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1

Experimental investigation and prediction of the tensile strength and surface roughness of fused deposition modeling-printed thermoplastic polyurethane parts using response surface methodology and artificial neural network models

Saeed Warqaa Majid, Huayier Abdullah Faraj, Shabeeb Alaa Hassan

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2026

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Vol. 20, no. 8

269--281

EN

The versatility across engineering applications, low production costs, and environmental sustainability position 3D printing as one of the most promising manufacturing technologies. Process parameters directly govern the quality of printed parts, making their optimization essential for performance enhancement. This paper explores how tensile strength and surface roughness of FDM-printed parts of thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) can be optimized and predicted using Taguchi, RSM and ANN Models. Taguchi L27 orthogonal array design and ANOVA were used to test the effects of layer thickness (0.16, 0.2, 0.24 mm), infill density (40,60,80%), and infill pattern (Gyroid, Grid, Line) to achieve higher-the-better UTS and lower-the-better (Ra) per the ASTM D638 Type IV test. Optimal settings (LT 0.24 mm, ID 80%, IP Line) had a maximum UTS of 38.463 MPa, (LT 0.20 mm, ID 60, IP Grid) had a minimum RA of 1.88 µm, the infill pattern had the greatest effect on UTS (38.1 percent, p=0.043), and layer thickness had the greatest effect on RA (47.4 percent, p=0.010). The prediction was done using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model. ANN performed better than RSM with maximum prediction errors of 6.90 (UTS) and 6.49 (Ra) compared to the higher values of RSM, lower values of MSE, and an outstanding correlation coefficient of R = 0.99997. The validation of ANN on the experimental data indicated the high accuracy (MAE 0.011 UTS, 0.032 Ra) was achieved with the training of Levenberg-Marquardt (70-15-15 split), and the standard errors were low among all the runs. This combination of Taguchi design, RSM, ANOVA, and interpretable ANN modeling is a powerful scheme of optimization of the parameters of the FDM process when printing TPU, which improves the mechanical performance and the surface quality of the material in flexible engineering tasks.

2

Using artificial intelligence to optimize gcode files for fused filament fabrication/ fused deposition modeling technology

Pilch Zbigniew, Gibas Maciej

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 10

461--474

EN

3D printing technology—particularly thermoplastic-based methods such as Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)—has gained popularity in both industrial and home settings. A key element of the 3D-printing process is the preparation of the printer’s batch files—so-called g-code files—which contain all the information needed for correct execution of the print. Traditional methods of generating g-code rely on deterministic algorithms that do not always yield optimal results in terms of print quality (dimensional accuracy of the geometry), build time, material consumption, and functional parameters such as the mechanical strength of the printed part. In recent years, interest has grown in using artificial intelligence (AI) to optimize these processes. AI algorithms, including machine learning and deep learning, have the potential to analyse and optimize g-code in ways that surpass traditional approaches, offering higher print quality, greater energy efficiency, and shorter production times. This work explores the modification of print parameters recorded in g-code files through the use of AI, demonstrating that the modified files produce prints with improved mechanical strength. A large language model (ChatGPT-4o) was used to selectively modify nozzle temperature parameters in g-code files, based on prompt engineering and filament datasheets. Tensile samples made from Easy PLA and Easy PET-G filaments were printed and tested in three-point bending, in accordance with ISO 14125. The samples were divided into three groups: unmodified (reference), modified every 2 layers, and modified every 3 layers. The results showed an increase in the average breaking force for PLA samples by 2.7% and 3.0%, and for PET-G samples by 4.3% and 9.9%, respectively. Comparative analysis of the g-code files confirmed that the AI introduced cyclic temperature changes (increase in M104 commands from 3 to 30), improving interlayer adhesion. The flexural strength improvements were consistent with these modifications. In conclusion, AI-driven g-code optimization offers a simple and effective way to improve the mechanical properties of printed objects without altering geometry or increasing material usage. This approach holds great potential for advancing additive manufacturing processes, particularly in the context of Industry 4.0.

3

The application of additive manufacturing technology in designing and producing individualized lower limb orthoses

Jańczak Klaudia, Górski Filip, Żukowska Magdalena, Rybarczyk Justyna, Barteczka Tomasz, Kuczko Wiesław

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 7

346--359

EN

The aim of this paper was to compare two different processes of rapid design and fabrication of personalized ankle orthoses using FDM technology. The intention was to assess the suitability of orthoses designed in a short time for practical use. The first tool used was the online platform Mecuris, while the second was an auto-generative model implemented into the Inventor software, developed within the AutoMedPrint project framework. Low-budget 3D scanners were employed to collect data for obtaining anthropometric measurements of patients, which were utilized for precise design of personalized orthoses. Several patients, volunteers, were selected for the conducted research. Orthoses for the patients were designed using both tools. The orthoses fabrication process was conducted using various printers and materials such as PET-G and PLA. As a result of the conducted work, three orthoses designed using the Mecuris platform and one utilizing the auto-generative model were obtained, and their fitting and functionality were positively verified. The analysis conducted on the advantages and disadvantages of both programs allowed for the conclusion that combining the capabilities of these tools would be an optimal solution. The automation of the design process significantly influenced the customization potential of orthoses to meet the needs of each patient.

4

Optimization of process parameters for compressive strength-to-weight ratio of additively manufactured polyethylene terephthalate glycol

Obaeed Nareen Hafidh, Abdulridha HInd H., Shwaish Raed R., Bedan Aqeel S.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 6

301--315

EN

Additive manufacturing (AM), particularly the Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) has become a cornerstone manufacturing technology in the nascent field of 3D printing. The mechanical properties and effective use of material in 3D printed parts are essential for enhancing the potential of AM in industrial and functional applications. This paper explores how core FDM printing process parameters: print temperature, extrusion width, and printing speed affect the compressive strength-to-weight ratio of Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol PETG parts produced via FDM. Based on the Box-Behnken design of Response Surface Methodology (RSM) the influence of these conditions concerning the mechanics and material properties were studied. The results show that a printing temperature of 250 °C provides improved compressive strength as well as decreased weight through strong bonding between layers. Small, extruded widths (0.5 mm) have been found to offer the ideal strength-to-weight ratio while large extruded widths (0.6 mm) greatly enhanced strength by adding weight. A slower printing speed of 30mm/s promoted greater compressive strength but yielded more dense parts. In the multi-objective desirability optimization, optimal parameters were found in which the printing temperature was 250°C, the extruded width was 0.5879mm and the printing speed was 30mm/s. The results of this study are beneficial for realizing lightweight yet mechanically abundant 3D printing parts while enhancing the field of AM in different industries.

5

Optimization of fused deposition modeling parameters to enhance tensile strength and surface roughness of polyethylene terephthalate glycol

Shabeeb Alaa Hassan, Abdulwahhab Ahmed Basil, Ismael Hameed S., Ghazi Safaa Kadhim

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

|

Vol. 19, no. 8

345--358

EN

The wide examination of FDM as an industrial additive manufacturing technique appears because it provides design freedom alongside improved material efficiency and reasonable cost. This study's main objective is to investigate the relationship of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) process parameters with the tensile properties and surface roughness of Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG) parts. A response surface methodology (RSM) utilizing Box–Behnken design methodology studied three essential parameters consisting of infill density and layer height, together with plate temperature. The analysis demonstrated that layer height proved to be the main element affecting tensile strength because it contributed 80.9% of the experimental variations, while infill density stood out as the leading determinant of surface roughness, which was responsible for 78% of the contribution. Experimental testing proved that the predictive model showed accurate results when validated through measurements of tensile strength, which produced maximum errors of 1.28%, and surface roughness, which yielded maximum errors of 6.54%. A desirability analysis indicated that the ideal parameters of the roughness and tensile strength of the printed parts included an infill density of 64.24% combined with a layer height of 0.1813 mm and plate temperature of 51.46°C. These outcomes provide a comprehensive understanding of process parameter effects that result in quality PETG parts with mechanical performance. The two-axis optimization methodology for PETG also enhances its use in functional engineering systems that require simultaneous mechanical durability and manufacturing accuracy.

6

Implement the artificial neural network concept for predicting the mechanical properties of printed polylactic acid parts

Al-Wswasi Mazin, Al-Khaleeli Weam A., Aufy Samah A.

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 5

73--83

EN

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is an industrial process that involves creating three-dimensional (3D) parts based on computer-aided design (CAD) models. Various methods and techniques have been developed in the recent decade to enhance this industry. This research observes the influence of 3D printing parameters using fused deposition modeling (FDM) on the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of polylactic acid (PLA) specimens. This is precisely to study the effects of infill density, infill pattern, and layer thickness and determine the optimal parameters. The compression test samples have been designed based on ASTM D695 standards and manufactured using a Creality Ender-5 Pro 3D printer. Then, a Taguchi design of experiments method has been used, and nine experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effects of the mentioned parameters. Also, analysis of variance (ANOVA) declared that the infill density is the most noticeable parameter with a contribution of 83.56% to the variation in UCS. On the other hands, both infill pattern and layer thickness had minimal impact. However, the ideal configuration to earn maximum UCS value has been recorded as 80% infill density, a gyroid infill pattern, and a 0.3 mm layer thickness based on ANOVA analysis. Furthermore, an artificial neural network (ANN) model has been developed to enhance predictive capabilities. This is by training a three-layer architecture with inputs of infill density, infill pattern, and layer thickness. It is confirmed by two calculation outcomes that the ANN has performed high predictive accuracy: a regression coefficient (R) of 0.9974 and slight deviation between experimental and predicted UCS values. These results show the considerable role of infill density in increasing the compressive strength, as well as approve the ANN as a trusted tool for predicting mechanical properties of 3D-printed components. This research presents profound investigation for optimizing FDM parameters to enhance the mechanical performance of 3D-printed parts.

7

Analysis of fused filament fabrication / fused deposiotion modelling applications for production of casting patterns used in sand casting

Bernat Łukasz, Kroma Arkadiusz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 7

427--439

EN

This paper presents an analysis of FFF/FDM (Fused Filament Fabrication / Fused Deposiotion Modeling) applications for production of casting patterns used in sand casting, with particular emphasis on short-run and prototype production. For this purpose, casting patterns of different shape and height of incremental layer (0.29 mm, 0.19 mm, 0.14 mm and 0.09 mm) were made of Z-ABS filament produced by Zortrax. Geometrical and dimensional analysis of the patterns was carried out, surface roughness parameters were measured, and a visual analysis of the surface was performed. In order to evaluate the conclusions observed based on the analysis of casting patterns, 130 x 102.5 x 37.5 mm sized shaped castings were designed and manufactured from aluminum and grey cast iron, which were also subjected to analysis. The last element of the research was a visual analysis of the reproduction of markings on the castings.

8

Performing comparative analysis on additive manufactured hybrid strut-based metamaterials on the basis of specific energy absorption

Mishra Akshansh, Jatti Vijaykumar S., Sawant Dhruv, Sefene Eyob Messele, Saiyathibrahim A., Mohan Dhanesh G.

Advances in Materials Science

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2025

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Vol. 25, nr 2(84)

52--72

EN

Architected metamaterials utilize unique geometries to enhance the mechanical and physical properties of structures. This study investigates the energy absorption capabilities of additively manufactured hybrid strut-based metamaterials, produced using Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) with Polylactic Acid (PLA). Compression tests were conducted on six novel hybrid strut lattice designs to analyze their structure-property relationships. The designs integrated Kelvin cells, edge struts, octagonal shapes, hex trusses, face-centered components, and corner diagonal struts. The combination of "Kelvin Cell + Octagon" achieved excellent energy absorption efficiency, with the highest Specific Energy Absorption (SEA) of 1450 kJ/kg. Through the synergistic effect of octagonal geometry and Kelvin cell structure, controlled deformation and delayed buckling are realized to release the energy fully and maximize stress wave interaction. However, the configuration of the "Edge Struts + Hex Truss" configuration was not far away either, exhibiting an SEA of 1388.89 kJ/kg, owing to the effective load distribution provided by the hexagonal truss structure. Other configurations had much lower SEA values: 275 kJ/kg for "Kelvin Cell + Hex Truss" 185.71 kJ/kg for "Kelvin Cell + Edge Struts" 162.5 kJ/kg for "Edge Struts + Corner Diagonal" and 26.67 kJ/kg for "Edge Struts + Face Centre". Using microscopy to look at failed samples showed that shapes with hexagonal and octagonal parts increased SEA by making stress distribution more even and limiting deformation during compression. The unit cell geometry is the critical factor for deciding upon the energy absorption capacity of metamaterials. This work provides useful insights to design optimized additively manufactured metamaterials to achieve high energy absorption, which will be useful to applications such as automotive crash protection, aerospace components, personal protective equipment, and vibration damping systems. The "Kelvin Cell + Octagon" and "Edge Struts + Hex Truss" configurations emerge as highly effective designs, balancing strength, ductility, and energy absorption efficiency for advanced engineering applications.

9

Influence of filler and FDM printing parameters on PLA tensile strength

Appusamy Anandha Moorthy, Karuppan Sivakumar, Subramaniyan Madheswaran, Chinnappan Balaji Ayyanar

Polimery

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2024

|

Vol. 69, nr 2

92--102

EN

Influence of the filler (alumina, copper, carbon fiber) and FDM printing parameters on PLA tensile strength was investigated. FDM process parameters (raster angle, layer thickness, number of coatings) were optimized using the ANOVA test. It was found that the most important parameter is the raster angle. Tensile strength increases as the raster angle increases and the number of shells as well as layer thickness (larger number of infills) decreases. The highest strength was achieved for PLA/PLA-Al2O3.

PL

Zbadano wpływ napełniacza (tlenek glinu, miedź, włókno węglowe) i parametrów druku FDM na wytrzymałość na rozciąganie PLA. Parametry procesu FDM (kąt rastra, grubość warstwy wewnętrznej, liczba warstw zewnętrznych) optymalizowano za pomocą testu ANOVA. Stwierdzono, że najbardziej istotnym parametrem jest kąt rastra. Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie wzrasta wraz ze wzrostem kąta rastra oraz zmniejszeniem liczby warstw zewnętrznych jak również grubości warstwy wewnętrznej (większa liczba wypełnień). Największą wytrzymałość uzyskano dla PLA/PLA-Al2O3.

10

Effects of infill density on mechanical properties of additively manufactured chopped carbon fiber reinforced PLA composites

Mayandi K., Rigesh K., Nagarajan Rajini, Ismail Sikiru O., Krishnan Kumar, Mohammad Faruq, Al-Lohedan Hamad A.

Materials Science Poland

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2024

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Vol. 42, No. 1

42--51

EN

In this present study, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method was used to fabricate the composites. Before three-dimensional (3D) printing, samples were designed according to the ASTM D256, D790 and D3039 standards for impact, flexural and tensile tests, respectively, using Onshape software before conversion to an STL file format. Afterward, the digital file was sliced with infill densities of 60%, 80%, and 100%. The composite samples contained chopped carbon fiber (cCF) and poly lactic acid (PLA), as reinforcement and matrix, respectively. The cCF/PLA (simply called cCFP) filaments were printed into various cCFP composite (cCFPC) samples, using a Viper Share bot 3D machine with different infill densities before the aforementioned mechanical testing. The tensile strength of cCFP were obtained as 25.9MPa, 26.9MPa and 34.75MPa for 60%, 80% and 100% infill density cCFP samples, respectively. Similarly, the flexural strength of cCFP were obtained as 11.8MPa, 12.55MPa and 18.4MPa and impact strength was 47.48kJ/m2, 48.45kJ/m22 for 60%, 80% and 100% infill density cCFP samples, respectively. The fractured/tested samples were examined and analyzed under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to investigate the presence of fiber and void in the tensile sample. Based on the experimental results, it was evident that a high infill density of 100% with the highest reinforcement exhibited maximum impact strength, tensile and flexural strengths and moduli when compared with other lower carbon content of cCFPC samples. Therefore, the optimal 3D-printed cCFPC sample could be used for engineering application to benefit from properties of the polymer matrix composite materials and possibilities through additive manufacturing (AM).

11

Comparative study of experimental thermographic data and finite element analysis on temperature evolution of PET-G layer deposition during additive manufacturing process

Kowalski Łukasz, Bembenek Michał, Uhryński Andrzej, Bajda Szymon

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 1

art. no. e147926

EN

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies have been gaining popularity in recent years due to patent releases – and in effect – better accessibility of the technology. One of the most popular AM technologies is fused deposition modeling (FDM), which is used to manufacture products out of thermoplastic polymers in a layer-by-layer manner. Due to the specificity of the method, parts manufactured in this manner tend to have non-isotropic properties. One of the factors influencing the part’s mechanical behavior and quality is the thermoplastic material’s bonding mechanism correlated with the processing temperature, as well as thermal shrinkage during processing. In this research, the authors verified the suitability of finite element method (FEM) analysis for determining PET-G thermal evolution during the process, by creating a layer transient heat transfer model, and comparing the obtained modelling results with ones registered during a real-time process recorded with a FLIR T1020 thermal imaging camera. Our model is a valuable resource for providing thermal conditions in existing numerical models that connect heat transfer, mesostructure and AM product strength, especially when experimental data is lacking. The FE model presented reached a maximum sample-specific error of 11.3%, while the arithmetic mean percentage error for all samples and layer heights is equal to 4.3%, which the authors consider satisfactory. Model-to-experiment error is partially caused by glass transition of the material, which can be observed on the experimental cooling rate curve after processing the temperature signal.

12

Investigate the Effect of Chemical Post Processing on the Surface Roughness of Fused Deposition Modeling Printed Parts

Abdulridha HInd Hadi, Abbas Tahseen Fadhil, Bedan Aqeel Sabree

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

|

Vol. 18, no. 2

47--60

EN

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology is one of the rapidly growing techniques used for producing various complicated configurations without the need for any tools or continuous human intervention. However, a low quality of surfaces results for the layered production used in FDM. It is essential to investigate a suitable method for enhancing the accuracy and quality associated with FDM parts. This study aims to investigate the impact of different parameters such as the percentage of infill density, the shell thickness, layer thickness, and the number of top/bottom layers, as well as the percentage of infill overlap on part quality and the improvement of surface finish for printed specimens achieved through post-processing. Polylactic acid (PLA) material is used in building test specimens through the FDM approach. The experiments are carried out based on the Taguchi design of experiment method using (L25) orthogonal array. Using an analysis-of-variance approach (ANOVA), it is possible to understand the significance of the FDM parameters in order to find optimal parameter combinations. The results indicate that the application of the vapour smoothing procedure (VSP) treatment enhances the surface quality of FDM components to a microstage with minimal dimensional variation. The dichloromethane chemical has been found to exhibit excellent surface finish at an infill density of 50%, a layer thickness of 0.1 mm, a shell thickness of 2.8 mm, five top/bottom layer numbers, and 0.25 infill overlap.

13

Correlation between printing parameters and residual stress in additive manufacturing: a numerical simulation approach

Alzyod Hussein, Ficzere Péter

Production Engineering Archives

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2023

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Vol. 29, Iss. 3

279-287

EN

Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is a widely used 3D printing technology that can create a diverse range of objects. However, achieving the desired mechanical properties of printed parts can be challenging due to various printing parameters. Residual stress is a critical issue in FDM, which can significantly impact the performance of printed parts. In this study, we used Digimat-AM software to conduct numerical simulations and predict residual stress in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS) material printed using FDM. We varied six printing parameters, including printing temperature, printing speed, and infill percentage, with four values for each parameter. Our results showed that residual stress was positively correlated with printing temperature, printing speed, and infill percentage, and negatively correlated with layer thickness. Bed temperature did not have a significant effect on residual stress. Finally, using a concentric infill pattern produced the lowest residual stress. The methodology used in this study involved conducting numerical simulations with Digimat-AM software, which allowed us to accurately predict residual stress in FDM-printed ABS parts. The simulations were conducted by systematically varying six printing parameters, with four values for each parameter. The resulting data allowed us to identify correlations between residual stress and printing parameters, and to determine the optimal printing conditions for minimizing residual stress. Our findings contribute to the existing literature by providing insight into the relationship between residual stress and printing parameters in FDM. This information is important for designers and manufacturers who wish to optimize their FDM printing processes for improved part performance. Overall, our study highlights the importance of considering residual stress in FDM printing, and provides valuable information for optimizing the printing process to reduce residual stress in ABS parts.

14

Analysis of the Solubility of a Support Filament Made of a Copolymer of Vinyl Alcohol and Butanediol in Aqueous Solutions with Variable pH

Paśnikowska-Łukaszuk Magdalena, Urzędowski Arkadiusz, Wlazło Magda, Mikušová Dominika, Zaburko Jacek

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 12

201--207

EN

3D printing is a modern technology that enables the creation of three-dimensional objects from various thermoplastic copolymers. One of the challenges of 3D printing is providing adequate support for complex shapes that may fall apart or deform during the printing process. Traditionally, support materials are used for this purpose, which are difficult to remove after printing and difficult to dispose of. This work focuses on the analysis of the solubility of the BVOH support filament in solutions with different pH values. In particular, the influence of pH on the dissolution time of the BVOH (Butenediol Vinyl Alcohol Co-polymer) copolymer in aqueous solutions and its influence on changes in the PETG base material from which the samples were printed were examined. It was found that the BVOH material combined with PETG is easily soluble in an alkaline environment.

15

Evaluation of properties of polymer-ceramic filaments modified with aluminosilicates for use in 3D printing

Twaróg Rafał, Sendor Michał, Rapacz-Kmita Alicja, Gajek Marcin, Marchewka Jakub, Stodolak-Zych Ewa

Composites Theory and Practice

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2023

|

R. 23, nr 1

56--63

EN

A study was conducted on selected nanoclay fillers, i.e. montmorillonite (MMT) or halloysite (HNT) in polylactic acid (PLA) pellets for the manufacture of filaments for 3D printing. A 1-3 weight fraction of the filler was used. In order to compatibilize the nanofiller with the PLA, two methods were employed to facilitate dispersion of the nanoclay particles: using prewetting of the nanoclay in dichloromethane (DCM) and introducing a short-chain plasticizer (polyethylene glycol, PEG200) during the homogenization process. The effectiveness of filler dispersion was verified by performing thermal analysis, i.e. thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DG/DSC), as well as by microscopic observations. The processability of the obtained nanocomposite filament was verified for the finished products manufactured from both of the materials by FDM printing. Mechanical strength and impact tests were conducted on the printed samples. The results showed that the prints made from the nanocomposite filaments have better tensile strength (by 25 and 10% for PLA/HNT and PLA/MMT, respectively) compared to prints made from the pure polymer filament.

16

A bioinspired optimization strategy: to minimize the travel segment of the nozzle to accelerate the fused deposition modeling process

Sridhar Sundarraj, Aditya K., Venkatraman Ramamoorthi, Venkatesan M.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

|

2023

|

Vol. 71, nr 4

art. no. e146236

EN

The fused deposition modeling process of digital printing uses a layer-by-layer approach to form a three-dimensional structure. Digital printing takes more time to fabricate a 3D model, and the speed varies depending on the type of 3D printer, material, geometric complexity, and process parameters. A shorter path for the extruder can speed up the printing process. However, the time taken for the extruder during printing (deposition) cannot be reduced, but the time taken for the extruder travel (idle move) can be reduced. In this study, the idle travel of the nozzle is optimized using a bioinspired technique called "ant colony optimization" (ACO) by reducing the travel transitions. The ACO algorithm determines the shortest path of the nozzle to reduce travel and generates the tool paths as G-codes. The proposed method’s G-code is implemented and compared with the G-code generated by the commercial slicer, Cura, in terms of build time. Experiments corroborate this finding: the G-code generated by the ACO algorithm accelerates the FDM process by reducing the travel movements of the nozzle, hence reducing the part build time (printing time) and increasing the strength of the printed object.

17

Analysis and Investigation the Effect of the Printing Parameters on the Mechanical and Physical Properties of PLA Parts Fabricated via FDM Printing

Abdulridha HInd Hadi, Abbas Tahseen Fadhil

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2023

|

Vol. 17, no. 6

49--62

EN

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a commonly used additive manufacturing (AM) technique that creates prototypes and parts with intricate geometrical designs. It is gaining popularity since it enhances products by removing the need for expensive equipment. The printed item's mechanical properties are affected by the type of materials used, the printing process, and the printing parameters. The 3-D model of the polylactic acid (PLA) filament generated specimens was created using the Fused Deposition Modeling procedure and developed using Solid Works. This study investigates the effect of printing parameters on the mechanical and physical properties of samples printed using a Fused Deposition Modeling machine (Creality Ender-5 Pro). Six parameters are used: infill pattern, density, overlap percentage, layer thickness, shell thickness, and top/bottom layer number. Five levels were chosen for each FDM parameter. The results illustrated how printing parameters affected the mechanical and physical properties of samples, which were proven by ultimate tensile stress, surface roughness, and percentage of tensile average deviation. A comparison between the predicted results and the measured results was presented, and the maximum percentage error of the model, which fit the data well, was 0.54%, 0.3%, and 1.36% for ultimate tensile strength (UTS), surface roughness (Ra), and Tensile average deviation percentage respectively.

18

Włókna przewodzące wykorzystywane w druku 3D – eksperymentalna ocena właściwości surowych włókien i wydruków testowych

Dąbrowski Jacek, Stokowska Paula

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

|

2022

|

R. 98, nr 2

136--139

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań właściwości arbitralnie wybranych włókien przewodzących stosowanych w druku 3D w technologii FDM. W szczególności skupiono się na ocenie właściwości wydruków testowych uzyskanych z włókna przewodzącego. Wydruki testowe w postaci przewodów o określonych wymiarach poddano pomiarom rezystancji w różnych warunkach pracy. Wykonane badania pozwoliły m.in. na ocenę wiarygodności parametrów rozważanej klasy włókien podawanych w notach katalogowych oraz ich przydatności w elektronice.

EN

The paper presents the results of investigations of the properties of arbitrarily selected conductive filaments used in 3D printing in FDM technology. In particular, the focus was on evaluating the properties of test prints obtained from the conductive filament. Test prints in the form of wires of various dimensions were subjected to resistance measurements in various operating conditions. The research carried out as part of the work allowed, among others, for the assessment of the credibility of the parameters of the considered class of filaments given in catalog notes and their suitability in electronics.

19

Time Distribution Analysis of 3D Prints with the Use of a Filament and Masked Stereolithography Resin 3D Printer

Paśnikowska-Łukaszuk Magdalena, Korulczyk Katarzyna, Kapłon Kamil, Urzędowski Arkadiusz, Wlazło-Ćwiklińska Magda

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2022

|

Vol. 16, no. 5

242--249

EN

The article focuses on the subject of 3D printing. 3D printing technology and currently used solutions are described. The materials used in printing with the use of a filament printer and a resin printer are discussed. The fused deposiotion modeling technique and the LCD-based stereolithography. Printing technology were presented. Samples were prepared using 3D modeling software. The software used to make the models is discussed. The designed models were printed on two types of printers, using different model orientations. Printouts were measured several times. The obtained data was analyzed and the conclusions, proposed solutions and possible improvements to 3D printing were presented at the end. The article deals with the subject of the possibility of accelerating 3D prints due to their location, but also the influence of warming up the printer during subsequent prints was checked.

20

Effect of surface modification by acetone vaporization on the structure of 3D printed acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene elements

Marciniak D., Szewczykowski P., Czyżewski P., Sykutera D., Bieliński M.

Polimery

|

2018

|

T. 63, nr 11-12

785--790

EN

The internal structure of samples produced by additive manufacturing (AM) technology of copolymer acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) was studied by microcomputer tomography (micro-CT). The results of micro-CT were correlated with the mechanical properties of samples. The aim of this paper was to demonstrate the acetone vaporization influence on the structure and mechanical properties of ABS samples printed with additive manufacturing technology. Samples were printed on three different devices and scanned with micro-CT after acetone vapors treatment. Mass and hardness of the samples were measured. Finally, the static tensile test was performed. Irregularly spaced voids, which directly affected samples properties, have been detected. Under the influence of acetone vaporization, the properties of the samples have changed such as: number of voids, mass, hardness, tensile strength.

PL

Strukturę wewnętrzną próbek wykonanych metodą technologii przyrostowej z kopolimeru akrylonitryl-butadien-styren (ABS) zbadano za pomocą mikrotomografu komputerowego (CT). Wyniki skanów CT skorelowano z właściwościami mechanicznymi próbek. Oceniano wpływ oddziaływania par acetonu na strukturę i właściwości próbek z ABS wykonanych w technologii przyrostowej. Próbki przygotowano z zastosowaniem trzech różnych urządzeń i po waporyzacji acetonowej zeskanowano je za pomocą mikrotomografu. Wyznaczono masę, twardość oraz przeprowadzono statyczną próbę rozciągania próbek. W strukturze elementów z ABS stwierdzono obecność nieregularnie rozmieszczonych porów, wpływających na właściwości próbek. Pod wpływem waporyzacji acetonowej zmieniły się właściwości próbek, takie jak: liczba porów, masa, twardość oraz wytrzymałość na rozciąganie.