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1

Wskaźniki obecności paleogleb w neogeńskich iłach poznańskich okolic Leszna w południowej Wielkopolsce

Duczmal-Czernikiewicz Agata, Biernacka Julita

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 4

359--363

EN

This paper presents the results of a study on the pedogenic alteration of Neogene terrestrial Poznań Clays near Leszno, central-western Poland. Samples of clays and carbonate concretions were collected from drillcore of the Leszno Zaborowo borehole (64 m thick) and analysed by optical microscopic, XRD, isotopic, and chemical methods. Our findings reveal multiple indicators of soil-forming processes that significantly altered the clays. These include the massive structure of the sediment, localized slickensides, a beidellite-dominated mineral composition, and the presence of numerous siderite and calcite concretions exhibiting characteristic pedogenic textures. The isotopic compositions of these carbonates range from 613C = -18.54 to -6.73%o and 618O = -5.21 to -1.56%. These data confirm that the carbonates crystallized as a result of organic matter decomposition by anaerobic microorganisms in a terrestrial environment.

2

Global and regional palaeoclimate records from the Paleogene and Neogene : selected examples from the Polish Lowland

Słodkowska Barbara, Kasiński Jacek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 2

139-144

EN

Global climate changes during the Paleogene and Neogene have been recorded in sedimentary strata in many regions of the world, as well as in the Polish Lowlands, where there are eposits containing plant and animal fossils. Records of global climatic events have been recognized in strata from the Cretaceous/Paleocene boundary, the Eocene, which includes an amber-bearing association, and also the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene. A climatic transition is seen in the flora at the Eocene/Oligocene characteristic d boundary, marking the beginning of a vegetationalpattern similar to the modern one. Cyclic sequences including rich lignite seams also provide clearly palaeoclimate records within the middle Miocene. During the upper Miocene and Pliocene, there was a distinct cooling trend, reaching its maximum during the Pleistocene glaciations.

3

80 lat Kopalni Węgla Brunatnego Konin. Część II : postęp badań geologicznych

Widera Marek

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 1

18--26

EN

Geological research is inextricably linked to the exploration of lignite deposits and their exploitation by the Konin Lignite Mine (KWB Konin/. Drilling data and, above all, observations made in opencast mines have provided a lot of valuable information about the geology of this part of central Poland. Despite the mining of mid-Miocene lignite, ‘Tertiary’ sediments were studied in 1945-1966 and mainly Quaternary sediments in 1967-1995. On the contrary, the last 30 years (1996-2025) have been dominated by research on Neogene sediments in the KWB Konin opencasts, although older and younger sediments have also been examined. In this way, the stratigraphy of the Quaternary was first learned, and then many discoveries of sediments, forms and structures were made within the Neogene succession. As a result, some sites in the vicinity of the town of Konin are considered stratotypes for the Quaternary and Neogene stratigraphy of the Polish Lowlands. Moreover, some of the new geological discoveries in the Neogene beds are unique in Poland, Europe and even in the world. None of these achievements would have been possible without the 80 years of mining activity of the KWB Konin.

4

Continuous contractional deformation followed by extension in the Nowy Sącz Basin, Polish Outer Carpathians : constraints from fault-slip analysis

Fodor Laszlo, Świerczewska Anna, Strzelecki Piotr J.

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 2

107--132 + (Appendix A, B, and C)

EN

Fault-slip analysis was carried out in the Nowy Sącz Basin and the surroundings of the Polish Outer Carpathians based on field observations, published maps, and publications. A reconstruction of the stress field and the contractional directions from the folds suggests that the area was marked by four different deformation phases, most of them involving several stress states. The tilt test supports the separation of pre-, syn-, and post-folding deformation episodes within the phases which occurred during the folding of the Palaeogene to Early Miocene flysch units and also during the folding of the late Middle Miocene basin fill. After an early extensional phase at the onset of the deformation history, the area was marked by contractional deformation from ~34 Ma to ~8 Ma. During this period the compressional direction did not change markedly but a slight clockwise change of the maximal stress axis may have occurred in the Early Miocene due to vertical-axis block rotation. In this persistent deformation field, the basin could have had a contractional origin in front of an out-of-sequence thrust. The latest Miocene(?) to Quaternary deformation was probably related to the extensional collapse of the Carpathian accretionary wedge.

5

Geological peculiarities from the Konin Lignite Mine, central Poland: An overview

Wachocki Robert, Chomiak Lilianna, Klęsk Jakub, Maciaszek Piotr, Urbański Paweł, Widera Marek, Zieliński Tomasz

Geologos

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2025

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Vol. 31, No. 1

31--43

EN

The 80th anniversary (1945–2025) of the Konin Lignite Mine (KLM) invites some summaries of the mine’s characteristics. Therefore, the current study is devoted to rocks/sediments and tectonic or sedimentary structures that were observed and examined in lignite opencasts in the vicinity of the town of Konin. Some of them can be considered wonders and/ or curiosities of nature, some are unique, and others are quite common. Hence, they were generally defined as geological peculiarities in this article. In stratigraphic order they are sandstones, cleats, crevasse splays, palaeochannels and palaeosols. They represent various lithostratigraphic units (formations and members) of the Neogene of central Poland, while their age ranges from the Early Miocene to the earliest Pliocene. Among the listed objects, quartzite sandstones (situated below and between the lignite beds) and palaeosols in the Poznań Clays are very common, known from other lignite opencasts in Poland. In the case of cleats and crevasse splays occurring within the lignite seam exploited by the KLM, they are among the most numerous and best developed of all lignite-bearing formations in the world. On the other hand, the presence of palaeochannels in fine-grained sediments, constituting the overburden of the exploited lignite seam, provides additional and convincing evidence for the fluvial origin of the Poznań Clays.

6

Pollen and non-pollen palynomorphs as tools for interpreting palaeoenvironmental changes in the Miocene lignite in the Chłapowo Cliff (northern Poland)

Worobiec Elżbieta, Worobiec Grzegorz, Widera Marek

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2025

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Vol. 95, No. 2

161--178

EN

Palynological analysis of samples taken from the lignite, exposed in the Chłapowo Cliff on the southern Baltic coast, allowed the reconstruction of the vegetation and palaeoclimate that predominated during the accumulation of the peat, from which the lignite was formed. In addition to pollen grains and spores, particular attention was given to non-pollen palynomorphs, such as algal, fungal and invertebrate micro-remains (Cladocera) that enabled a more accurate reconstruction of the palaeoenvironment. The lignite belongs to the 2nd Lusatian seam, which is an important correlation level in Central Europe, dated to the latest Early Miocene to the early Middle Miocene. The textural and structural features of the lignite seam indicate that the depositional environment of the peat is loosely combined with the overbank zone of an anastomosing or meandering river system. The results of the palynological study show the presence of wetland vegetation, including shrub bogs (most similar in their composition to modern pocosins, growing between river channels) and riparian forests, growing on periodically flooded areas and mesophilous vegetation, occurring in the vicinity. The composition of the palynoflora, including the thermophilic taxa, such as Sapotaceae and Meliaceae, indicates that the climate was warm, close to subtropical, with a mean annual temperature range of 15.7–17.8 °C.

7

Poglądy o drenażu wód powierzchniowych w Kotlinie OrawskoNowotarskiej (Karpaty Zachodnie) w neogenie i czwartorzędzie : przegląd krytyczny

Łajczak Adam, Cieszkowski Marek, Zarychta Roksana

Landform Analysis

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2024

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Vol. 43

23--40

PL

W oparciu o przegląd literatury zaprezentowano poglądy, jakie pojawiły się od początku XX w. o kierunkach drenażu wód powierzchniowych, ich zmianach i uwarunkowaniach Kotliny Orawsko-Nowotarskiej (Karpaty Zachodnie) w neogenie, na przełomie neogenu i czwartorzędu i w czwartorzędzie. Wyróżniono trzy grupy poglądów różnie oceniających dawne kierunki odpływu cieków z kotliny. Różnice w ocenie kierunku drenażu wód powierzchniowych w neogenie dotyczą wschodniej części Kotliny Orawsko-Nowotarskiej, z kolei ówczesny drenaż zachodniej części kotliny jest zgodnie oceniany przez cytowanych autorów. Zbieżność poglądów istnieje także w ocenie kierunków odwodnienia kotliny w czwartorzędzie, kiedy pod tym względem zaszły już mniejsze zmiany. Skutkiem zmian w kierunkach odwodnienia kotliny było, uwarunkowane tektoniką i rozwojem największego stożka glacifluwialnego, przesunięcie na zachód Europejskiego Działu Wodnego. Skala zmian w kierunkach drenażu wód powierzchniowych Kotliny Orawsko-Nowotarskiej i w wielkości przesunięcia Europejskiego Działu Wodnego od początku neogenu, jest znacznie większa niż w przypadku leżącej po słowackiej stronie Tatr Kotliny Podtatrzańskiej (Podtatranská kotlina).

EN

Based on the review of research literature, which appeared since the beginning of the 20th, views on drainage directions of surface waters, their changes and conditioning of the Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin (Western Carpathians) in Neogene, at the turn of Neogene and Quaternary and in Quaternary were shown. Three groups of opinions, which differ in their assessment of the former drainage directions of the basin’s surface waters, were identified. Differences in the assessment of drainage directions during the Neogene concern the eastern part of the Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin, while the former drainage in the western part of the basin is consistently assessed by the cited authors. Concurrence of opinions also concerns the assessment of drainage directions of surface waters of the basin in Quaternary, when drainage changes were small. Drainage changes of the basin, caused by tectonic movements and the development of the largest fluvioglacial fun, resulted in the displacement of the European Watershed towards the west. The scale of changes in drainage directions of surface waters of the Orawa-Nowy Targ Basin and the size of displacements of the European Watershed since the beginning of the Neogene is much larger than in the case of Sub-Tatra Basin (Podtatranská kotlina) located at the foot of the Slovakian part of the Tatra Mountains.

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Main Colouring Minerals in the ‘Poznań Clays’: Case Studies from the Upper Neogene in the Polish Lowlands

Klęsk Jakub, Błachowski Artur, Kruszewski Łukasz, Kubiak Michał, Widera Marek

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

145--152

EN

This article is devoted exclusively to three iron minerals that have a decisive influence on the colour of the ‘Poznań Clays’. These are hematite, goethite, and jarosite. Their presence gives the ‘Poznań Clays’, which are the most common and best known Neogene lithostratigraphic unit in the Polish Lowlands, characteristic ‘warm’ colours ranging from yellow through orange to dark red. The presented results were mainly obtained using powder X-ray diffraction and 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy.

9

Four in one : a new crevasse-splay complex in the middle Miocene of central Poland

Widera Marek, Dziamara Mariusz, Klęsk Jakub, Wachocki Robert

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2024

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Vol. 94, No. 1

1--18

EN

This article focuses on a newly identified set of crevasse splays in the lignite-bearing Miocene of Poland. The sand bodies studied are situated within the First Mid-Polish Lignite Seam (MPLS-1) in the Tomisławice opencast mine, located near Konin in central Poland. The sand bodies form an alluvial complex of four superposed crevasse splays, separated by lignite layers, 0.1–0.8 m thick. They are considered to be overbank lateral splays, emplaced laterally by a fluvial channel, rather than its terminal splays. Their combined thickness reaches ~5 m, their length is <0.6 km and width <0.4 km, and their total area is ~0.1 km2. Nearly half of the sediments examined are subaerial deposits, while the rest are typical of crevasse-splay microdeltas, accumulated in a floodplain subaqueous environment. The sand bodies with local clay lenses are both underlain and overlain by, as well as interbedded with a range of lignite lithotypes, representing various sub-environments of a mid-Miocene mire (backswamp) realm. The estimated time span for the formation of the entire crevasse-splay complex, recording four short-term floods, is at least 48 kyr. The crevasse-splay complex is one of the best developed in lignite/coal successions worldwide. However, it poses a major technical obstacle to mining activity in the Konin Lignite Mine.

10

Siarka i jej główne minerały w iłch poznańskich (górny neogen) oraz ich wpływ na barwę osadu

Klęsk Jakub

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 5

249--254

11

Record of Late Neogene seismites in turbidite deposits of the Tafna Basin (NW Algeria)

Benzina Mostapha, Pisarska-Jamroży Małgorzata, Hebib Hakim

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 3

art. no. 25

EN

The wide variety of soft-sediment deformation structures (SSDS) developed within deposits of the same age may hinder the interpretation of their origin. Some types of SSDS may appear similar though have different trigger mechanisms, while others may result from a specific mechanism. Furthermore, the development of particular SSDS may be influenced by several synchronous or semi-synchronous factors. This study deals with the recognition of SSDS trigger mechanisms with respect to lithological and deformational features of the deposits concerned. Turbidite deposits of late Neogene age in the Hadjret El Gat area (Tafna Basin) contain different types of SSDS associated with (1) slope processes (e.g., slump folds) and induced overburden pressure, coupled with broken beds and overloading structures, and (2) liquefaction and fluidisation phenomena, leading to the development of load structures, ball-and-pillow structures, water-escape structures and syndepositional faults. These two mechanisms of SSDS formation in the study area are thought to result from seismically-induced triggers. Recognition of a vertically-repeated, sandwich-like arrangement of deformed and undeformed layers along with the SSDS features ("trapped" within beds) suggests that these internally-deformed beds are seismites, the first recognized in the Tafna Basin of NW Algeria. Large earthquakes may trigger seismic waves energetic enough to deform strata and induce the development of SSDS. This hypothesis is supported here by tectonic evidence, given deposition of the Tafna Basin strata in the convergence zone between Africa and Eurasia, active since the late Neogene.

12

Clasts derived from rhizocretions in shallow-marine Miocene clastic deposits of northern Hungary: an example of zombie structures

Uchman Alfred, Dávid Árpád, Fodor Rozália

Geological Quarterly

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2023

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Vol. 67, No. 1

art. no. 4

EN

Disc- and cylindrical-shaped clasts of fine-grained calcareous and ferruginous rock, each with a central tunnel, occur in shallow marine brackish Miocene sandy deposits of the Egyházasgerge Formation in Hungary. Previously, these have been interpreted as enigmatic biogenic (?) structures. After field and laboratory examination and comparisons with sub-recent rhizoclasts in subsoils developed on Quaternary fine-grained deposits in SE Poland, they are re-interpreted as redeposited rhizocretions possibly washed out of the coeval continental deposits of the Salgótarján Lignite Formation. Most are fragmented and abraded. They are termed rhizoclasts and are presented as an example of zombie structures inherited from another environment where they played a different role. Such rhizoclasts can be considered as an indicator of the source of the clastic material transported from a vegetated landmass on which moderate or poorly drained soils develop and plant roots penetrate the fine-grained substrate. In such soils, iron was mobilized, then fixed by oxidation, as the water table and oxygen levels fluctuated.

13

Reconstruction of the sedimentary environment of phytogenic deposits in the Tomisławice opencast mine (Konin Region, central Poland)

Słodkowska Barbara, Widera Marek

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 4

art. no. 34

EN

Palynological analysis of the Tomisławice opencast mine deposits has allowed reconstruction of the plant communities and investigation of the evolution of sedimentary environments at various stages of lignite-forming marsh development, recorded in the composition of pollen assemblages from deposits of the 1st Mid-Polish lignite seam (MPLS-1). Rich pollen communities from an ~9 m thick section has enabled study of the succession of plant communities and of the evolution of phytogenic sedimentation. The pollen succession indicates that the assemblages in the whole lignite seam represent the VIII Celtipollenites verus pollen Zone. Slight differences in the composition of the communities reflect different stages of basin development, depending more on the variable water dynamics than on climatic oscillations. Lignite of the MPLS-1 developed in a continental regime on alluvial plains. Changes in the succession of plant communities in the Tomisławice section record flooding-drainage cycles caused by groundwater level oscillations. Peat bog accumulation took place in river basins, in which the lack of siliciclastic intercalations within the massive lignite seams points to weak fluvial dynamics. A rise in groundwater level and/or surface water resulted in flooding of the marshes and the formation of an extensive shallow lake basin, as shown by the presence of freshwater algae and pollen of aquatic plants. The section as a whole does not record an increased contribution of thermophilic plant taxa. The flora was generally dominated by warm-temperate and thermophilic species, without the participation of strongly thermophilic vegetation, which indicates that the lignite seam in the Tomis³awice opencast mine was formed in the generally stable conditions of a warm temperate climate.

14

Palynoflora and palaeoenvironment of the early Miocene palaeolake from the Bełchatów mine, central Poland

Worobiec Elżbieta, Worobiec Grzegorz

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 4

art. no. 32

EN

The Bełchatów lignite deposits are a rich archive allowing palaeoenvironmental, palaeoecological and palaeoclimatic reconstructions from the Neogene and Quaternary periods. We describe the results of palynological studies (including non-pollen palynomorphs) of eight samples from the lower Miocene KRAM-P 211/214 collection of plant macroremains. The results of this palynological analysis are consistent with the results of previous studies of plant macroremains and significantly enrich our knowledge of vegetation and palaeoenvironment. Both studies indicate the presence of a freshwater body (a moderately large and deep lake) surrounded by wetland vegetation (including swamp forests with Glyptostrobus, Taxodium, Nyssa and Osmunda) and upland mesophytic forests. Evergreen or at least semi-evergreen forest communities grew along the ancient shores of the lake and on the slopes of the Mesozoic calcareus rocks surrounding the lake. In the lake, green algae (Pediastrum, Tetraedron and some Botryococcus) and freshwater peridinoid dinoflagellates were major components of the algal community. The same lake was the source of previously identified animal remains: freshwater fishes, molluscs, and mammals, including Megachiroptera bats. Our analysis shows that the climate was subtropical and humid, with an estimated mean annual temperature of 16.8–17.8°C.

15

Deep-sea trace fossils from the Numidian Formation (Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene) in the Ouarsenis Mountains, northwestern Algeria

Menzoul Bouabdellah, Uchman Alfred, Adaci Mohamed, Bensalah Mustapha

Geological Quarterly

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2022

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Vol. 66, No. 2

art. no. 12

EN

Trace fossils and lithofacies have been studied for the first time in the Numidian Formation (Upper Oligocene–Lower Miocene) of the Ouarsenis Mountains in Algeria to interpret their depositional environment. Twenty-two ichnogenera have been recognized in eight lithofacies of three main facies associations in four representative sections. Distribution of the trace fossils is dependent on the facies. Most trace fossils are dominated by post-depositional forms (62%) and occur in fine-grained, thin-bedded sandstones of facies F4. They belong to the Ophiomorpha rudis, Paleodictyon and the Nereites ichnosubfacies of the Nereites ichnofacies. The O. rudis ichnosubfacies is recorded in 1) medium- to very thick-bedded sandstones of the facies association FA1, interbedded with thinner sandstone beds of the facies F2 and F4 in the upper unit of the sections studied, which were deposited in channel fill and levee-overbank environments, and in 2) medium- to thin-bedded sandstones of the facies association FA2 in the lower unit of the Kef Maiz and the Ain Ghanem sections, which were deposited in isolated narrow channels within the mud-dominated part of the depositional system and occasionally fed with turbiditic sand. The Paleodictyon ichnosubfacies occurs in thin- to medium-bedded sandstones (FA2) of the lower units in the Ain Ghanem and Kef Maiz sections and the lowest part of the upper unit of the Kef Maiz section, which were deposited in channel margin or foremost channel-to-levee-overbank areas. The Nereites ichnosubfacies is recorded in thin-bedded sandstones (FA2), which were deposited in crevasse-splays or small lobes on a basin floor invaded occasionally by turbidites against a background of pelagic and hemipelagic sedimentation.

16

Palaeoenvironment of the middle Miocene wetlands at Drzewce, Konin region, central Poland

Worobiec Elżbieta, Widera Marek, Worobiec Grzegorz

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2022

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Vol. 92, No. 2

201--218

EN

Palynological analysis of the 1st mid-Polish lignite seam (MPLS-1) of the Drzewce deposit (Konin region, central Poland) was used as the data source for palaeoenvironmental and palaeoclimatic interpretations. Lignites of the 1st group developed in the middle Miocene, during and shortly after the last peak of the Mid-Miocene Climatic Optimum, over a large area of Poland, and they are the youngest of the main Neogene lignite seams in Poland. In the Konin region, these lignites have a relatively significant thickness (up to 20 m) and therefore they are (or were in the past) exploited in several open-pit mines. A total of 36 palynological samples from the 6.3-m-thick seam of the Drzewce opencast mine was studied in detail. Palynological analysis of the lignite seam indicates that the area was overgrown by palustrine wetland communities, similar in composition to modern pocosins. The most characteristic elements of them were shrubs in the Ericaceae family. The climate at that time was warm temperate and humid. The estimated mean annual temperature (MAT) for the lignite seam at Drzewce is 15.7–17.8 °C. Comparison with other palynofloras from the MPLS-1 shows that the climate during the formation of the group of seams was more or less homogenous across the entire Polish Lowlands. Sedimentological data and results of palynological studies (including NPPs) at Drzewce indicate that the palaeomires were relatively distant from the channels of the river system in the Konin Basin. The fossil fungal assemblage indicates dense vegetation on damp, swampy soils and the presence of small, shallow-water bodies, with a variable water level or even periodic reservoirs, existing only during the wet season or after floods. In small, flooded depressions, such as the pools in bogs, filamentous green algae occurred. The presence of zygospores of the desmids Desmidiaceaesporites cosmarioformis most probably indicates relatively nutrient-poor (ombrotrophic) conditions. Fluctuations in the frequency of individual plant taxa (including Sequoia and Sciadopitys) are likely to reflect changes in water level and trophic conditions.

17

Crevasse splays within a lignite seam at the Tomisławice opencast mine near Konin, central Poland: architecture, sedimentology and depositional model

Chomiak Lilianna

Geologos

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2020

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Vol. 26, No. 1

25--37

EN

The present article focuses predominantly on sandy deposits that occur within the Middle Miocene lignite seam at the Tomisławice opencast mine, owned by the Konin Lignite Mine. As a result of mining activity, these siliciclastics were available for direct observation in 2015–2016. They are situated between two lignite benches over a distance of ~500 m in the lower part and ~200 m in the higher part of the exploitation levels. The maximum thickness of these sandy sediments, of a lenticular structure in a S–N cross section, is up to 1.8 m. With the exception of a thin lignite intercalation, these siliciclastics comprise mainly by fine-grained and well-sorted sands, and only their basal and top layers are enriched with silt particles and organic matter. Based on a detailed analysis of the sediments studied (i.e., their architecture and textural-structural features), I present a discussion of their genesis and then propose a model of their formation. These siliciclastics most likely formed during at least two flood events in the overbank area of a Middle Miocene meandering or anastomosing river. Following breaching of the natural river levee, the sandy particles (derived mainly from the main river channel and levees) were deposited on the mire (backswamp) surface in the form of crevasse splays. After each flooding event, vegetation developed on the top of these siliciclastics; hence, two crevasse-splay bodies (here referred to as the older and younger) came into existence. As a result, the first Mid-Polish lignite seam at the Tomisławice opencast mine is currently divided in two by relatively thick siliciclastics, which prevents a significant portion of this seam from being used for industrial purposes.

18

Slump folds within mid-Miocene crevasse-splay deposits : a unique example from the Tomisławice lignite opencast mine in central Poland

Widera Marek

Geological Quarterly

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2020

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Vol. 64, No. 3

711--722

EN

Non-tectonic, soft-sediment deformation structures occur in mid-Miocene crevasse-splay deposits exposed in the Tomisławice lignite opencast mine in central Poland. The crevasse-splay cross-stratified siliciclastic deposits are underlain by continuously folded and relatively thick lignite beds, and overlain by a thin undisturbed layer of lignite. Only the middle part of the crevasse-splay succession is deformed plastically in the form of folds, while the lower and uppermost beds are undeformed. Most of the intraformational deformation structures are recumbent folds, while only a few can be classified as upright folds in the initial stage of their evolution. The origin of these folds is associated here with a penecontemporaneous slumping process caused by liquefaction of sandy-muddy sediments. The slumping was triggered by an increase in the inclination of heterolithic layers caused by the compactional subsidence of an organic-rich substrate - peat. This type of subsidence occurred following a sudden siliciclastic load on top of the underlying and poorly-compacted peat/lignite seam. The initiation and development of the slump folds can be explained by differentiated loading, compaction and liquefaction processes, and the introduction of a tectonic agent is unnecessary.

19

Evolution of a sedimentary infill of a palaeovalley at a distal margin of the peripheral foreland basin

Nehyba Slavomír, Gilíková Helena, Tomanová-Petrová Pavla, Otava Jiří, Skácelová Zuzana

Geological Quarterly

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2019

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Vol. 63, No. 2

319--344

EN

The entrenched Odra palaeovalley, cut into the bedrock of the distal margin (forebulge basal unconformity) of the Moravian Carpathian Foredeep (peripheral foreland basin) is filled with an almost 300 m thick pile of Miocene deposits. The directon of the valley (NW-SE to NNW-SSE) has been controlled by faults subparallel with the system of “sudetic faults“. The sedimentary succession consists of 5 facies associations/depositional environments, which are interpreted (from bottom to top, i.e. from the oldest to the youngest) as: 1 - colluvial deposits to deposits of alluvial fan, 2 - deposits of alluvial fan, 3 - fan-delta deposits, 4 - shallow water delta to nearshore deposits and 5 - open marine deposits. This fining-up and deepening-up succession reveals the following: the formation of the new flexural shape of the basin; deep erosion connected with uplift and tilting of the forebulge and reactivation of the NW-SE trending basement faults; the Early/Middle Miocene sea level fall; alluvial deposition mostly driven by tectonics and morphology; forebulge flexural retreat; Middle-Miocene sea level rise; back-stepping of valley infill; marine invasion during the Early Badenian with shift of the coastline further landward of the pallaeovalley. Tectonics related to contemporary thrusting processes in the Western Carpathians are assumed to be the dominating factor of the studied deposition at the expense of eustatic sea level changes. Provenance studies have proven that the pre-Neogene basement (i.e. the Early Carboniferous clastic “Culmian facies” ofthe Moravian-Silesian Paleozoic) represents an important source for the conglomerates and sands, which volumetrically dominate in the palaeovalley infill. However, they also showed, that the deposits of the earlier Carpathian Foredeep Basin sedimentary stage (Karpatian in age?) covered the area under study and were eroded and resedimented into the palaeovalley infill.

20

Skutki zmian klimatu na środowisko jaskiniowe

Kasprowska-Nowak K.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2018

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Vol. 19, nr 6

198--204

PL

W artykule przedstawiono skutki zmian klimatu na środowisko jaskiniowe (ekosystem podziemny) od momentu tworzenia się jaskiń (neogen), przez okres zlodowaceń na obszarze Polski do dnia dzisiejszego. Opracowano je na przykładzie analizy osadów Jaskini na Biśniku (położona w środkowej części Wyżyny Krakowsko-Wieluńskiej), które składają się z kilkunastu warstw zbudowanych z różnorodnych materiałów (geologicznych, paleozoologicznych, paleobotanicznych i archeologicznych) i dostarczają wiedzy na temat przeobrażeń klimatycznych. Dzięki wyróżnionym składnikom (opracowanym przez interdyscyplinarnych badaczy) i przy pomocy wyników datowania warstw osadów metodami fizykochemicznymi, dokonano rekonstrukcji poszczególnych elementów środowiskowych w jaskini (skały krasowiejącej, morfologii, mikroklimatu, wód jaskiniowych, fauny, flory oraz człowieka) w czasie geologicznym, pomiędzy którymi zachodziły określone relacje/ zależności. Wyróżnione elementy tworzyły różne układy (modele) ekologiczne na trzech etapach rozwoju jaskini (abiotycznym, biotycznym i antropicznym), które wydzielono w następstwie zmian klimatycznych.

EN

The article presents the effects of climate change of the cave environment (underground ecosystem) since the formation of caves (Neogene Period), through the glaciation period in Poland to the present day. They were developed on the example of the analysis of the Biśnik Cave sediments (located in the central part of the Cracow-Wieluń Upland), which consist of several layers made of various materials (geological, paleozoological, paleobotanical and archaeological) and provide knowledge about climate change. Thanks to the distinguished components (developed by interdisciplinary researchers) and using the results of dating of sediment layers using physicochemical methods, reconstruction of individual environmental elements in the cave (karstifited rock, morphology, microclimate, cave waters, fauna, vegetation and man) was made during the geological period between which occurred specific relationships / dependencies. The distinguished elements formed various ecological systems (models) at three stages of cave development (abiotic, biotic and anthropic), which developed as a result of climate change.