studied, and it can be stated that they are unclear and statistically insignificant (Fig. 10) and cannot be treated as simple statistical correlations.

20

Dynamika zmian klimatycznych w pliocenie i plejstocenie dolnym oraz granica neogen/ czwartorzęd w osadach z południowego Mazowsza (środkowa Polska) na podstawie danych palinologicznych

Winter H.

Prace Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2015

|

T. 202

53--106

PL

Podczas prac kartograficznych prowadzonych w celu realizacji arkusza Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą Szczegółowej Mapy Geologicznej Polski (SMGP) 1:50 000 wykonano następujące otwory badawcze: Wólka Ligęzowska, Wysokin, Sacin, Ceteń 8 i Ceteń 9. Osady występujące w profilach Wysokin, Sacin, Ceteń 8 i Ceteń 9 reprezentowały formację preglacjalną z charakterystycznymi warstwami piaszczystymi, mułkowymi, piaszczysto-mułkowymi i ilastymi, często z humusem i przewarstwieniami torfu. Seria z Wólki Ligęzowskiej miała charakter jeziorno-bagienny. W celu rekonstrukcji zmian roślinności i klimatu posłużono się metodą analizy pyłkowej. Historię zmian roślinności odniesiono do wydzielonych poziomów pyłkowych, które pogrupowano w fazy rozwoju roślinności, a następnie okresy klimatyczno-stratygraficzne. Podstawę do wydzielenia tych faz i okresów stanowiły: podobieństwo florystyczne lokalnych zespołów poziomów pyłkowych (L PAZ), występowanie elementów flory subtropikalnej (P2), arktycznotrzeciorzędowej (A), procentowy udział poszczególnych taksonów w poziomach pyłkowych, procentowy udział taksonów ciepłoumiarkowanych (A1) i chłodnoumiarkowanych (A2), należących do geoflory arktycznotrzeciorzędowej (A). Ponadto wzięto pod uwagę stosunek wartości pyłku drzew i krzewów (AP) do pyłku krzewinek i roślin zielnych (NAP) jako wskaźnik odlesienia i otwartości krajobrazu, skład taksonomiczny oraz procentowy udział NAP, wskazujący na charakter zbiorowisk występujących na siedliskach otwartych. Okresy klimatyczno-stratygraficzne stanowią podstawę do podziału stratygraficznego badanych osadów i jednocześnie dokumentują wielkoskalowe zmiany klimatyczne, wyrażające globalne zmiany klimatu. Interpretacja danych palinologicznych pozwala na określenie wieku osadów z Wólki Ligęzowskiej. Dane pyłkowe pozwalają na korelację fazy 1 WL z poziomem XIII Sequoiapollenites i odniesienie do piętra zankl. Następne fazy, 2 i 3 WL, odniesiono do poziomu XIV Faguspollenites. W związku z brakiem poziomu pyłkowego dla fazy 4 WL zaproponowano wydzielenie poziomu XV Pinuspollenites. Okres II skorelowano z piętrem piacenz. Zapis silnego ochłodzenia klimatu, jaki występował między II i III okresem klimatyczno-stratygraficznym w Wólce Ligęzowskiej, można korelować z globalnymi zmianami klimatycznymi występującymi na granicy neogen/ czwartorzęd, które są datowane astronomicznie na 2,588 Ma, a strop osadów okresu II należy korelować z morskim stadium izotopowym MIS 103. Sekwencja zmian roślinności i klimatu z Wólki Ligęzowskiej doskonale koreluje się z globalnymi zmianami klimatycznymi charakterystycznymi dla pliocenu (do 2,6 Ma) i plejstocenu dolnego. W profilach z Wysokina, Sacina, Cetenia 8 udokumentowano głównie zapis palinologiczny schyłku okresów ciepłych i okresy zimne zgodne z cyklem zmian klimatycznych w plejstocenie dolnym, w którym występują oziębienia i ocieplenia klimatu związane z rozwojem i zanikiem pokrywy lodowcowej na półkuli północnej. Facje rzeczne, z których w większości jest zbudowana formacja preglacjalna, powodują występowanie luk w zapisie palinologicznym, a stopień rozpoznania zmian roślinności w tym czasie jest bardzo ogólny. W miarę konsekwentny przebieg zmian roślinności i klimatu pozwala na wyróżnienie w obrębie plejstocenu dolnego nowej jednostki klimatyczno-stratygraficznej – ocieplenia ceteń. Na podstawie wyników analizy pyłkowej wiek osadów skorelowano z innymi stanowiskami z Polski i Europy.

EN

Mapping survey carried out within the Detailed Geological Map of Poland, 1:50,000, sheet Nowe Miasto nad Pilicą, included drillings at the following locations: Wólka Ligęzowska, Wysokin, Sacin, Ceteń 8 and Ceteń 9. Sediments of Wysokin, Sacin and Ceteń 8 and 9 represented a preglacial series with characteristic sandy, silty, sandy-silty and clayey layers, frequently with humus and interbeddings of peat. The series from Wólka Ligęzowska was of a lacustrine-boggy type. Changes in vegetation and climate were reconstructed by means of pollen analysis. The history of vegetational changes was referred to the distinguished Local Pollen Assemblage Zones, grouped into phases of vegetational development and, eventually, into climatostratigraphic periods. Climatostratigraphic periods provided a basis for the distinction of stratigraphic units within the examined sediments and served as a record of large-scale climatic changes resulting from global climate changes. The phases and periods were defined on the basis of: floral similarity of L PAZ, occurrence of subtropical (P2) and arctic-Tertiary (A) elements and their frequency, percentage values of particular taxa in zones, percentage values of warm-moderate (A1) and cool-moderate (A2) taxa of the arctic-Tertiary (A) geoflora, AP/NAP ratio (pollen of trees and shrubs/ pollen of dwarf shrubs and herbaceous plants) as an indicator of deforestation and landscape openness, percentage values and taxonomic composition of NAP. Interpretation of the obtained palynological data provided a basis for determining the age of sediments from Wólka Ligęzowska. Pollen data support a correlation of phase 1 WL with zone XIII Sequoiapollenites (Piwocki, Ziembińska-Tworzydło, 1995, 1997) and with the Zanclean. The subsequent phases, 2 and 3 WL, are conformable with zone XIV Faguspollenites. As phase 4 WL could not be assigned to any zone, distinction of zone XV Pinuspollenites was proposed. Phase II was correlated with the Piacenz. The strong climatic cooling, recorded in Wólka Ligęzowska between climatostratigraphic periods II and III, is likely to correspond to global climatic changes typifying the Neogene/ Quaternary boundary, astronomically dated to 2.588 Ma, while the top part of period II sediments should be correlated with MIS (Marine Isotope Stage) 103. The sequence of vegetational and climatic changes from Wólka Ligęzowska shows an excellent correlation with global climatic changes typifying the Pliocene (up to ca. 2.6 My) and Lower Pleistocene. The sections of Wysokin, Sacin and Ceteń 8 bear mainly a palynological record of the closing phases of warm and cold periods, conformable with the Lower Pleistocene cycle of climatic changes, following the de¬velopment and disappearance of glacial cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Regrettably, the most of the preglacial series are formed by fluvial facies: the palynological record includes gaps, allowing only for a partial reconstruction of the vegetational changes proceeding in this time. Within the Lower Pleistocene, the climatostratigraphic unit of the Ceteń warming was defined. Results of pollen analysis provided a basis for correlating the age of sediments with other Polish and European sites.