This study presents the results of research conducted on material coming from the Raptawicka Gate section of the High-Tatric autochthonous succession (Kościeliska Valley, West Tatra Mts, Central West Carpathians, Poland). It utilizes biostratigraphic (calpionellids, calcareous dinocysts, foraminifers), quantitative microfacies, and geochemical (stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, main and trace elements concentrations) techniques. The section documents the transition between the Raptawicka Turnia Limestone (RTL) Fm and the Wysoka Turnia Limestone (WTL) Fm, with an erosional gap in between them. The RTL Fm part contains the Malmica–Remanei microfossil zones, and therefore belongs to the middle lower–upper Tithonian; the WTL Fm part contains a foraminiferal assemblage which characterizes the Barremian/Aptian transition and the lower Aptian, whereas the δ13C record largely conforms with the characteristics of Oceanic Anoxic Event 1a (OAE 1a). Correlation with the Giewont composite section (High-Tatric allochthonous unit) enables the presentation of a coherent record of Tithonian sedimentation in both areas. It also allows the inference that the topmost beds of the RTL Fm in the Raptawicka Gate section are younger than those in the Giewont composite section. Furthermore, the stratigraphic gap between the topmost Jurassic and the Lower Cretaceous sediments in the High-Tatric autochthonous cover (Raptawicka Gate) is significantly larger (topmost Tithonian–basal Aptian) than that within the Giewont Nappe (cf. topmost Tithonian–Berriasian). Ultimately, microfacies analysis allows the recognition of biotic events/processes documented in other western Tethys sections; these are thought to reflect major-scale environmental perturbations.
Architektura gór kieruje się własnymi prawami. Projektanci realizujący standardowe opracowania starają się tworzyć wytrzymałe obiekty w trudnym terenie, zwykle z materiałów rodzimych, łącząc je ze współczesnymi możliwościami budownictwa. Detal to proste elementy wywodzące się od funkcji, oraz lokalizacji, wspierane technologią betonu, szkła oraz lekkiego drewna, wtapiają się w teren lub dominują. Architektura górska to nie tylko obiekty monumentalne, również należy wyróżnić małe schronienia o kształcie charakterystycznym dla formy terenu, mniej natury regionalnej, chociaż z niej się wywodzące. Poszukiwanie niepowtarzalnego piękna krajobrazu – wszystko to świadczy, że górska architektura nie jest tylko rzemiosłem o zakreślonych granicach, ale sztuką twórczą i nieskrępowaną.
EN
Mountain architecture follows its own rules. Designers implementing standard designs try to create durable objects in difficult terrain, often from native materials, combining them with modern construction possibilities. Details are simple elements derived from function and location, supported by the technology of concrete, glass and light wood, they blend into the terrain or dominate. Mountain architecture is not only about monumental objects, there are also small shelters with a shape characteristic of the landform, less regional in nature, although derived from it. The search for the unique beauty of the landscape - all this proves that mountain architecture is not just a craft with defined boundaries, but a creative and unrestrained art.
The Tatra Mountains stand out as the wettest and most water-rich region in Poland. Despite this, limited studies addressed this issue, and current knowledge largely relies on data obtained in the mid-20th century, with a substantial lack of current estimates. This study aims to fill this gap by evaluating the contemporary water resources of springs in the Tatra Mountains. The study bases on the most recent hydrological mapping of 1,018 springs. The spring resources were evaluated using parameters such as the number of springs, specific runoff, and crenological index, analysed across different physiographic regions, tectonic units, and altitudinal zones. Our studies showed that the highest number of springs occurs in the Western Tatras (66%) between 1000 and 1400 m a.s.l., especially within the Sub-Tatric unit. Springs with discharges ranging from 0.1-1.0 dm3 ∙s-1 constitute approximately 70% of all springs but they contribute to only 8.1% of spring water resources. Total spring discharge amounted to 2726 dm3 ∙s-1 and was higher in the Western Tatras (1982.5 dm3 ∙s-1) than in the High Tatras (743.5 dm3 ∙s-1). The specific runoff amounted to 12.9 dm3 ∙s-1 ∙km-2 with the highest total runoff at altitudes occupied by the most abundant karst springs (1000-1100 m a.s.l.). The crenological index amounted to 4.8 springs∙km-2 and was higher in the Western Tatras (6.5 springs∙km-2) than in the High Tatras (4.9 springs∙km-2). The analysis revealed that the only five largest karst springs, constituting a mere 0.5% of all springs, account for 65% of spring water resources in the Tatras.