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1

Retention of fire water used during firefighting operations by the fire brigade

Mizerski Andrzej, Gancarczyk Dominika, Stec Joanna

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2024

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Nr 91 (tom 1)

75--87

EN

The article presents the issue of wastewater circulation after firefighting activities executed by fire brigades and the lack of research on the composition of water entering the city sewage system as well as the potential impact on the environment to which it is disposed of. It was noted that fire brigades use biodegradable foam agents during typical fire-fighting operations, both in sewage treatment plants and in the natural environment, but the main problem is the selection of fire-fighting techniques and extinguishing agents and the subsequent consequences in the environment. Consideration was given to deciding whether to use water, which dissolves flammable substances, foam containing surfactants, or completely refraining from extinguishing due to the possibility of sewage entering the surrounding waters. To this end, it outlines the course of fires where firefighting operations have resulted in the contamination of watercourses and bodies of water, contamination of the ground or long-term emission of toxic substances into the atmosphere. Due to the lack of guidelines for dealing with fire-water in urban conditions, attention was paid to absolute protection of watercourses and water bodies against the infiltration of postfire sewage in its original form and the use of mechanical dams and embankments to stop them at the scene of the incident. Attention was also drawn to the proper operation of dosing equipment and the environmental burden caused by using foam concentrates in higher concentrations than recommended by the manufacturer was presented.

2

Improvement of Sorption Capacity and Applicability of Biosorbent by Immobilization

Hroncova Jana, Luptakova Alena, Briancin Jaroslav, Kupka Daniel

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

645--651

EN

The water contamination by toxic metal ions is a worldwide environmental problem. High concentrations are hazardous for all living organisms, causing many disorders and diseases and ecological damages to the surroundings. Biosorption is an innovative technology that employs inactive and dead biomass (bacteria, fungi, algae, biowaste) for the recovery of metals from aqueous solutions. Sulphate-reducing bacteria utilization is one of the options how to prepare applicable sorbent which removes metal ions from water. This material is created as a consequence of bacteria metabolism in anaerobic environment. The use of freely suspended biomass is often impractical and has some disadvantages. In contrast to this, application of immobilized biomass shows more benefits including increased mechanical strength, resistance to chemical environment, easy separation of cells and effluents, high biomass performance and repeated use in many adsorption/desorption cycles. Cell entrapment is the most widely used method for immobilization. In this technique, the cells are enclosed in a polymeric matrix which is porous enough to allow diffusion of substrate to the cells. The aim of this work was to examine and compare the sorption ability of biogenic iron sulphides created by sulphate-reducing bacteria in “free” and “entrapped” form. Precipitates were synthesized in reagent bottles with bacteria culture and growth media Postgate C, at 30 °C during 60 days, subsequently dried and analysed. Prepared samples were immobilized using sodium alginate. Sorption of cadmium from model solutions was realized in 100 ml Erlenmeyer flasks, with sorbent dose 1 g/l, during 24 hours. During experiments, the samples showed a satisfying stability and maximum adsorption capacity achieved 38 mg/g. The results refer to good sorption properties of immobilized samples and their potential for further practical use.

3

Analysis of the factors contributing to environmental pollution in the subcarpathian province

Kalda Galyna, Krokos Jolanta, Pietrucha-Urbanik Katarzyna

Czasopismo Inżynierii Lądowej, Środowiska i Architektury / Journal of Civil Engineering, Environment and Architecture

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2024

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Vol. 71

19--31

EN

The work presents an examination of Poland's environmental condition, with a focus on the contamination of air and surface waters by various chemical elements. The composition and quality of the air impact ecosystems, plant growth, the animal kingdom, and shape human living conditions. These factors play a significant role in driving global climate change. The repercussions of air pollution encompass phenomena such as smog, acid rain, ozone layer depletion, as well as impacts on industrial and municipal facilities, contributing to global warming. The article conducts an analysis of air pollution, surface water contamination, and electromagnetic radiation pollution in Subcarpathian, utilizing the city of Stalowa Wola and the Stalowa Wola county as case studies. This choice is informed by the fact that Stalowa Wola stands as one of the largest industrial cities in the Subcarpathian Voivodeship, suggesting that environmental pollution levels in this county might surpass those in other regions. The article also delineates the features of air and surface water pollution, along with electromagnetic radiation characteristics. It scrutinizes pollution sources in the mentioned county, explicates the causes of such pollution, and proposes strategies for environmental amelioration. The analysis of the environmental status of Stalowa Wola county during the years 2018 to 2020 is presented, accompanied by recommendations for initiatives that could enhance its condition. The research findings indicate that the condition of uniform segments of surface waters, as evaluated through conducted studies, is deemed poor. The discharge of wastewater from specific pollution points, particularly wastewater from municipal origins, emerges as the predominant cause of subpar water quality.

4

Contamination of the Šar Mountains Aquatorium – Kosovo with Depleted Uranium

Stanojević Nenad Z., Đokić Jelena V., Lazarević Đorđe R., Nikezić Dušan P., Osmokrović Predrag V.

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2023

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Tom 25

1--8

EN

The main objective of this study was to estimate the environmental and health risk of the Šar Mountains (Kosovo) for depleted uranium contamination. The risk assessment of the contamination is needed since, in the spring of 1999, conflict with bombarding took place in the territory of the Western Balkans, during which depleted uranium ammunition was used. In Serbia and Montenegro, such tests were performed; based on them, some territories were decontaminated. Šar Mountains is particularly important as it is one of the few water-rich areas in Kosovo. Therefore, soil and water samples were taken from characteristic places in the Šar Mountains aquatorium. Tests of the samples were performed under well-controlled conditions. The measurement uncertainty was less than 5%. Based on the obtained results, it was concluded that there was no contamination of the Šar Mountains with depleted uranium. This conclusion can be extended to the broader area around the Šar Mountains, as it is a safe area surrounded by high mountains

5

Performance of Metallothionein Biomarker from Sulcospira testudinaria to Assess Heavy Metal Pollution in the Brantas River Watershed, Indonesia

Hertika Asus Maizar Suryanto, Arfiati Diana, Lusiana Evellin Dewi, Putra Renanda B. D. S.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 3

276--286

EN

Heavy metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems is a critical issue because it threatens the ecosystem as well as public health. Early detection of these pollutants is therefore essential, and biomarker analysis can be an ideal way to achieve this. Metallothionein (MT) protein is a widely-used molecular biomarker related to the physiological and biological changes which suitable bioindicators, like freshwater snails, undergo in stressful environments. The purpose of this research is to assess the relationship between the heavy metals lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) and MT levels in freshwater snails (Sulcospira testudinaria) in the Brantas River watershed. Heavy metals were assayed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, while MT levels were analyzed using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Water quality parameters including temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), ammonia concentration, and phenol concentration were also measured. Samples were obtained from ten sampling sites at Brantas River watershed. The results indicated that Pb concentration ranged from 0.001–0.006 mg/L, Hg from 0.001–0.005 mg/L, and Cd from 0.005–0.03 mg/L, while MT concentration ranged from 0.40–0.80 ng/g. Relationship analysis between heavy metals and MT level in this study revealed the significant effect of Pb concentration on MT values in Sulcospira testudinaria. Therefore, MT in this snail is a potential biomarker for Pb contamination.

6

Heavy Metals – Definition, Natural and Anthropogenic Sources of Releasing into Ecosystems, Toxicity, and Removal Methods – An Overview Study

Jadaa Waleed, Mohammed Hamad

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 6

249--271

EN

The constant discharge of large quantities of toxic substances due to human activities has led to a global environmental issue. Numerous industrial sectors’ effluents, which include coal-based power plants, mineral extraction activities, electroplating processes, as well as battery manufacturing, release metallic ions towards different ecosystems, such as Cadmium (Cd), Mercury (Hg), and Chromium (Cr). Heavy metals pose a significant danger to living organisms, humans, and environments because of their properties, mainly severe toxicity, and strong accumulation ability. Metallic ions are not subject to breakdown towards final components when contrasted with organic contaminants, which are significantly impacted by biochemical and chemical decomposition. Consequently, eliminating these elements has been regarded as a significant task within the water treatment sector. The purpose of this article is to analyze the literature related to heavy metals in terms of different issues. The heavy metals expression is explained. The natural sources and human activities responsible for releasing metallic ions into the environment are comprehensively discussed. In addition, heavy metals toxicity and potential risks to humans and different ecosystems are included. Various approaches for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater, along with their associated advantages and drawbacks, are further evaluated.

7

Glyphosate Contamination of Well Water from Various Agricultural Areas – A Case Study in Morocco

El Baroudi Youssef, Ouazzani Chadia, Er-Ramly Azzeddine, Moustaghfir Abdellah, Essebbahi Issam, El Baroudi Hind, Dami Abdallah, Balouch Lhoussine

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 7

247--257

EN

Glyphosate is a non-selective broad-spectrum herbicide widely used for weed control. It is currently one of the most important and widely sold herbicides in the world. Due to uncontrolled use and poor waste disposal, this herbicide has the potential to reach aquatic ecosystems, either surface water or groundwater, such as well water. The objective of this study was to show the degree of contamination of well water in 7 different agricultural areas of the Rabat-Sale-Kenitra region in Morocco. This is a prospective study carried out on 82 samples collected. The determination of glyphosate concentrations in these well waters was performed using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) technique. The results reveal that 83% of the samples collected showed traces of glyphosate (>0.075 μg/l) with concentrations ranging from 0.075 μg/l to 3.828 μg/l. The highest glyphosate concentrations were observed in the agricultural area of Kenitra, with a concentration of 3.828 μg/l. This study is one of the first conducted on glyphosate contamination of well water in Morocco. These results demonstrated glyphosate contamination of collected well water and the requirement to implement concrete sanitary measures (control, awareness campaigns...) to better manage the use of glyphosate and limit water contamination, the human health risks and environmental impact of this herbicide.

8

Atrazine toxicity in marine algae Chlorella vulgaris, in E. coli lux and gfp biosensor tests

Matejczyk Marzena, Kondzior Paweł, Ofman Piotr, Juszczuk-Kubiak Edyta, Świsłocka Renata, Łaska Grażyna, Wiater Józefa, Lewandowski Włodzimierz

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 3

87--99

EN

Atrazine (ATR) is a widely used chlorinated herbicide from the s-triazine group. Due to the widespread use of ATR, it leaks into the environment and is detected in drinking water, exceeding the WHO-acceptable concentration of atrazine in drinking water, which is 2 μg/L. The aim of our study was to determine toxicity, protein degradation and genotoxicity of ATR at concentrations of 10; 1; 0.1; 0.01 mg/L on Chlorella vulgaris and with the application of E. coli bioluminescent biosensor strains. We measured the content of chlorophyll a, b, carotenoids in Chlorella vulgaris and the inhibition of this algae culture growth. E. coli RFM443 strains with gene constructs grpE:luxCDABE, lac:luxCDABE, recA:luxCDABE and E. coli strain MM294 trc:luxCDABE were used to determine toxicity, degradation of cellular proteins and genotoxicity. On the base of the obtained results, we concluded that ATR in the tested concentrations shows a toxic effect in relation to Chlorella vulgaris. ATR is toxic and genotoxic in E. coli RFM443 strains with grpE, lac, recA promoters and causes degradation of cellular proteins. Moreover, we have detected ATR toxicity toward the GFP protein in E. coli strain MM294-GFP. Taking into account the toxicity and genotoxicity of ATR documented in our research and in the experiments of other authors, we conclude that the presence of this herbicide in surface waters and drinking water is a serious threat to living organisms.

PL

Atrazyna (ATR) to szeroko stosowany na całym świecie chlorowany herbicyd z grupy s-triazyn. Ze względu na powszechne stosowanie, ATR przedostaje się do środowiska i jest wykrywana w wodzie pitnej, przekraczając dopuszczalne przez WHO stężenie, które wynosi 2 μg/L. W przedstawionych badaniach określono toksyczność ATR w stężeniach 10; 1; 0.1; 0.01 mg/L na glonach Chlorella vulgaris oraz z zastosowaniem E. coli mikrobiologicznych biosensorów z genami reporterowymi gfp i lux. Toksyczność oszacowano na podstawie zawartości chlorofilu a, b, karotenoidów w Chlorella vulgaris oraz zahamowania wzrostu tej kultury alg. Szczepy E. coli RFM443 z konstruktami genowymi grpE:luxCDABE, lac:luxCDABE, recA:luxCDABE i szczep E. coli MM294 trc:luxCDABE wykorzystano do określenia toksyczności, degradacji białek komórkowych i genotoksyczności. W przeprowadzonych badaniach wykryto, że ATR w analizowanych stężeniach wykazuje działanie toksyczne w stosunku do Chlorella vulgaris. W przypadku ATR stwierdzono właściwości toksyczne i genotoksyczne oraz potencjał degradacji białek w szczepach E. coli RFM443 z promotorami grpE, lac, recA. Ponadto wykryto toksyczność ATR w stosunku do białka GFP w szczepie E. coli MM294-GFP. Biorąc pod uwagę udokumentowaną w badaniach własnych oraz w doświadczeniach innych naukowców toksyczność i genotoksyczność ATR, obecność tego herbicydu w wodach powierzchniowych i wodzie pitnej stanowi poważne zagrożenie dla organizmów żywych.

9

Preliminary studies of photolysis and TiO2-montomorillonite-immobilised photocatalysis processes for the degradation of organic pollutants in water treatment

Pamuła Justyna, Karnas Magdalena, Styszko Katarzyna

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2022

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Vol. 48, no. 4

393--404

EN

Organic compounds are the most diverse group of contaminants. The largest anthropogenic source of these contaminants in water is municipal and industrial wastewater. One of the indicators of surface water pollution is biological oxygen demand (BOD). Purifying water from organic micropollutants is a serious challenge and requires the development of newer and more effective methods. The removal of such contaminants is most effective only in advanced oxidation processes (AOP), which include UV photolysis and photocatalysis. The presented results are from preliminary research to evaluate the effectiveness of water treatment by ultraviolet (UV) photolysis and photocatalysis. Treatment efficiency was evaluated on the basis of changes in the BOD index before and after the advanced oxidation process of raw water. The values of the BOD5 index determined in accordance with PN-EN 25813:1997. The exposure time of the samples was a maximum of 60 minutes. The tested material was water samples taken from the Rudawa River, which is one of the drinking water sources for Krakow. The initial BOD5 value (expressed as concentration of O2) for all samples was about 8 mg/L but it has decreased to over 2 mg/L due to AOP processes. This means that after an hour, more than 75% of organic compounds present in the raw water were removed. For photocatalysis (TiO2-MMT), the exposure time of the samples was a maximum of 35 minutes. Water samples taken from the Rudawa River were also used as test material. The initial BOD5 value for all samples was about 9 mg/L but it has decreased to about 4 mg/L due to the photocatalysis process. This means that after 35 minutes, 55% of the organic compounds present in the raw water were removed.

10

Wodnopochodne zakażenia wirusem HEV

Noga Agata, Lemiech-Mirowska Ewelina, Michałkiewicz Michał

Technologia Wody

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2021

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Nr 2 (76)

42--44

PL

Wirusowe zapalenie wątroby (WZW) typu E stanowi poważny problem epidemiologiczny w rejonach endemicznych (Chiny, Nepal, Indie, Somalia, Sudan i in.). Czynnikiem etiologicznym odpowiedzialnym za rozwój choroby jest pierwotny wirus hepatotropowy – HEV, należący do rodzaju Hepevirus. Do zakażenia u ludzi dochodzi najczęściej drogą pokarmową na skutek spożycia zanieczyszczonej fekaliami wody (genotyp HEV-1 oraz HEV-2), prowadząc niejednokrotnie do wybuchu epidemii, które swoim zasięgiem obejmują setki lub tysiące osób. W ostatnich latach zakażenia HEV są narastającym problemem zdrowia publicznego również w krajach europejskich.

EN

Hepatitis E is a serious epidemiological problem in endemic regions (China, Nepal, India, Somalia, Sudan, etc.). The etiological factor responsible for the development of the disease is the primary hepatotropic virus – HEV, belonging to the genus Hepevirus. The most common infection in humans occurs through the ingestion of water (genotype HEV-1 and HEV-2) contaminated with faeces, often leading to outbreaks of epidemics that affect hundreds or thou- sands of people. In recent years, HEV infections are a growing public health problem also in European countries.

11

Woda basenowa – praktyki

Kruszelnicka Izabela, Michałkiewicz Michał

Technologia Wody

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2020

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Nr 1 (69)

42--45

PL

Monitorowanie parametrów wody basenowej jest istotne zarówno z uwagi na zdrowie osób korzystających z basenu, jak i pracowników obsługi. Niestety, przerwy świąteczne lub tzw. incydenty higieniczne są często powodem skażenia wody. Oczywiście, w takich przypadkach nieckę basenową wyłącza się z użytkowania i usuwa powstałe zanieczyszczenia poprzez zwiększenie przepływu wody przez instalację filtrującą oraz wzrost stężenia środków dezynfekujących. Podczas dezynfekcji powstają niebezpieczne produkty uboczne. Warto się zastanowić, jak szkodliwe są one szkodliwe dla zdrowia osób korzystających z basenowej rekreacji?

EN

Monitoring pool water parameters is important for the health of people using the pool and service staff. Unfortunately, breaks at work or the so-called Hygienic incidents are often a cause of water pollution. Of course, in such cases, the trough pool area is excluded from use, and removes the impurities produced by increasing the flow of water through the filter system and an increase in the concentration of disinfectants. During disinfection dangerous products are formed. It is worth considering, whether they can be harmful to the health of people using the pool recreation?

12

The Impact of Extensive Grazing on the Fertility of Mountain Streams on the Example of the Biała Woda Valley in the Pieniny Range (Polish Carpathians)

Jaguś Andrzej

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 21, nr 4

112--119

EN

The content of biogenic substances, i.e. ammonia (NH4+), nitrates (NO3 –) and phosphates (PO4 3–), in the mountain stream waters was studied. The test (zero) sample was the water flowing from forest areas, while the study samples included the water from the streams flowing through extensively used sheep pastures. The impact of grazing on the water quality during high (in the rainy season) and low (in the dry period) water flows was assessed. The studies demonstrated the water contamination with ammonia, particularly during the rainy season. The contamination was also present in the test sample, so it cannot be attributed to the grazing activity. The highest nitrate concentrations were reported in the dry period. An influence of grazing on the migration of nitrates into waters was found, however, on a scale causing no contamination. The water contamination with phosphates was found. The studies demonstrated that extensive grazing did not affect the fertilisation of mountain stream water, yet the water quality may be deteriorated by the surface runoff processes and soil cover erosion.

13

Skażenie wody pierwotniakami pasożytniczymi z rodzaju Giardia sp.

Lemiech-Mirowska Ewelina, Kiersnowska Zofia, Ginter-Kramarczyk Dobrochna, Kruszelnicka Izabela

Technologia Wody

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2019

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Nr 4 (66)

44--46

PL

W artykule omówiono możliwe skażenia wody pierwotniakami pasożytniczymi z rodzaju Giardia sp., epidemiologie tych skażeń oraz ich skutki zdrowotne.

EN

The article discusses possible water contamination with parasitic protozoa of the genus Giardia sp., epidemiologies of these contaminations and their health effects.

14

Oczyszczanie wód z nuklidów promieniotwórczych z wykorzystaniem zeolitów

Chałupnik Stanisław, Wysocka Małgorzata, Chmielewska Izabela, Samolej Krzysztof

Przegląd Górniczy

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2019

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T. 75, nr 7

11--19

PL

Zeolity są uwodnionymi, krystalicznymi glinokrzemianami metali, w szczególności Na, K, Mg, Ca, Sr i Ba, I i II grupy układu okresowego. Obecnie znane jest ponad 35 zeolitów naturalnych i ponad 150 zeolitów syntetycznych. Wśród zeolitów syntetycznych do najważniejszych można zaliczyć zeolity typu NaP i Na-X, Na-Y, 4A-X a do naturalnych mordenit, klinoptylolit i chabazyt. Jedną z możliwości zastosowań zeolitów jest usuwanie z wód zanieczyszczeń promieniotwórczych. Podjęto badania dotyczące możliwości wykorzystania tych substancji do oczyszczania wód kopalnianych z nuklidów promieniotwórczych z wykorzystaniem zeolitów naturalnych i sztucznych. W badaniach skoncentrowano się na usuwaniu z wód naturalnych nuklidów promieniotwórczych. Prezentowane badania polegały na przepuszczaniu przez kolumny(ę) z zeolitami oczyszczanej wody i odbieraniu na wylocie z kolumny kolejnych porcji wody oczyszczonej. W ten sposób otrzymywano dla każdej z badanych mieszanin serię próbek, które następnie były poddawane preparatyce chemicznej i pomiarom z wykorzystaniem techniki spektrometrii ciekłoscyntylacyjnej. W badaniach wykorzystano zeolit syntetyczny typu NaP1. Zeolity typu NaP1 otrzymywane są w wyniku reakcji hydrotermalnej odpadów (popiołów lotnych – powstających w wyniku energetycznego spalania węgla) z ługiem sodowym (NaOH). Badania wykazały wysoką efektywność usuwania izotopów radu z wód przeznaczonych do spożycia oraz kopalnianych.

EN

Zeolites are hydrated, crystalline aluminosilicate minerals, containing metals from I and II group of periodic table of elements, especially Na, K, Mg, Sr, Ca and Ba. Nowadays more than 35 different natural zeolites are known as well as 150 synthetic ones. Among the latter zeolites, the most important are zeolites of NaP1 and Na-X types, Na-Y and 4A-X, while among natural zeolites best known are clinoptylolite, chabazite and mordenite. One of the possibilities of zeolite application is removal of radioactive contamination from water. For removal of radionuclides from mine waters the investigations on use of natural and synthetic zeolites have been undertaken, aimed on removal of radium isotopes. Laboratory experiments were performed with use of columns, filled with zeolite materials, through which treated water was percolating and aliquots of purified water were collected at outlet. For each of zeolite bed a series of samples (aliquots) were analysed – the radiochemical preparation of samples was done to retrieve radium isotopes. The prepared samples were measured with use of liquid scintillation spectrometry. The tested zeolite materials were synthetic zeolite NaP1, produced in the hydrothermal reaction of fly ash and sodium base (NaOH) and clinoptylolite. The high efficiency of radium removal with application of this technique was found not only for mine waters but also for potable waters.

15

Zanieczyszczenia wód wodociągowych na przykładzie obszaru działania Powiatowej Stacji Sanitarno-Epidemiologicznej w Busku-Zdroju

Goczół T., Wanot B.

Technologia Wody

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2018

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Nr 4 (60)

45--49

PL

W latach 2000-2007 w 14 krajach Europy stwierdzono 354 ogniska chorób przenoszonych drogą wodną. W Europie, podobnie jak i w USA, najbardziej narażone na zanieczyszczenia są małe systemy wodociągowe pozostające pod kontrolą społeczności lokalnych lub podmiotów prywatnych. Najczęstszą przyczyną zamykania wodociągów jest wykrycie w nich zanieczyszczeń mikrobiologicznych. Najpowszechniejszym z takich zanieczyszczeń jest wystąpienie bakterii E. Coli i bakterii z grupy coli. Reakcje na przekroczenia parametrów mikrobiologicznych są znacznie ostrzejsze niż fizykochemicznych. Powodem tego jest bezpośrednie zagrożenie zdrowia i życia wielu ludzi przez choroby przenoszone drogą wodną i powodowane przez mikroorganizmy. Zanieczyszczenia fizykochemiczne nie są najczęściej bezpośrednim zagrożeniem dla zdrowia, jednak mogą powodować wystąpienie niebezpiecznych zmian mikrobiologicznych.

XX

Between 2000 and 2007, 354 outbreaks of water-borne diseases were found in 14 European countries. In Europe, as well as in the USA, the most vulnerable to pollution are small water systems that are under the control of local communities or private entities. The most frequent reason for closure of waterworks is the detection of microbiological contaminants in them. The most common of these contaminants is the occurrence of E. coli bacteria and coliforms. The reaction to exceeding the microbiological parameters is much more severe than the physicochemical ones. The reason for this is the immediate threat to the health and lives of many people through water-borne diseases and caused by microorganisms. Physicochemical contamination is not usually a direct threat to health, however, it can cause dangerous microbiological changes

16

Innowacyjna metoda dostarczania wody do spożycia w sytuacjach kryzysowych

Denczew S.

Bezpieczeństwo i Technika Pożarnicza

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2018

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Vol. 49, iss. 1

60--65

PL

Cel: Doniesienie wstępne dotyczące udzielenia prawa ochronnego na wzór użytkowy pt. „Tymczasowe mobilne stanowisko do uzdatniania wody do spożycia” szczególnie przydatne w sytuacjach kryzysowych, głównie powodzi, kiedy następuje skażenie wody w ujęciach powierzchniowych i głębinowych. Jest ono końcowym efektem badań statutowych autora w Szkole Głównej Służby Pożarniczej. Właścicielem wzoru użytkowego jest Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej, natomiast twórcą wzoru użytkowego jest prof. dr hab. inż. Sławczo Denczew. Obecnie w ramach badań podjęto próbę wykonania prototypu, następnie realizowane będą prace badawcze dotyczące zastosowania wzoru użytkowego w warunkach rzeczywistych. Metody: W artykule zaprezentowano aktualny wykaz sposobów dostarczania wody dla ludności w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Uwzględniając obecny stan wiedzy na ten temat w Europie i na świecie, zaproponowano innowacyjne mobilne stanowisko uzdatniania wody, mające na celu remedium na problem dostaw wody dla ludności w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Stanowić ma ono alternatywne rozwiązanie przydatne szczególnie w przypadkach powodzi, kiedy poprzez zalewanie terenów objętych stanem powodziowym następuje zanieczyszczenie oraz skażenie źródeł wody w systemach zaopatrzenia w wodę. Wyniki: Na podstawie przeglądu literatury, patentów i wzorów użytkowych w bazach urzędów patentowych w Europie i na świecie opracowano wzór użytkowy pt. „Tymczasowe mobilne stanowisko do uzdatniania wody do spożycia”, który posiada prawo ochronne wydane przez Urząd Patentowy do 2023 roku. Brak takich rozwiązań na świecie potwierdza jego innowacyjny i oryginalny charakter. Wnioski: Opracowanie dokumentacji wzoru użytkowego pt. „Tymczasowe mobilne stanowisko do uzdatniania wody do spożycia” oraz udzielenie prawa ochronnego stwarzają możliwości wykonania prototypu i zrealizowania badań dotyczących dostawy wody dla ludności w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Może ono być zastosowane zarówno na terenach miejskich, jaki na niezurbanizowanych, gdzie istnieje rozproszona zabudowa oraz przeważają duże odległości pomiędzy zagrodami i –co za tym idzie – mobilność jest jednym z warunków szybkiego dotarcia do zabudowań i dostarczenie wody niezbędnej do życia.

EN

Aim: Preliminary application for a utility model entitled „Temporary mobile station for the treatment of water for consumption”, particularly useful in emergency situations, such as floods, when both surface and deep water is contaminated. It is the final result of statutory research of the author at the Main School of Fire Service. The owner of the utility model is the Main School of Fire Service, while the author of the utility model is Prof. Slawczo Denczew. Currently, research is underway to develop a prototype and then carry out research on the use of the utility model in real life situations. Methods: The article presents current ways of supplying water to the general public in crisis situations. Taking into account the state of the art in Europe and worldwide, an innovative mobile water treatment post has been proposed to tackle the problem of emergency water supply to the public in emergency situations. It is intended to constitute an alternative solution, useful especially during flooding, when water sources within water supply systems are contaminated and polluted. Results: Based on a review of literature, patents and utility models in the patent offices in Europe and worldwide, we have developed a temporary mobile station for the treatment of water for consumption, which is protected by a utility model granted by the Patent Office until 2023. The lack of such solutions in the world confirms its innovative and original character. Conclusions: Following the development of utility model documentation for the temporary mobile station for the treatment of water for consumption and the granting of utility model protection, we are able to build a prototype and carry out studies on the supply of water to the public in crisis situations. Our invention can be used in both urban and rural areas with dispersed housing and generally large distances between the farms, where mobility is one of the conditions for quick access to buildings and the supply of water necessary for life.

17

Study of adsorption capacity of zeolite for natural and waste water purification from heavy-metal ions

Zasidko I., Polutrenko M., Mandryk O.

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

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2017

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Vol. 1, nr 3

131--139

EN

One of the most important ecological problems is the problem of natural waters contamination with heavy metals. The main causes of pollution are the content of heavy metals in waste water from municipal and industrial enterprises, inefficient wastewater treatment and discharge of such insufficiently treated wastewater into water bodies. Heavy metals delay the processes of water self-cleaning. They form quasi-equilibrium disperse systems, interact with the components of aqueous medium and form hydrated ions, oxyhydrates, and are concentrated due to the formation of complex inorganic and organic compounds [1]. There emerges a real threat to drinking and fishery water supply. By clearing wastewater from heavy metals, we will get clean rivers and wastewater sludge that can be used as fertilizers in agriculture.

18

Skuteczność ochrony zbiornika Tresna w świetle zanieczyszczenia rzeki Soły

Jaguś A.

Inżynieria Ekologiczna

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2017

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Vol. 18, nr 2

55--60

PL

W pracy przeanalizowano jakość wód rzeki Soły, dopływającej do zaporowego zbiornika Tresna. Jest to najwyższy zbiornik tzw. kaskady Soły, mającej duże znaczenie przeciwpowodziowe i jako rezerwuar wody do celów komunalnych. Celem pracy była ocena skuteczności działań ochronnych dla zasobów wodnych, realizowanych w zlewni zbiornika. Wykazano, że działania wpływają na poprawę jakości wód Soły, ale niektóre parametry pozo- stają na poziomach niezadowalających. Do zbiornika dopływa nadmierny ładunek azotu i fosforu. W warunkach wezbraniowych dotyczy to też cząstek stałych (zawiesin). Ponadto stwierdzono zanieczyszczenie mikrobiologiczne. Wszystko to wskazuje na nie do końca właściwe zagospodarowanie przestrzenne obszaru zlewniowego.

EN

The quality of the Soła river flowing into the dam reservoir Tresna was presented in this paper. This is the highest reservoir of so called Sola cascade, which is important in case of flood control and as a reservoir of water used for municipal purposes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of protective measures for water resources realized in reservoirs catchment. Presented results showed positive influence on water quality of Soła river, but some parameters has remained at unsatisfactory levels. Especially the excessive load of nitrogen and phosphorus which flows into the reservoir was observed. The last mentioned, in flood conditions, also applies to solids (suspensions). Furthermore microbial contamination was noticed as well. All those factors indicates not entirely appropriate spatial planning of basin area.

19

Podatność wybranej infrastruktury podziemnej na zagrożenia terrorystyczne i dywersyjne

Adamowski W.

Technologia Wody

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2016

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Nr 3 (47)

10--16

PL

Od 30 listopada do 11 grudnia 2015 roku, w Paryżu odbył się szczyt klimatyczny COP 21 (ang. Conference of Parties), który zgromadził 147 szefów państw i rządów. Konferencja Stron Ramowej Konwencji Narodów Zjednoczonych w sprawie Zmian Klimatu przebiegała w cieniu tragicznych zamachów z 13 listopada, w następstwie których we Francji wprowadzono trzymiesięczny stan wyjątkowy. Dla potrzeb ochrony delegatów, również przed zagrożeniami terrorystycznymi, francuskie siły bezpieczeństwa zmobilizowały około 11 tys. funkcjonariuszy.

20

Determination of waste assimilative capacity (WAC) of rivers located within the Desaru Region, Joho

Zainudin Z., Azmi A. S., Jimat D. N., Jamal P.

Environment Protection Engineering

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2015

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Vol. 41, nr 4

49--60

EN

Desaru is a popular tourist destination located on the east coast of the state of Johor. The area has been identified for further development to enhance tourism. This presents a pollution risk to its surrounding watercourses. The purpose of this study was to assess the potential risk of contamination towards rivers located in the crux of the development region, namely the Terumpah, Che Minah, Semangar, Beluntu, Penawar Besar, and Mertang Besar Rivers. Water quality and hydraulic measurements were made at these rivers, with the intention of developing a numerical model. The model results showed deterioration in BOD5 and NH3-N in the Semangar River, up to 4.0 mg/dm3 and 0.34 mg/dm3, respectively. The Beluntu River experienced the highest degradation, to about 14.0 mg/dm3 of BOD5 and 0.8 mg/dm3 of NH3-N. The waste assimilative capacity (WAC) for the Matang Besar, Che Minah and Beluntu Rivers were very limited, with a class III BOD5 limit of 15, 43, and 10 kg/day, respectively, whereas the Terumpah River is not able to accept any BOD load without breaching the same threshold.