Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

PFASs jako przykład antropogenicznych, szkodliwych związków chemicznych obecnych w ściekach komunalnych

Wadiak Bartosz, Czarnota Joanna, Masłoń Adam

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2026

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Nr 3

14--21

PL

Poli- lub perfluorowane substancje alkilowane (z ang. per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFASs) to szeroka grupa związków chemicznych, syntezowana chemicznie od lat czterdziestych ubiegłego stulecia, która znalazła szerokie zastosowanie w życiu codziennym człowieka oraz różnych gałęziach przemysłu. Inertność implikuje trwałość cząsteczek tej grupy zanieczyszczeń, co prowadzi do ich akumulacji w środowisku oraz obecności w wielu obszarach związanych z codziennym funkcjonowaniem człowieka, np. w ściekach komunalnych. Badania na przestrzeni lat wykazały wysoką toksyczność PFASs dla organizmów żywych oraz trudności w ich usuwaniu. W pracy przedstawiono charakterystykę PFASs, ich wpływ na organizmy żywe, sposoby analizy jakościowej i ilościowej tych związków, a także zwrócono uwagę na ich występowanie w ściekach komunalnych.

EN

Poly- or perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) are a broad group of chemical compounds, chemically synthesized since the 1940s, which have found wide application in everyday human life as well as in various branches of industry. Their inertness implies the persistence of molecules in this group of pollutants, leading to their accumulation in the environment and presence in many areas, including municipal wastewater. Research over the years has demonstrated the high toxicity of PFASs to living organisms and the difficulties associated with their removal. This paper presents the characteristics of PFASs, their impact on living organisms, methods for qualitative and quantitative analysis of these compounds, and emphasizes their occurrence in municipal wastewater.

2

Porównanie skuteczności różnych metod dezynfekcji w odnowie wody ze ścieków komunalnych

Knap-Bałdyga Alicja, Sudoł-Szopińska I.

Technologia Wody

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2025

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Nr 4 (90)

10-14

PL

Postępujące zmiany klimatu oraz rosnące zapotrzebowanie na wodę wymuszają poszukiwanie alternatywnych źródeł jej pozyskiwania, w tym odzysku wody ze ścieków komunalnych. Kluczowym etapem w procesie odzysku jest dezynfekcja, której celem jest eliminacja drobnoustrojów chorobotwórczych. W niniejszej pracy przeanalizowano skuteczność trzech metod dezynfekcji - chlorowania, ozonowania oraz promieniowania UV - w kontekście spełnienia wymagań określonych w Rozporządzeniu (UE) 2020/741 dla wskaźników mikrobiologicznych. Najwyższą skuteczność dezynfekcji uzyskano dla ozonowania i promieniowania UV. Jakość odzyskanej wody była zgodna z wymaganiami określonymi dla klasy A. W pracy przedstawiono również zalety i wady różnych metod dezynfekcji. Tę część przygotowano na podstawie przeglądu literatury.

EN

Progressive climate change and increasing water demand necessitate the exploration of alternative water sources, including the reclamation of municipal wastewater. A critical stage in the reclamation process is disinfection, aimed at eliminating pathogenic microorganisms. This study evaluates the effectiveness of three disinfection methods - chlorination, ozonation, and ultraviolet (UV) radiation - in the context of meeting the microbiological quality standards set by Regulation (EU) 2020/741. The highest disinfection efficacy was observed for ozonation and UV radiation. The quality of the reclaimed water complied with the requirements specified for Class A. The study also presents the advantages and dis advantages of the various disinfection methods, based on a comprehensive literature review.

3

Pretreatment methods for the isolation of microplastics from wastewater and sludge samples:Part 2

Blumenthal Elisa, Ormaniec Paulina, Mikosz Jerzy

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

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Nr 5

15-19

EN

The analytical procedure for identifying microplastics (MPs) in municipal wastewater is hampered by the complex matrix nature of the samples, in which numerous organic and inorganic contaminants are present that compete in the isolation of MP particles. Therefore, separation of MPs requires multi-step density and chemical purification. In the absence of standard methods, various sample purification methods are used. The test sample is subjected to enzymatic digestion or chemical oxidation to remove organic matter. Subsequently, the remaining material is subjected to density separation using a solution of appropriate density to separate MP particles from inorganic particles. The floating fraction is filtered on membranes with 0.45-1.2 μm pores and dried in an oven, and then identification of the isolated MP particles is performed using an FTIR/Raman spectrometer. The long time for sample preparation and analysis limits the scale of research and the reproducibility of measurements in different laboratories. This paper presents a comparative study on various methods of density and chemical separation of MP in municipal wastewater samples. The theoretical basis of the processes used is presented in the first part of the article.

PL

Procedura analityczna identyfikacji mikroplastików (MP) w ściekach komunalnych jest utrudniona przez złożony matrycowy charakter próbek, w których obecne są liczne organiczne i nieorganiczne zanieczyszczenia konkurujące przy izolacji cząstek MP. Dlatego separacja MP wymaga wieloetapowego oczyszczania gęstościowego i chemicznego. Wobec braku metod standardowych stosowane są różne metody oczyszczania próbek. Badaną próbkę poddaje się trawieniu enzymatycznemu lub utlenianiu chemicznemu w celu usunięcia materii organicznej. Kolejno, pozostały materiał poddaje się separacji gęstościowej z użyciem roztworu o odpowiedniej gęstości w celu odseparowania cząstek MP od cząstek nieorganicznych. Frakcję pływającą filtruje się na membranach o porach 0,45-1,2 μm i suszy się w suszarce, a następnie z użyciem spektrometru FTIR/Ramana wykonuje się identyfikację wyizolowanych cząstek MP. Długi czas przygotowania i analizy próbek ograniczają skalę badań i powtarzalność pomiarów w różnych laboratoriach. W artykule przedstawiono badania porównawcze nad różnymi metodami separacji gęstościowej i chemicznej MP w próbkach ścieków komunalnych. Podstawy teoretyczne stosowanych procesów przedstawiono w pierwszej części artykułu.

4

Metody wstępnego przygotowania próbek ścieków i osadów do analizy zawartości mikroplastików: Część 1

Blumenthal Elisa, Ormaniec Paulina, Mikosz Jerzy

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2025

|

Nr 4

21-27

PL

Mikroplastiki stanowią rosnące zagrożenie dla środowiska, a ścieki komunalne są jednym z ich istotnych źródeł. Oczyszczalnie ścieków to miejsca, gdzie mikroplastiki są usuwane ze ścieków i akumulowane osadach ściekowych. Wiedza na tematy zawartości mikroplastików w ściekach, ich wielkości, kształtu i innych właściwości fizycznych i chemicznych jest konieczna do opracowania technologii ich usuwania ze ścieków. W tym celu próbki ścieków i osadów ściekowych muszą być odpowiednio przygotowane do oznaczania zawartości mikroplastików. W artykule omówiono formy mikroplastików w ściekach, przedstawiono wpływ poszczególnych procesów technologicznych na usuwanie mikroplastików oraz stosowane sposoby obróbki próbek w celu identyfikacji i analizy ilościowej mikroplastików.

EN

Microplastics are a growing threat to the environment, and municipal wastewater is one significant source of them. Wastewater treatment plants are sites where microplastics are removed from wastewater and accumulate in sewage sludge. Knowledge of the content of microplastics in wastewater, their size, shape and other physical and chemical properties is necessary to develop technologies for their removal from wastewater. To this end, wastewater and sludge samples need to be properly prepared for the determination of microplastics. This article discusses the forms of microplastics in wastewater, presents the influence of individual technological processes on microplastic removal and the sample treatment methods used to identify and quantify microplastics.

5

Sonication and electrooxidation for municipal wastewater primary sewage sludge stabilization

Del Río-Galván Cinthya P., Hernández-León Roberto C., Valencia-Del Toro Gustavo, Meléndez-Estrada Jorge, Franco-Hernández Marina O.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 3

43--55

EN

During wastewater treatment (WT), sewage sludge (SS) is generated, containing organic matter and pathogenic microorganisms that pose health risks and must therefore be stabilised. Several authors have reported the stabilisation of secondary SS (sludge from the WT bioreactor) for its use as a soil fertiliser. However, to date, primary SS (sludge from the primary settler or chemical precipitation tank in WT) remains underutilised. In this study, we applied sonication and electrooxidation to primary SS to reduce concentrations of total coliforms, faecal coliforms (FC), and chemical oxygen demand (COD). We show that sonication reduces FC concentrations in wastewater SS twice as effectively as electrooxidation, and that this process is influenced by the interaction between treatment time and applied pH. Additionally, the interaction of pH and current intensity affects the reduction of FC and COD in primary SS treated by electrooxidation. Our results demonstrate that sonication at pH 5 for 10 min reduces FC concentration in primary sludge by 31% compared to untreated sludge. Complementary treatments are necessary to further reduce the concentrations of pathogenic microorganisms.

6

Biological removal of phenolic pollutants from wastewater - a short review

Bluszcz Agnieszka, Barbusiński Krzysztof, Pieczykolan Barbara

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2025

|

Vol. 18, no. 3

115--128

EN

The article focuses on chemical compounds from the phenol group, which can persist in the natural environment and exert harmful effects on living organisms. Phenolic compounds have been listed as priority pollutants by both the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and the European Union (EU) due to their toxicity and significant effects on organisms. For example, some alkylphenols (APs), because of their chemical structure, are classified as xenoestrogens. Owing to their similarity to natural estrogens, they can interfere with the endocrine system, particularly by disrupting the metabolism of endogenous estrogens and impairing immune system function. Additionally, nonylphenol is considered a xenoestrogen compound that exerts toxic effects on many organisms by interfering with hormonal function. Against the background of the initially described physicochemical properties and environmental impact (including impact on living organisms) of phenol and phenolic compounds, this publication discusses methods for biodegrading these pollutants using bacteria, yeasts, fungi, and enzymes. Bioaugmentation techniques and hybrid treatment methods are also considered.

7

Reduction of sonified pharmaceutical residues determined using gas chromatography, in terms of water resource management

Zawieja Iwona, Wolny Lidia, Próba Marta

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 11

400--413

EN

Pharmaceuticals can interact negatively in an uncontrolled and unpredictable manner with microorganisms and aquatic animals, and additionally pose a threat of contamination of drinking water sources. The purpose of the study was to determine the effectiveness of the decomposition of pharmaceutical residues contained in municipal wastewater, using an active ultrasonic field, in terms of water resource management. The novelty of this work is to demonstrate that there is a potential possibility of implementing technology based on the use of an ultrasonic field in the wastewater treatment process and, as a result, increasing the susceptibility to decomposition of diclofenac and ketoprofen present in municipal wastewater using the active action of an ultrasonic field with a high nominal power of 750 W and a low frequency of approximately 20 Hz at an ultrasonic field intensity of 1.72 Wcm-2. Pharmaceuticals belonging to the group of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, i.e.: diclofenac and ketoprofen, were selected for the study. The degree of concentration reduction of selected pharmaceuticals was determined by quantitative analysis of pharmaceuticals present in municipal wastewater. It was observed that subjecting pharmaceuticals to exposure to ultrasounds influenced the decrease in their concentration. With the increase in the applied sonification time, a decrease in the toxicity of the tested pharmaceuticals was observed, i.e. for diclofenac, from 83 to 91% for 120s and for ketoprofen from 94 to 99% for 240s. It should be noted that the sonication of sewage sludge by initiating the phenomenon of ultrasonic cavitation and generating highly reactive hydroxyl radicals affects the reduction of selected pharmaceuticals, which determines the implementation of the tested technology on a larger scale.

8

Reuse of Treated Municipal Wastewater for the Production of Water for Agriculture

Szymański Kazimierz

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2024

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Tom 26

684--690

EN

Treated municipal wastewater may be a source of water that can be used for a wide range of industrial applications, municipal services, agriculture, and environmental protection. It must meet the criteria for environmental protection and human and animal health. Directive 2007/2/EC of the European Parliament and the Council covers the shared use of spatial information, including data sets on various issues in the field of environmental protection. The provisions of the above regulation on access to information and agreements mustn't constitute a separate legal system. Data provided by the Member States are necessary for the Commission to conduct monitoring. At present, it can be stated that the reuse of treated municipal wastewater reflects the state of scientific knowledge and international standards and practices of using treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation. Such policy promotes a circular economy, supports adaptation to climate change, and contributes to achieving the assumed objectives. Published Regulation (EU) 2020/741 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 May 2020 on minimum requirements for water reuse does not exclude food business operators from obtaining water quality parameters required to ensure compliance with the provisions of this regulation. New solutions for eliminating micropollutants from treated municipal wastewater will support these assumptions.

9

Assessing the Feasibility of Recovering Water from Treated Municipal Wastewater

Dąbrowski Wojciech, Bagińska Sylwia, Malinowski Paweł

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 1

119--130

EN

The problem of recovering water from treated wastewater may concern an increasing number of countries, especially those with low water resources. After costly treatment processes, water taken from surface and underground intakes is used and then largely discharged to receivers in the form of treated wastewater. Advanced wastewater treatment methods ensure that the treated wastewater is characterized by very low physical and chemical pollution, sometimes better than the water quality in the receiving basin. The research was conducted under a cooperation agreement between Bialystok University of Technology and Bialystok Waterworks Ltd. The recovery of water from wastewater was one of the topics pursued.This paper analyzes the parameters of treated wastewater from the largest municipal wastewater treatment plant in the Podlaskie Province. The analysis of the treated wastewater composition was based on monitoring studies conducted by the company Bialystok Waterworks Ltd. between 2020 and 2023. The analysis concerned the basic parameters of wastewater, namely the content of organic matter and total suspended solids.This was due to the requirements for the recyclability of treated wastewater. Linear modeling was performed to determine if a sufficiently strong correlation was detected;otherwise output distribution characteristics were provided.In all cases, the output concentrations were far below the class A limits for irrigation in the whole research period.

10

Advanced wastewater reclamation - a response of the municipal sector to climate change and water scarcity

Zawadzki Piotr, Wiesner-Sękala Marta

Instal

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2024

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nr 12

65--74

EN

This paper presents systematised information concerning advanced technologies for municipal wastewater reclamation in 15 selected facilities worldwide. The analysed plants include both low-capacity facilities, designed to service specific needs, as well as major wastewater reclamation plants that service entire communities or cities, where the daily output can reach even up to 500 000 m3/d. These facilities serve from 4 000 to even up to 2.3 million people equivalent. State-of- the-art wastewater reclamation plants typically employ a combination of multiple treatment methods, such as physical (e.g. sand traps, filtration), biological (e.g. biological reactors, membrane bioreactors) and chemical (coagulation, flocculation). However, it is becoming more common for wastewater treatment plants to expand their processing systems with a tertiary wastewater recycling. These include filtration processes (e.g. sand or carbon filters), biological (e.g. biological activated carbon) and membrane, particularly microfiltration, ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. Reclaimed water is primarily used for irrigating green space, recreational areas, crop cultivation in agriculture, as well as potable water.

PL

W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono usystematyzowane informacje dotyczące zaawansowanych technologii odzysku wody ze ścieków komunalnych w 15 wybranych oczyszczalniach na całym świecie. Analizowane obiekty obejmują zarówno instalacje o niskiej wydajności, zaprojektowane do zaspokajania konkretnych potrzeb, jak i duże zakłady odzysku ścieków, obsługujące całe społeczności lub miasta, w których dzienna produkcja może osiągać nawet 500 000 m3/d. Obiekty te obsługują od 4 000 do nawet 2,3 miliona osób. Najnowocześniejsze instalacje odzysku wody ze ścieków zazwyczaj wykorzystują kombinację wielu metod oczyszczania, takich jak fizyczne (np. piaskowniki, filtracja), biologiczne (np. reaktory biologiczne, bioreaktory membranowe) i chemiczne (koagulacja, flokulacja). Jednak coraz częściej oczyszczalnie ścieków rozbudowują swoje systemy oczyszczania o trzeci stopień oczyszczania ścieków. Obejmują one procesy filtracji (np. filtry piaskowe lub węglowe), biologiczne (np. biologiczny węgiel aktywny) i membranowe, w szczególności mikrofiltrację, ultrafiltrację i odwróconą osmozę. Odzyskana woda jest wykorzystywana głównie do nawadniania terenów zielonych, terenów rekreacyjnych, upraw w rolnictwie, a także jako źródło wody do picia.

11

Nowa dyrektywa ściekowa - propozycja Komisji Europejskiej

Ramm Klara

Technologia Wody

|

2023

|

Nr 1 (79)

51-55

12

Application of Anaerobic-Aerobic Combined Bioreactor in Phosphorus Removal

Kavousi Rezvan, Borghei Seyyed Mehdi

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 17, no. 6

111--127

EN

A two-stage anaerobic-aerobic sequencing reactor system was developed in order to enhance the removal of biological phosphorus in the sequencing of combined reactors. Combining both aerobic and anaerobic designs in one reactor improved the efficiency and reduced the construction and operating costs. The combination of an upflow anaerobic fixed bed (UAFB) and a floating activated sludge aerobic bioreactor was designed with respective Kaldnes packing ratios of 90 and 30% for the anaerobic and aerobic sections. The controlled parameters were pH levels within a neutral range, a temperature of 37°C, mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) of 1220 and 1030 mg/L for the aerobic and anaerobic sections, respectively, and an attached growth that was equal of 743 and 1190 mg/L for the aerobic and anaerobic sections, respectively. Tests were conducted for three different initial phosphorus concentrations (12.8, 32.0, and 44.8 mg/L), two different volumes for each section, and four chemical oxygen demands (CODs) (500, 1000, 1200, and 1400 mg/L). The results demonstrated that, generally, the phosphorus removal in the anaerobic section fell significantly by increasing the inlet COD, and the maximum removal occurred at COD = 500 mg/L. More than 90% of the phosphorus was removed in the aerobic section at COD = 500 mg/L. In other words, the best performance of the reactor was when the ratio of the COD : N : P = 100 : 5 : 2, composition of phosphorus in industrial wastewater.

13

An Application of Anaerobic-Aerobic Combined Bioreactor Efficiency in COD Removal

Kavousi Rezvan, Borghei Seyyed Mehdi

Geomatics and Environmental Engineering

|

2023

|

Vol. 17, no. 4

5--18

EN

Over the past few decades, anaerobic-aerobic wastewater treatment systems have been widely used in industrial and municipal wastewater treatment. This study was conducted to examine the effects of combined anaerobic-aerobic bioreactors in the removal of chemical oxygen demands (COD) while reducing phosphate concentrations in synthetic wastewater. In this project, a bioreactor with the dimensions of 10 cm × 10 cm × 80 cm with respective Kaldnes packing ratios of 90 and 30% for the anaerobic and aerobic sections was designed. A combined anaerobic-aerobic reactor’s structure made changing hydraulic retention times only possible by adjusting the volume of its aerobic and anaerobic sections. In the first case, the anaerobic and aerobic sections of the reactor occupied 30 and 50 cm of its height, respectively. The height of the anaerobic section decreases to 12.5 cm in the second case. In aerobic and anaerobic sections, pH was within a neutral range, temperature was 37°C. MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids) was 1220 and 1030 mg/L, and attached growth was 743 and 1190 mg/L respectively. In order to evaluate COD in the wastewater, three different initial phosphorus concentrations were tested: 12.8, 32.0 and 44.8 mg/L, as well as four COD: 500, 1000, 1200 and 1400 mg/L. Considering the results, COD removal is greater than 80% when the valve 2 is in the anaerobic section outlet regardless of the concentration of phosphate. In this case, the best result is for inlet COD of 500, where the reactor can eliminate more than 90%. When the COD concentration reaches 1000 to 1400 ppm, the reactor’s COD removal efficiency declines to 60%.

14

Reduction of Contaminants from Municipal Wastewater of Salori Sewage Treatment Plant Using Electrochemical Membrane Bioreactor and Bioelectricity Generation

Yadav Saurabh, Kamsonlian Suantak, Gola Deepak, Pal Shubham

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

|

2023

|

Vol. 24, iss. 1

264--271

EN

Membrane bioreactor (MBR) is stable and rising wastewater treatment reactor though membrane fouling and energy expenditure remain operational impediments and challenges for the wider deployment of the MBR technology. The majority of municipal wastewater contains low quantities of suspended, dissolved inorganic and organic particles. Proteins, carbohydrates, synthetic detergents, lignin, soaps, lipids and their decomposition products, along with many natural and synthetic organic chemicals from industrial processes, are also examples of impurities present in water. In addition, municipal wastewater contains a variety of inorganic chemicals, such as heavy metals, which might have phytotoxic and health consequences, limiting its usage in agriculture. In this study, an electrochemical membrane bioreactor (EMBR) has been developed to reduce several impurities from real municipal wastewater; moreover bioelectricity was also generated simultaneously. The maximum removal of biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total dissolved solid (TDS) were 35.57%, 31.55%, and 32.84 %, respectively, after a 5-day experimental run.

15

Ozonation in Wastewater Disinfection

Zamorska Justyna, Kiełb-Sotkiewicz Izabela

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

|

2023

|

Vol. 33, no. 3

63--75

EN

Due to the potential microbiological hazard associated with discharging treated sewage into the receiving body, its disinfection is a key issue to protect ecological safety and human health. Water scarcity and drinking water supply, irrigation, rapid industrialization, use of treated water, protection of water sources, overpopulation and environmental protection force us to look for solutions to ensure safe reuse of wastewater, and this depends primarily on the quality of wastewater disinfection. Many wastewater disinfection methods are commonly used. One of the chemical processes of disinfection sludge is ozonation. Ozonation is widely used in wastewater treatment by oxidation, because ozone is a very strong and effective oxidizing agent. Studies have shown that the effectiveness of ozone in disinfecting water and sewage is up to 50% greater than that of chlorine . An additional advantage of this method is that it also eliminates odors that may be unavailable. The article presents the results of research on the effectiveness of ozonation treatment in the disinfection of treated sewage, based on indicator bacteria such as coliforms, including Escherichia coli, mesophiles, psychrophiles, and spores. The study took into account various effects of time (dose) and temperature. For the purpose of this study, both traditional and modern methods of assessing microbiological quality of wastewater were used. The first one is represented by conventional culture measurements and the second one by using a luminometer (ATP) and flow cytometer (FCM).

16

Feeding a Membrane-less Microbial Fuel Cell by Mixed Municipal and Industrial Wastewater

Włodarczyk Barbara, Włodarczyk Paweł P.

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

|

2023

|

Vol. 33, no. 4

50--62

EN

Due to the constant growth of the world's population, the amount of generated wastewater is also constantly increasing. One of the devices that can use wastewater as a raw material for energy production is a microbial fuel cell (MFC). MFCs technology is constantly evolving. However, to increase its use, it is necessary to improve its efficiency. There are various possibilities to ensure this, such as the use of new electrode materials, new cell designs, or the use of wastewaters from different sources. In this paper the analysis of MFC operation (cell voltage, power, and current density) fed by mixed municipal and industrial wastewaters was shown. Moreover, the change in time of COD was analyzed. Due to cost reduction the membrane-less microbial fuel cell (ML-MFC) was chosen. It was noted that the addition of concentrated process wastewater increases the COD reduction time in the ML MFC. An increase of generated bioelectricity during fed ML-MFC by mixed municipal and industrial (process wastewater from yeast production) wastewater was demonstrated. The highest values of average cell voltage (598 mV), maximum power (4.47 mW) and maximum current density (0.26 mA•cm-2) were obtained for a 10% share of yeast process wastewater in the mixed wastewater, which fed the ML-MFC.

17

An Application of Orifice Hydrodynamic Cavitation Reactor for Tertiary Treatment of Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents

Szaja Aleksandra, Montusiewicz Agnieszka, Lebiocka Magdalena, Skrzypiec Jan

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2023

|

Vol. 17, no. 6

98--107

EN

In this paper, a multi-orifice hydrodynamic cavitator (HC) has been applied as an effective device for water reclamation. Municipal wastewater after mechanical and biological treatment has been applied as a medium. The effectiveness of using this device has been evaluated on the basis on the microbiological indicators. Moreover, optimization of operating parameters was evaluated. Two experiments with different inlet pressure of 0.4 and 0.6 MPa were performed. The samples for analyses were taken at the following time intervals: 0, 15, 30, 60 and 90 min. The application of HC reactor provided the effective destruction of microorganisms, thus allowing for subsequent use of reclaimed water. With regard to Escherichia coli and Coliform bacteria destruction, the longest time of 90 min and higher pressure of 0.6 MPa might be considered as the most advantageous conditions to perform cavitation. In both cases, the microbes were deactivated in over 50%. In the case of Enterococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and colony count, more beneficial results were found at lower pressure of 0.4 MPa and 90 min. Therein, the high level of microorganisms destruction was achieved varied between 81 and 92%. The applied HC allowed for selecting optimal operating parameters and process control through the application of gauge system.

18

Przegląd metod identyfikacji mikroplastików w ściekach komunalnych

Ormaniec Paulina, Mikosz Jerzy

Instal

|

2022

|

nr 7/8

54--58

PL

Zanieczyszczenie środowiska tworzywami sztucznymi to obecnie jeden z czołowych problemów ochrony środowiska na całym świecie. Ogromnym problemem, do tej pory nie uregulowanym prawnie, jest obecność mikroplastików w ściekach miejskich. Mikroplastiki to drobiny tworzyw sztucznych, które swoją wielkością nie przekraczają 5 mm. W artykule omówiono ogólnie dostępne metody identyfikacji mikroplastików wyizolowanych z próbek pochodzących z oczyszczalni ścieków, uwzględniając podział na metody chemiczne i metody fizyczne. Charakterystykę przedstawionych metod opracowano na podstawie przeglądu źródeł literaturowych. Analiza fizyczna w dużej mierze opiera się na określeniu rozmiaru i liczby oraz na określeniu innych właściwości fizycznych, tj. kolor lub kształt. W tym celu stosuje się mikroskopy, w szczególności mikroskopy optyczne. Ponadto, żeby ocenić, czy obserwowane cząstki są wykonane z tworzywa sztucznego, przeprowadza się test topnienia i test gorącej igły. Chemiczna analiza mikroplastików opiera się na określeniu polimeru z jakiego składa się badany mikroplastik. Wśród powszechnie stosowanych analiz największą popularnością wyróżnia się spektroskopia w podczerwieni z transformacją fourierowską (FTIR), która wykorzystuje trzy metody optymalizujące: spektroskopia osłabionego całkowitego odbicia wewnętrznego (ATR), detektor płaszczyzny ogniskowej (FPA) oraz mikro-FTIR. Niniejsza praca skupia się na przeglądzie aktualnych badań dotyczących identyfikacji i charakteryzacji mikroplastików w oczyszczalniach ścieków. Pomimo, że dotychczasowe badania skupiające się na mikroplastikach niewątpliwie podniosły poziom zrozumienia tego tematu, jasne jest, że nadal wiele pytań pozostaje bez odpowiedzi, a tym samym kluczowa staje się standaryzacja metod identyfikacji mikroplastików.

EN

Pollution of the environment with plastic waste is currently one of the leading global environmental problems. A huge concern, not yet legally regulated, is the presence of microplastic in municipal wastewater treatment plants. Microplastic is plastic particles that do not exceed 5 mm in size. The article discusses generally available identification methods of microplastic isolated from wastewater treatment plants samples, taking into account the division into chemical and physical methods. The characteristics of the presented methods have been developed based on a review of literature sources. A physical analysis involves the evaluation of size and number or other physical properties such as color and shape. For this purpose, microscopes are used, in particular optical microscopes. In addition, a melt test and a hot needle test are performed to confirm that the observed particles are made of plastic. Chemical analysis of microplastics is based on the determination of polymer composition. Among the commonly used analyzes, the most popular is Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which uses three optimization methods: Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR), Focal Plane Array (FPA) and micro-FTIR. This work focuses on a review of current research on the identification and characterization of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants. Although the research focused on microplastics to date has undoubtedly raised the level of understanding of the topic, but it is clear that many questions remain unanswered and thus the standardization of methods for identifying microplastics becomes crucial.

19

Kawitacja hydrodynamiczna jako metoda wstępnej obróbki odpadów lignocelulozowych

Szaja Aleksandra

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2022

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Nr 7-8

12--16

PL

W ciągu ostatnich lat kawitacja hydrodynamiczna (KH) wykazała potwierdzoną skuteczność w wielu dziedzinach inżynieryjnych, zarówno w technologii wody, ścieków i odpadów oraz w sektorze przemysłowym. W porównaniu do innych innowacyjnych metod ,stosowanych w inżynierii środowiska, KH wykazuje szereg korzyści, charakteryzuje się m.in. prostą konstrukcją urządzeń, łatwą obsługą oraz niskimi kosztami eksploatacyjnymi. Co istotne, KH można łatwo połączyć z konwencjonalnymi i powszechnie stosowanymi technologiami w gospodarce odpadami oraz oczyszczaniu wody i ścieków. W pracy przedstawiono zbiór doświadczeń z zakresu zastosowania kawitacji hydrodynamicznej jako metody wstępnej obróbki odpadów lignocelulozowych, pozwalającej na poprawę ich stopnia biodegradowalności.

EN

In recent years, the effectiveness of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has been proven in many engineering fields. It has found several application in water, wastewater and waste technology, as well as in the industrial sector. Compared to other innovative methods used in environmental engineering, it presents several advantages, such as simple construction of reactors, easy operation and low operating costs. Importantly, HC can be easily combined with conventional and commonly used technologies in water and waste water treatment, as well as waste management. The paper presents a set of experiences in the field of application hydrodynamic cavitation as a method of lignocellulosic waste pre-treatment, allowing for improving its biodegradability.

20

Ekotrendy w ściekach

Neczaj Ewa, Grosser Anna

Chemia Przemysłowa

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2022

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Nr 4

38-41

PL

Problem niedoboru i zanieczyszczenia naturalnych zasobów wodnych jest dzisiaj jednym z kluczowych zagrożeń rozwijającego się świata, który wymaga podjęcia natychmiastowych działań naprawczych.