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1

How does maritime situation awareness depend on navigation automation and mental workload? A sea simulator experiment

Müller-Plath G., Lehleitner J., Maier J., Silva-Löbling J., Zhang H., Zhang X., Zhou S.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 4

963--969

EN

A good situation awareness (SA) of the navigator is essential for the safety of the ship, especially in coastal areas. In this study, the Unity 3D engine was used to simulate the navigation of a coastal trading vessel along predefined routes in the Baltic Sea. The SA of the helmsman, who was either Chinese or European, was assessed several times with the SAGAT test (Endsley, 1995b, 20-21) and compared between low and high workload conditions and between manual and autopilot navigation. High workload and automated navigation both reduced SA significantly and in an additive manner. No difference was found between Chinese and European participants. In contrast to previous accident analyses of SA, we found that SA level 3 (projection of future states) was most strongly affected by both factors, while SA levels 1 (perception of relevant information) and 2 (comprehension of the current situation) suffered to a lesser extent. Further research is needed to establish specific relationships between types of automation on ships, types of workload, and SA problems in order to design countermeasures.

2

Effects of service environment and pre‑deformation on the fatigue behaviour of 2524 aluminium alloy

Chen Y. Q., Zhang H., Pan S. P., Song Y. F., Liu X., Liu W. H.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 1

56--71

EN

The effects of service environment and pre-deformation on the fatigue behaviour of 2524 alloy were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and fatigue tests. The results indicate that the fatigue crack-growth rate (FCGR) of the alloy in an aqueous environment increases with temperature ranging from 0 to 90 °C. At the same stress intensity factor range (ΔK), the FCGR of the alloy in an argon environment is the smallest, followed by that in air, and a 3.5% NaCl fog environment, while that in an exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) solution is the largest. A pre-deformation of 2% can significantly enhance the fatigue crack propagation resistance of this alloy in argon, air, and 3.5% NaCl fog environments, while 5% pre-deformation weakens the fatigue crack propagation resistance of the alloy accordingly. The pre-deformation effect on the FCGR of alloy in the EXCO solution environment is limited.

3

Microstructure characterization of 7055-T6, 6061-T6511 and 7A52-T6 Al alloys subjected to ballistic impact against heavy tungsten alloy projectile

Khan M. A., Wang Y., Malik A., Nazeer F., Yasin G., Khan W. Q., Ahmad T., Zhang H.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2019

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Vol. 19, no. 4

1484--1496

EN

A spray formed 7055 Al alloy, and traditional formed 6061 Al and 7A52 Al alloy were subjected to extrusion. Later 7055Al and 7A52 treated with T6 and 6061 Al treated with T6511 heat treatment. To investigate the microstructure evolution by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), electron back scattering diffraction (EBSD) and X-rays diffraction pattern (XRD) analysis were employed to observe the variation in mechanical properties and damages patterns of single layered aluminum alloys impacted by heavy tungsten alloy (WHA) projectile. During impact a substantial increase in temperature inside the target material caused melting on crater wall. The hard metastable intermetallic compound and pores were produced on penetration path owing to diffusion of projectile particles and rapid melt re-solidification. These compounds enhance the hardness (600-650 HV0.1/10) in the middle deformed channels of 7055 Al alloy target. In addition, small size pores, whirl-pool and white adiabatic shear bands were observed in 7A52 and 6061 Al alloys, respectively. The variation in hardness and microstructure of Al alloys target was limited within the 2 mm area from the perforation path. 7055-T6 Al alloy has demonstrated better ballistic protection in terms of strength, mass efficiency (N), depth of penetration (DOP) and penetration path diameter in comparison of other Al alloys.

4

Experimental study of the aerodynamics of sail in natural wind

Zeng X., Zhang H..

Polish Maritime Research

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2018

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S 2

17--22

EN

In order to evaluate the impacts of a motor vessel after installing wind sails, the aerodynamics of the sail should be accurately calculated. However most of the research on sails are based on stable wind instead of natural wind which is changing horizontally and vertically. In this paper wind tunnel tests are carried out based on stable wind field and simulated natural wind field, the results shown that there are 16–44% decrease in natural wind in terms of lifting coefficient and 11–42% decrease for drag coefficient. This would provide a valuable reference to the effectiveness evaluation of the impact of sails for sail assisted ships.

5

An improved feature extraction method for rolling bearing fault diagnosis based on MEMD and PE

Zhang H., Zhao L., Liu Q., Luo J., Wei Q., Zhou Z., Qu Y.

Polish Maritime Research

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2018

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S 2

98--106

EN

The health condition of rolling bearing can directly influence to the efficiency and lifecycle of rotating machinery, thus monitoring and diagnosing the faults of rolling bearing is of great importance. Unfortunately, vibration signals of rolling bearing are usually overwhelmed by external noise, so the fault frequencies of rolling bearing cannot be readily obtained. In this paper, an improved feature extraction method called IMFs_PE, which combines the multivariate empirical mode decomposition with the permutation entropy, is proposed to extract fault frequencies from the noisy bearing vibration signals. First, the raw bearing vibration signals are filtered by an optimal band-pass filter determined by SK to remove the irrelative noise which is not in the same frequency band of fault frequencies. Then the filtered signals are processed by the IMFs_PE to get rid of the relative noise which is in the same frequency band of fault frequencies. Finally, a frequency domain condition indicator FFR(Fault Frequency Ratio), which measures the magnitude of fault frequencies in frequency domain, is calculated to compare the effectiveness of the feature extraction methods. The feature extraction method proposed in this paper has advantages of removing both irrelative noise and relative noise over other feature extraction methods. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by simulated and experimental bearing signals. And the results are shown that the proposed method outperforms other state of the art algorithms with regards to fault feature extraction of rolling bearing.

6

Proof of Multicopy via Proof of File Position in Cloud

Zhang H., Cao Z., Dong X., Shen J.

Fundamenta Informaticae

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2018

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Vol. 157, nr 1/2

141--151

EN

For disaster recovery, we store backups of a file in several positions far away from each other. If we delegate this task to an untrusted cloud service provider, a verification method is desired. In this paper, we construct a generic transformation from “proof of retrievability” to “proof of multicopy”. We present this work in two stages. In the first stage, we propose a generic protocol of “proof of file position” based on an arbitrary secure “proof of retrievability” protocol. In the second stage, we propose a “proof of multicopy” protocol based on our “proof of file position” protocol. Both of our protocols are provably secure.

7

Kinetics of photoelectrocatalytic degradation of diclofenac using N, S co-doped TiO2 nano-crystallite decorated TiO2 nanotube arrays photoelectrode

Cui Y., Deng X., Ma Q., Zhang H., Cheng X., Li X., Xie M., Cheng Q., Li B.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 44, nr 2

117-130

EN

As a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, diclofenac, was commonly used as analgesic, antiarthritic and antirheumatic, and has frequently been detected in municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWTPs) effluents and demonstrated to be potentially environmental risk on human beings. In the present study, N, S co-doped TiO2 nano-crystallites decorated TiO2 nano-tube arrays (N, S-TiO2 NCs/TiO2 NTAs) photoelectrode was used to degrade diclofenac containing wastewater. In addition, the effects of some critical parameters including initial pH, external positive potential, sodium sulfate concentration and initial diclofenac concentration on the photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) degradation of diclofenac containing wastewater and dynamic characteristics were investigated systematically. Results showed that N, S-TiO2 NCs/TiO2 NTAs photoelectrode exhibited high PEC efficiency for the degradation of diclofenac, in which the PEC processes fitted well with the Langmuir–Hinshelwood (L–H) model. Furthermore, external additional anions such as Cl–, ClO– and NO3 – played an important role in inhibiting the degradation of diclofenac. Also, the N, S-TiO2 NCs/TiO2 NTAs photoelectrode possessed good stability for consecutive applications for degradation of diclofenac, which could potentially be utilized in wastewater treatment.

8

Effect of acid buffering capacity on the remobilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge barrier for tailings

Chen Y., Zhang H., Ju Y.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2018

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Vol. 44, no. 2

62--72

EN

Remobilization of heavy metals from the bottom liner system due to the seepage of acid mine drainage (AMD) is an important concern in the long-term management of tailing impoundment. Titration tests were carried out to evaluate the acid buffering capacity (ABC) of sewage sludge and to investigate its effect on the remobilization of heavy metals. Test results demonstrate that the ABC increases with solid/liquid ratio and anaerobic incubation time and it is mainly attributed to the abundant organic matters contained and increasing carbonate loads. The added heavy metals (Zn, Pb, and Cu) were well immobilized during the anaerobic incubation stage but were released out dramatically during the acidification especially when pH drops below 6.0 because of dissolution of carbonates and cation exchange of clay minerals. The calculated results, from a simplified model, indicate that high levels of remobilization of heavy metals are not expected during the typical management time because of the high ABC of compacted sewage sludge barrier. These results support that sewage sludge is a suitable bottom liner material for the management of AMD from tailings.

9

Study on electric spring control method considering noncritical load voltage constraint

Chen Y., Ma G., Xu U., Zhang H., Ju R.

Archives of Electrical Engineering

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2018

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Vol. 67, nr 4

709--724

EN

With the increasing penetration rate of grid-connected renewable energy generation, the problem of grid voltage excursion becomes an important issue that needs to be solved urgently. As a new type of voltage regulation control method, electric spring (ES) can alleviate the fluctuations of renewable energy output effectively. In this paper, the background and basic principle of the electric spring are introduced firstly. Then, considering the influence of an electric spring on noncritical load voltage, noncritical loads are classified reasonably, and based on the electric spring phasor diagram, the control method to meet the noncritical load voltage constraint is proposed. This control method can meet the requirements of voltage excursions of different kinds of noncritical load, increase the connection capacity of the noncritical load and improve the voltage stabilization capacity of the electric spring. Finally, through the simulation case, the feasibility and validity of electric spring theory and the proposed control method are verified.

10

Climate-driven Seasonal Geocenter Motion during the GRACE Period

Zhang H., Sun Y.

Acta Geophysica

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2018

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Vol. 66, no. 2

223--232

EN

Annual cycles in the geocenter motion time series are primarily driven by mass changes in the Earth’s hydrologic system, which includes land hydrology, atmosphere, and oceans. Seasonal variations of the geocenter motion have been reliably determined according to Sun et al. (J Geophys Res Solid Earth 121(11):8352-8370, 2016) by combining the Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) data with an ocean model output. In this study, we reconstructed the observed seasonal geocenter motion with geophysical model predictions of mass variations in the polar ice sheets, continental glaciers, terrestrial water storage (TWS), and atmosphere and dynamic ocean (AO). The reconstructed geocenter motion time series is shown to be in close agreement with the solution based on GRACE data supporting with an ocean bottom pressure model. Over 85% of the observed geocenter motion time series, variance can be explained by the reconstructed solution, which allows a further investigation of the driving mechanisms. We then demonstrated that AO component accounts for 54, 62, and 25% of the observed geocenter motion variances in the X, Y, and Z directions, respectively. The TWS component alone explains 42, 32, and 39% of the observed variances. The net mass changes over oceans together with self-attraction and loading effects also contribute significantly (about 30%) to the seasonal geocenter motion in the X and Z directions. Other contributing sources, on the other hand, have marginal (less than 10%) impact on the seasonal variations but introduce a linear trend in the time series.

11

Fuzzy method and neural network model parallel implementation of multi-layer neural network based on cloud computing for real time data transmission in large offshore platform

Zhang H.., Qin W.

Polish Maritime Research

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2017

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S 2

39--44

EN

With the rapid development of electronic technology, network technology and cloud computing technology, the current data is increasing in the way of mass, has entered the era of big data. Based on cloud computing clusters, this paper proposes a novel method of parallel implementation of multilayered neural networks based on Map-Reduce. Namely in order to meet the requirements of big data processing, this paper presents an efficient mapping scheme for a fully connected multi-layered neural network, which is trained by using error back propagation (BP) algorithm based on Map-Reduce on cloud computing clusters (MRBP). The batch-training (or epoch-training) regimes are used by effective segmentation of samples on the clusters, and are adopted in the separated training method, weight summary to achieve convergence by iterating. For a parallel BP algorithm on the clusters and a serial BP algorithm on uniprocessor, the required time for implementing the algorithms is derived. The performance parameters, such as speed-up, optimal number and minimum of data nodes are evaluated for the parallel BP algorithm on the clusters. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed parallel BP algorithm in this paper has better speed-up, faster convergence rate, less iterations than that of the existed algorithms.

12

A cyclonic-static micro bubble flotation column for enhancing coalescence of oil droplets from emulsion

Li X., Yan X., Zhang H.

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2017

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Vol. 53, iss. 1

307--320

EN

In this work a novel cyclonic-static micro bubble flotation column, using hydraulic separator with a conventional flotation column, was developed to separate oil droplets from emulsions. The system integrated the cyclonic and laminar flow coalescence with the pipe flow coalescence. The effect of process parameters such as circulation pressure, aeration rate, feed volumetric flow rate and viscosity of fluid on the efficiency of multi-flow pattern coalescence was investigated. The obtained results indicated that the coalescence efficiency increased with the circulation pressure, feed volumetric flow rate and aeration rate, whereas an increase in viscosity of fluid reduced the extent of coalescence. Besides, the size distribution of oil droplets in the cyclonic separator, pipe flow section and column flotation section were simulated in the flotation column using a special software. The simulation was compared with experimental data on the mean size of oil droplets.

13

Influence of Bi3+ content on photoluminescence of InNbO4:Eu3+,Bi3+ for white light-emitting diodes

Tang A., Gu L., Shao F., Liu X., Zhao Y., Chen H., Zhang H.

Materials Science Poland

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2017

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Vol. 35, No. 2

435--439

EN

A series of red-emitting phosphors InNbO4:Eu3+,Bi3+ was prepared by a high temperature solid-state reaction. The structure, size distribution and luminescence properties of the phosphors were respectively characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), laser particle size and molecular fluorescence spectrometer. The XRD results indicate that the phase-pure samples have been obtained and the crystal structure of the host has not changed under the Eu3+ and Bi3+ co-doping. The test of size distribution shows that the phosphor has a normal size distribution. The excitation spectra illustrate that the dominant sharp peaks are located at 394 nm (7F0→5L6) and 466 nm (7F0→5D2). Meanwhile, the emission spectra reveal that the phosphors excited by the wavelength of 394 nm or 466 nm have an intense red-emission line at 612 nm owing to the 5D0→(7F2 transition of Eu3+. Bi3+ doping has not changed the peak positions except the photoluminescence intensity. The emission intensity is related to Bi3+ concentration, and it is up to the maximum when the Bi3+-doping concentration is 4 mol%. Due to good photoluminescence properties of the phosphor, the InNbO4:0.04Eu3+,0.04Bi3+ may be used as a red component for white light-emitting diodes.

14

Improved Gaussian Mixture Probability Hypothesis Density for Tracking Closely Spaced Targets

Zhang H., Ge H., Yang J.

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2017

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Vol. 63, No. 3

247--254

EN

Probability hypothesis density (PHD) filter is a suboptimal Bayesian multi-target filter based on random finite set. The Gaussian mixture PHD filter is an analytic solution to the PHD filter for linear Gaussian multi-target models. However, when targets move near each other, the GM-PHD filter cannot correctly estimate the number of targets and their states. To solve the problem, a novel reweighting scheme for closely spaced targets is proposed under the framework of the GM-PHD filter, which can be able to correctly redistribute the weights of closely spaced targets, and effectively improve the multiple target state estimation precision. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm can accurately estimate the number of targets and their states, and effectively improve the performance of multi-target tracking algorithm.

15

Meromorphic solutions of linear difference equations with polynomial coefficients

Zhang Y., Gao Z., Zhang H.

Fasciculi Mathematici

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2017

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Nr 59

159--168

EN

We study the growth of the transcendental meromorphic solution f(z) of the linear difference equation: [formula] where q(z), p0(z), . . ., pn(z) (n ≥ 1) are polynomials such that p0(z)pn(z) ≠ 0, and obtain some necessary conditions guaranteeing that the order of ƒ(z) satisfies σ(ƒ) ≥ 1 using a difference analogue of the Wiman-Valiron theory. Moreover, we give the form of ƒ(z) with two Borel exceptional values when two of p0(z), . . ., pn(z) have the maximal degrees.

16

Laser frequency stability estimation and velocity measurement in the atmosphere with self-heterodyne

Zhang H., Wang H., Zhao S.

Optica Applicata

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2016

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Vol. 46, nr 2

305--316

EN

We present a novel method of self-heterodyne for laser frequency stability estimation in the atmosphere. At the same time, it is used in the Doppler velocity measurement for moving targets in the atmosphere. The transmission range is 16.2 km (round-trip propagation with 8.1 km) in the horizontal atmospheric path, and the measuring results showed that the frequency stability of the whole laser detection system is 53.4 kHz with 20.7 kHz stand deviation. This frequency stability is the integrated influence with the whole detection system not just for the laser, but it can be considered as the estimation of the laser’s frequency stability. It is much more practical for the heterodyne detection in the atmosphere. At last, the method of self-heterodyne was used for 16.2 km round trip velocity measurement. It is showed that the velocity absolute error is less than 1.5 cm/s in the turbulent atmosphere, and the relative error is not higher than 5%.

17

Dark and singular optical solitons with competing nonlocal nonlinearities

Zhou Q., Liu L., Zhang H., Mirzazadeh M., Bhrawy A. H., Zerrad E., Moshokoa S., Biswas A.

Optica Applicata

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2016

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Vol. 46, nr 1

79--86

EN

In this work, we study the dynamics of optical solitons in a synthetic nonlocal nonlinear media. The nonlinear dynamical model which describes the propagation of optical solitons in the weakly nonlocal nonlinear media with parabolic law nonlinearity is investigated analytically. The tool of integration that is the Riccati equation mapping approach is introduced to extract exact traveling wave solutions. As a result, an explicit dark soliton, singular soliton and periodic solutions are derived.

18

Hydrothermal synthesis and thermoelectric properties of PbS

Zhang H., Wang H., Zhu H., Li H., Su T., Li S., Hu M., Fan H.

Materials Science Poland

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2016

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Vol. 34, No. 4

754--759

EN

In this paper, hydrothermal approach combined with high pressure sintering method was employed to synthesize PbS. The X-ray diffraction results show that single phase PbS can be obtained by a simple hydrothermal method. The scanning electron microscope results show that the PbS sample has nearly cubic shape and preserves well crystallized and coarse grains after high pressure sintering. The thermoelectric performance of PbS obtained in this study is comparable to that of a PbS sample prepared by conventional method. The carrier type and concentration of PbS can be tuned effectively by doping with Bi. The maximum figure of merit for PbS doped with 1 mol% Bi reaches 0.44 at 550 K, which is about 30 % higher than that of undoped PbS. These results indicate that hydrothermal method provides a viable and controllable way of tuning the electrical transport and thermoelectric properties for PbS.

19

Relationship Between Bake Hardening, Snoek-Köster and Dislocation-Enhanced Snoek Peaks in Coarse Grained Low Carbon Steel

Lin W., Zhao S., Zhang H., Jin X.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2016

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Vol. 61, iss. 3

1723--1732

EN

In the present work, specimens prepared from coarse grained low carbon steel with different prestrains were baked and then, their bake hardening (BH) property and internal friction were determined. TEM was used to characterize the dislocation structure in BH treated samples. The measurements of internal friction in prestrained samples and baked samples were carried out using a multifunctional internal friction apparatus. The results indicate that, in coarse grained low carbon steel, the bake hardening properties (BH values) were negative, which were increased by increasing the prestrain from 2 to 5%, and then were decreased by increasing the prestrain from 5 to 10%. In the specimen with prestrain 5%, the BH value reached the maximum value and the height of Snoek-Köster peak was observed to be the maximum alike. With increasing the prestrain, both of the BH value and Snoek-Köster peak heights are similarly varied. It is concluded that Snoek-Köster and dislocation-enhanced Snoek peaks, caused by the interactions between interstitial solute carbon atoms and dislocations, can be used in further development of the bake hardening steels.

20

Sewage sludge as barrier material for heavy metals in waste landfill

Zhang H., Yang B., Zhang G., Zhang X.

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2016

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Vol. 42, no. 2

52--58

EN

Heavy metal pollutants in the leachate of waste landfill are a potential threat to the environment. In this study, the feasibility of using municipal sewage sludge as barrier material for the containment of heavy metal pollutants from solid waste landfills was evaluated by compaction test and hydraulic conductivity test concerning compaction property, impermeability and heavy metal retardation. Results of the compaction test showed that the maximum dry density of 0.79 g·cm−3 was achieved at the optimum water content of about 60%. The hydraulic conductivities of compacted sewage sludge permeated with synthetic heavy metal solutions were in the range of 1.3×10−8 – 6.2×10−9 cm·s−1, less than 1.0 ×10−−7cm·s−1 recommended by regulations for barrier materials. Chemical analyses on the effluent from the hydraulic conductivity tests indicated that the two target heavy metals, Zn and Cd in the permeants were all retarded by compacted sewage sludge, which might be attributed to the precipitation and adsorption of heavy metal ions. The results of this study suggest that specially prepared material from sewage sludge could be used as a barrier for waste landfills for its low permeability and strong retardation to heavy metal pollutants.