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1

Zarys działalności Wydziału Budownictwa i Inżynierii Środowiska SGGW w okresie 1946-2016

Żelazo J., Pierzgalski E.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2016

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Nr 10

358--364

PL

Przedstawiono charakterystykę i ewolucję Wydziału Budownictwa i Inżynierii Środowiska SGGW - od jednostki organizacyjnej, kształcącej początkowo specjalistów melioracji wodnych, do placówki naukowo-dydaktycznej prowadzącej edukację w szerokim zakresie techniczno-przyrodniczym, na czterech kierunkach studiów. Zaprezentowano tematykę prowadzonych badań, ukierunkowanych na problemy inżynierii i gospodarki wodnej.

EN

The article presents the characteristics and evolution of the Warsaw University of Life Sciences Construction and Environmental Engineering Faculty - from an organizational entity, educating water melioration specialists, to a scientific and educational establishment providing education in the scope of technology and environment in four fields of study. It presents the subject of the research being carried out, focused on the water engineering and management problems.

2

Zagrożenia związane z niedoborem wody

Kędziora A., Kępińska-Kasprzak M., Kowalczak P, Kundziewicz Z W, Miler A.T., Pierzgalski E., Tokarczyk T.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2014

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Nr 10

373--376

PL

Rozważono czasowe i przestrzenne charakterystyki suszy w Polsce. Przedstawiono przyczyny niekorzystnych zmian, związane z procesami naturalnymi, a także wynikające z działań człowieka. Problemy niedoboru wody należy rozwiązywać przez wdrażanie strategii zintegrowanej gospodarki wodnej, w szczególności poprzez zwiększanie czasu pobytu wody w krajobrazie i efektywności wykorzystania wody.

EN

The article presents time and space characteristics of droughts in Poland. It presents the reason of negative changes, related to natural processes, as well as resulting from the anthropogenic activity. The water shortage problems should be resolved through implementation of the integrated water management strategy, in particular through extension of the time for which water remains in the landscape and of the water use effectiveness.

3

Określanie strat gleby wskutek erozji wodnej

Baryła A., Pierzgalski E., Jodłowski P.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2007

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Nr 18

63-65

4

Measures for soil water control in Poland

Pierzgalski E., Jeznach J

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2006

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no. 10

79-89

EN

Polish water resources depend on precipitations, which are variable in time and space. In dry years the water balance is negative in central parts of Poland but sudden thaws and downfalls may result in periodical water excess and dangerous floods almost in the entire country. The retention capacity of artificial reservoirs in Poland permits to store only 6% of the average annual runoff, which is commonly considered insufficient. Another method to increase retention is soil water control. About fifty percent of soils in Poland consist of light and very light sandy soils with low water capacity. Loams and organogenic soils cover approximately 25% and 8.5% area of the country, respectively. Almost half of agricultural lands (48%) have relatively good water conditions, but the rest requires soil water control measures. An increase of the soil water content could be achieved by changes of soil properties, water table control and soil water management. Modernization and reconstruction of drainage and irrigation systems, which were built mainly in the period 1960-1980, is needed.

PL

W pracy scharakteryzowano główne problemy związane z zasobami wodnymi w Polsce oraz koniecznością regulacji stosunków wodnych na obszarach rolniczych i leśnych. Problemy ilościowe gospodarki wodnej w Polsce, związane z występowaniem trwałych lub okresowych deficytów względnie nadmiarów wody, są skutkiem zmienności czasowo-przestrzennej opadów atmosferycznych oraz stanu infrastruktury wodnej. Opady charakteryzują się dużą zmiennością zarówno w okresach wieloletnich, jak i w ciągu roku. Sumy średnich opadów rocznych w latach mokrych mogą być ponad 2-krotnie większe od opadów w latach suchych. Częstym zjawiskiem jest występowanie susz, powodujących klęski nieurodzaju, wzrost zagrożenia pożarowego lasów, wysychanie studni itp. Zróżnicowanie przestrzenne opadów natomiast sprawia, że w centralnej części Polski bilans wodny, zwłaszcza w latach suchszych, jest ujemny. Z drugiej zaś strony gwałtowne roztopy i zjawiska ekstremalne w postaci opadów nawalnych powodują okresowe nadmiary wód i powodzie. Z tych niekorzystnych zjawisk wynikają podstawowe zadania gospodarki wodnej na terenach niezurbanizowanych, do których należą: zapewnienie zaopatrzenia w wodę ludności i poszczególnych gałęzi gospodarki narodowej, ochrona przed powodzią, regulacja stosunków wodnych na obszarach użytkowanych rolniczo, zapewnienie trwałości ekosystemów przyrodniczych, w tym lasów. Wyrównanie okresowych braków lub nadmiarów wody osiąga się w różny sposób, generalnie poprzez zmagazynowanie wody w zbiornikach powierzchniowych naturalnych i sztucznych, a także w glebie i w podziemnych warstwach wodonośnych. Pojemność retencyjna sztucznych zbiorników wodnych w Polsce umożliwia zmagazynowanie jedynie 6% średniego rocznego odpływu i jest powszechnie uznawana za niewystarczającą. Obieg wody w zlewniach, zdolności produkcyjne gleb, a także szkody erozyjne zależą w dużej mierze od urządzeń melioracji szczegółowych. Obecnie ponad 20% wykonanych urządzeń w okresie powojennym uległo dekapitalizacji i przy obecnym poziomie inwestycji w najbliższych 10 latach osiągnie wielkość około 30%. Oznacza to znaczne ograniczenie wykorzystania potencjalnych zdolności produkcyjnych gleb oraz powiększanie strat w okresach ekstremalnych, zarówno susz, jak i powodzi. Jest to jedno z większych zagrożeń racjonalnej gospodarki wodnej na obszarach rolnych i leśnych. W dużym stopniu, zarówno na terenach rolniczych, jak i leśnych, są one zużyte i wymagają odbudowy, a najczęściej modernizacji. W pracy podkreślono konieczność uwzględniania wymogów ochrony zasobów wodnych i pozostałych elementów środowiska i to zarówno w fazie projektowania urządzeń melioracyjnych, jak i ich eksploatacji.

5

Zmiany warunków wodnych na obszarach leśnych w sąsiedztwie zbiornika wodnego Maziarnia

Boczoń A., Pierzgalski E., Tyszka J., Wiencław E.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2005

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R. 102, z. 10-Ś

5--15

EN

Retention of water in surface water reservoirs is one of the ways in which water resources can be enlarged. The impact of reservoirs on the adjacent natural sites depends on many factors, i.a. on hydrological and geomorphological conditions deciding on the circulation of surface and ground water near the reservoir. Its impact both positive and negative can change in time. An example of such changes was recorded from the vicinity of the Maziarnia reservoir, the initially positive impact of which on the surrounding forests of the Kolbuszowa forest district changed after several years of the functioning, and it caused negative changes in forest habitats. A partly lessening of water deficits in the areas of joint catchments of Łęg and Trześniówka Rivers, occurring mainly in the period from May to September, was the main aim of that reservoir made in 1988.It was made also for i.a. ensuring sufficient amounts of water for feeding neighbouring fishing ponds and irrigating meadows and pastures. The total volume of water collected in the reservoir is about 3860 thousand m[^3], the area is about 160 ha, and the mean depths is 2,4 m. Edge surrounding ditches of total length of 4,6 km were made along both edges of the flooded terrain. Due to social and economic changes, as well as to financial limitations occurring in the recent years, the role of the reservoir has been limited, and it serves now primarily as a tourism and recreational object, a source of energy for a water power plant (up to 50 KWh), a place for breeding fish, and as a flood preventing reserve. The depth of ground water table in the neighbouring forest areas was 1-3 m deep on the average, before the construction of the reservoir was made. The ground water came higher, but less than 1,0m under surface was only in (BMw).In the first year after filing the reservoir, a small rise of ground water was recorded, and it was estimated as a bettering of water relations in the forest sites. However, in several recent years a transformation of forest ground vegetation was recorded; raising the ground water table and a dieback of pine oldgrowths accompanying the former factor caused it. A computer model and field research was carried out for identification of causes and determination of methods refraining the negative impact of the reservoir on water relations in the forests neighbouring to the reservoir. A potential outreach and the speed of changes in water relations at various reservoir exploitation variants were determined with the FEMWATER model. The field research covered observations of ground waters in measuring wells and piezometers, and determination of the range of habitat changes.It was found from the model research verified with on field measurements that the ground water table may rise in the distance of 500-750 m on the areas located outside the left side of the reservoir, and 600-1500 m outside the right side of it. The analysis of the material collected showed that high precipitation in the period 1994-2000, being higher in individual years by 20-40% than the average from the period, was the main cause of changes in the reservoir impacts. The report presents the scope of habitat changes and the needs for activities aiming to regulation of water relations, covering i.a. changes of reservoir exploitation rules, and a development of a drainage system equipped with weirs that make possible to ground water table regulation.

6

Woda jako strategiczny czynnik rozwoju obszarów niezurbanizowanych

Borecki T., Pierzgalski E., Żelazo J.

Gospodarka Wodna

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2004

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Nr 6

220-227

PL

3 marca, w Pałacu Prezydenckim, odbyło się spotkanie poświęcone problemom gospodarki wodnej w Polsce. Podczas spotkania, zorganizowanego z inicjatywy prezydenta Aleksandra Kwaśniewskiego, przedstawiono raport pt. „Woda jako strategiczny czynnik rozwoju obszarów wiejskich", opracowany przez profesorów: Tomasza Boreckiego, Edwarda Pierzgalskiego i Jana Żelazo z SGGW w Warszawie. Autorzy przedstawili główne tezy raportu (patrz tekst w ramce). Do raportu ustosunkowali się Krzysztof Szamałek, sekretarz stanu w Ministerstwie Środowiska i Daria Oleszczuk - podsekretarz stanu w Ministerstwie Rolnictwa i Rozwoju Wsi, przedstawiając ocenę stanu gospodarki wodnej z punktu widzenia zainteresowanych resortów oraz perspektywy na najbliższe lata. Dyrektor Generalnej Dyrekcji Lasów Państwowych - Janusz Dawidziuk przedstawił informacje o realizacji i planach rozwoju małej retencji na terenach leśnych. Dyskusję podsumował prezydent Aleksander Kwaśniewski, który wyraził poważne zaniepokojenie aktualnym stanem gospodarki wodnej w Polsce. Zwrócił się do przedstawicieli resortów o podjęcie działań zmierzających do przyspieszenia realizacji prowadzonych inwestycji hydrotechnicznych, nadania właściwej rangi inwestycjom służącym ochronie przed powodziąi regulacji stosunków wodnych w rolnictwie, a także działań prowadzących do usprawnienia zarządzania i finansowania gospodarki wodnej.

EN

On the 3rd of March, in the Presidential Palace, was held a meeting devoted to the problems of water management in Poland. During that meeting which was organized on the initiative of the President Aleksander Kwaśniewski professors Tomasz Borecki, Edward Pierzgalski and Jan Żelazo presented elaborated by them report „Water as a strategic agent in the development of rural areas". The Authors presented the main points of the report (see the text in the box). The Secretary of state in the Ministry of Environment Krzysztof Szamałek and Undersecretary of state in the Ministry of Agriculture and Development of the Country Daria Oleszczuk assumed theirattitude to the report and presented opinion on the state of water management from the point of view of interested departments and perspective on the years to come. Director of the General - Management of State Forests - Janusz Dawidziuk presented information on realization and development plans of small retention reservoirs on forests areas. The discussion was recapitulated by the President Aleksander Kwaśniewski who gave expression to his concern about the actual state of water management in Poland. He asked the representatives of the departments to undertake actions aiming at acceleration of realization of being carried on hydrotechnical investments, to give the proper rank to investments of flood control and regulation of water conditions in agricultural areas as well as to undertake activity aiming at improvement of management and financing of water management.

7

Wpływ stanu lasu na kształtowanie się odpływu wody ze zlewni potoku Ciekoń

Pierzgalski E., Tyszka J., Kucharska K.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 5-Ś

153--161

EN

The long-lasting air pollution in the Western Sudety Mountains lowered the condition of trees and their resistance against fungi and insect pests. That situation resulted in very large defoliation in the period 1977-1985. Since 1983 an intensive reforestation work has been carried out on that area, with the use of hardwood species. The report deals with the question of runoff fluctuations in a small mountain catchment due to its considerable deforestation, and then repeated afforestation. The research was carried out in the Ciekoń stream catchment (the Góry Izerskie mountains) - the left tributary of the Kamienna river. The area of the Ciekoń stream catchment is 3,2 km2, it has a southern exposition, and it was fully covered with a spruce stand. At the beginning of the eighties more than 40% of its area underwent to deforestation. At present, due to reforestation, glades constitute only 8%, while forest cultures and thickets - 20%. Hydrological research on quantity and quality of water circulation in the Ciekoń stream catchment has been carried out since 9 years. The catchment is equipped with measuring overfall, limnigraph, and a precipitation post. The research aimed at assessing the impact of forest management on the water runoff from the catchment. The removal of trees from almost a half of the Ciekoń stream catchment area caused changes in water circulation in the catchment. A runoff increase occurred, especially maximum runoffs. A significant limitation of air pollution noted since 1997 and a distinct increase of biomass production connected with that limitation started a tendency to lower the runoff coefficient that decreased by 21% up to the year 2001. The hydrological changes in the Ciekoń stream catchment were discussed against the background of runoff parameters of the Czerniawka river catchment, where the forest management, save of defoliation, was disturbed at a little extent. A general decrease of the runoff in summer year-halves and a trend of lessening the differences between the runoffs of the Ciekoń stream and the Czerniawka River have been recorded from the recent four years. The greatest decrease occurred in the size of low runoffs (SNQ) from 36% to 14%, and of average runoffs (SSQ) from 38% to 24%, while differences in maximum runoffs (SWQ) remained at a similar level. In 2001 the values of unit runoffs were similar in both catchments. Analogous changes have not been recorded from winter year-halves, this evidencing an impact of physiological processes in trees on the water circulation regime in the catchment, especially after thickets getting dense, i.e. after the period of about 20 years since regeneration. As the research on water circulation in a spruce ecosystem shows out, the greatest impact of the vegetation in the vegetative period is linked with the requirements of stands for water, and it is connected with interception and evapotranspiration. In autumn-winter months this relation is connected with the water income from fog deposits and with water resources in soils and in forest litter. The forest relationships in water circulation are accompanied with a distinct impact of the forest on the food balance of tree stands. The increased productivity of forest sites influences the increase of the biological life and nitrogen ion concentrations, this influencing, on its turn, an increase of soil moisture and of water retention capabilities of the catchment.

8

Wpływ przyrostu lesistości i retencji zbiornikowej na zmniejszenie wezbrań w potokach górskich

Pierzgalski E., Tyszka J., Szymczak T.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 5-Ś

141--151

EN

The report discusses the problem of crest's decreasing in small catchments of mountains torrents. The impact of the catchment forest cover on maximum flows and flood wave reduction degree using retention reservoirs were analysed. The forest retention function was determined basing on WWq flow size in 1977-1994 in 21 Sudetian and Beskidian forests, with areas up to 100 km2. It was shown with statistical analysis that there was a significant relationship between the 'n' coefficient of non-uniformity of maximum flow and the forest cover extent in the catchment. Moreover, the unit culmination flow depended mainly on terrain slope. The altitude of catchments and their area size were of lesser significance for formation of water rises. The impact of forest on formation of the 'n' coefficient was very clear. It was analysed taking into account deforestation caused by the ecological disaster in the Sudety Zachodnie mountains. The catchments with increasing degree of forest cover area from 20% to 100% show an over 3 times decrease of equalled values of n indicator that responds to flows with about 5% probability of occurrence. The impact of a small retention reservoir was tested on the basis of the equation worked out by Ciepielowski (2001) related to the flood wave typical for the Sudety Zachodnie mountains. Using the SYSMOR model (Szymczak, 1996) simulation calculations were made for a 1% reduction of the Ciekoń stream rise with the flow Q[max] = 5,9m3/s after passing through a hypothetical reservoir. It was found that a 50% reduction of the crest is attained when the capacity of the dry reservoir is equal to 43% of the flood wave volume. It is connected with a necessity to take out about 8ha of forest area for a water reservoir at the catchment size of 3,1 km2. The difficulties with designating considerable areas for water reservoirs on forest grounds, apart of investment cost questions, constitute substantial limitations in broader use of such water bodies. Small retention reservoirs in the conditions of the lower mountain forest belt should fulfil first of all ecological and landscape functions, and their role in controlling floods depends on the active capacity of the reservoir, and it grows in the case of serious disturbances in retention properties of forest resulting from small forest cover or from weakening life functions in tree stands.

9

Hydrauliczne aspekty projektowania szlaków zrywkowych w obszarach górskich

Pierzgalski E., Popek Z.

Czasopismo Techniczne. Środowisko

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2002

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R. 99, z. 5-Ś

55--62

EN

Tree skidding in mountain forests is a difficult problem of forest management engineering. Damage of various size and kind occur in dependence on the skidding method. The soil and plant root systems are damaged at the dragged skidding that is the most popular in Poland. There furrows appear, starting a grooving erosion process, that is later transformed into a gully erosion. The greatest damage, up to 50% of area, occurs at the lack skidding paths, when the skidding goes over the whole forest area. When the network of skidding paths is well developed then the area under damage is lesser. Negative effects of skidding are concentrated then on the area of skidding paths. It results from the literature review that the rules for planning skidding paths in mountains are not uniform. This report analyses a relationship between the selection of the skidding path line and the amount of rainwater running along it, as well as the potential amount of eroded soil. This relationship is a rule not considered at the planning of skidding paths. Soil and topography data (tab. 1) for analysis were adopted on the base of field observation in the watershed of Bystra (Carpathian Mountains). Velocity of water in the skidding paths was calculated according to Manning's formula and concentration of soil material in runoff after Van Rijn's method. Calculations were done for mountain-side for different slopes (5, 15, 20 and 30 stopni) and various location of skidding-path (fig. 1). Length of skidding path and area of water runoff from the mountain-side in dependence on its location is shown on fig. 2. Calculations of eroded material were done for one hour effective rainfall amounted 30 mm. Quantity of sediment rate washed out from skidding-path for all calculated variants are presented on fig. 5.

10

Tarasy grzbietowe a kształtowanie zasobów wodnych

Baryła A., Pierzgalski E.

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2001

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Vol. 10, No. 3

443--450

PL

W pracy opisano funkcje tarasow grzbietowych jako urządzeń stosowanych w ochronie gleb przed erozją i umożliwiających sterowanie obiegiem wody w zlewni. Przedstawiono podział tarasów i scharakteryzowano ich konstrukcje. Na tle danych z literatury podano wyniki własnych badań prowadzonych w RZD Puczniew dotyczących wpływu warunków środowiskowych na wielkość współczynnika spływu powierzchniowego. Uzyskane rezultaty potwierdzają możliwość znacznego zwiększania retencji gruntowej i powierzchniowej za pomocą tarasów grzbietowych.

EN

Contour banks as soil conservation measures with water harvesting function were described in the paper. Design parameters of terraces was analysed. The investigation on runoff with various horizontal spacing of terraces were carried out in the Agricultural Experimental Station Puczniew. The results shows that coefficient of runoff depends between others on the length of terraces, rainfall intensity and soil moisture.