Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Innowacyjne strategie odzysku metali krytycznych z elektroodpadów – od badań materiału do wdrożeń w gospodarce o obiegu zamkniętym

Skrzypczyńska Katarzyna, Wróbel Kamil, Kolasa Dorota, Tokarz Wojciech, Dąbała Aleksandra

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2026

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T. 105, nr 5

465--470

PL

Przedstawiono wyniki badań nad hydrometalurgicznym i elektrochemicznym odzyskiem metali z odpadowych płytek drukowanych (PCB) oraz zużytych telefonów przenośnych. Badania obejmowały etap obróbki wstępnej (prażenie), wieloetapowe ługowanie roztworami na bazie HNO₃ i H₂SO₄ oraz odzysk elektrochemiczny w skali laboratoryjnej i wielkolaboratoryjnej. W przypadku odpadów PCB uzyskano efektywność ługowania bliską 100% (Cu, Ag) w skali laboratoryjnej oraz ok. 90% (Cu) i ok. 100% (Ag) w skali wielkolaboratoryjnej. Sprawność odzysku elektrochemicznego wynosiła 90-95% dla Cu oraz ok. 80% dla Ag. W przypadku zużytych telefonów komórkowych efektywność ługowania wynosiła 96-99% (Cu, Ag) oraz 43% (Au), przy sprawności odzysku elektrochemicznego 99% (Cu, Ag) i 62% (Au). Otrzymano metale o wysokiej czystości (Cu do 99%, Ag ≥ 99,9%) oraz kompozyty metaliczne AgSnSb i CuAu. Wyniki potwierdzają możliwość skalowania procesów oraz ich potencjał wdrożeniowy w sektorze recyklingu elektroodpadów.

EN

Hydrometallurgical and electrochem. recovery of metals from printed circuit board (PCB) waste and end-of-life mobile phones was studied. The developed processes included thermal pre-treatment, multistage leaching using HNO₃ - and H₂SO₄ - based solns., and electrochem. recovery at laboratory and large-laboratory scales. For PCB waste, leaching efficiencies close to 100% (Cu, Ag) were achieved at laboratory scale and approx. 90% (Cu) and nearly 100% (Ag) at largelaboratory scale. Electrochem. recovery efficiency reached 90-95% for Cu and approx. 80% for Ag. In the case of mobile phones, leaching efficiencies were 96-99% (Cu, Ag) and 43% (Au), while electrochem. recovery reached 99% (Cu, Ag) and 62% (Au). High-purity metals (Cu up to 99%, Ag ≥ 99.9%) and metallic composites (AgSnSb, CuAu) were obtained. The results confirm the scalability and industrial potential of the proposed approach.

2

Zastosowanie związków miedzi i bakterii rodzaju Bacillus w ograniczaniu wzrostu grzybów rodzaju Fusarium

Horoszkiewicz Joanna, Danielewicz Jakub, Jajor Ewa, Korbas Marek, Janka Aleksander, Grzanka Monika, Sobiech Łukasz

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 11

1202--1206

PL

Badano wpływ preparatów syntetycznych oraz biologicznych na ograniczanie wzrostu grzybni ważnych gospodarczo grzybów rodzaju Fusarium. W badaniach zastosowano produkty zawierające wodorotlenek miedzi, heptaglukonian miedzi i bakterie z rodzaju Bacillus: B. velezensis, B. subtilis i B. amyloliquefaciens. Dla porównania zastosowano syntetyczny fungicyd, w skład którego wchodziła substancja czynna - protiokonazol. Badania przeprowadzono in vitro na pożywce PDA (ziemniaczano-glukozowo-agarowa). Zastosowane w badaniach związki miedzi oraz bakterie rodzaju Bacillus wpłynęły na ograniczenie wzrostu grzybów rodzaju Fusarium. Było to uzależnione od rodzaju produktu oraz badanego gatunku grzyba.

EN

The effect of synthetic and biol. preparations on inhibiting the growth of mycelium of the economically important fungi of the Fusarium genus was studied. Products contg. Cu hydroxide, Cu heptagluconate, and Bacillus bacteria: B. velezensis, B. subtilis, and B. amyloliquefaciens were used. A synthetic fungicide contg. the active ingredient prothioconazole was used for comparison. The studies were conducted in vitro on PDA (potato glucose agar) medium. The Cu compounds and Bacillus bacteria used inhibited the growth of Fusarium fungi. This effect depended on the product type and the fungus species tested.

3

Wpływ wybranych form miedzi na rozwój Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea i Rhizoctonia cerealis w warunkach in vitro

Danielewicz Jakub, Horoszkiewicz Joanna, Jajor Ewa, Korbas Marek, Grzanka Monika, Sobiech Łukasz, Idziak Robert

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2025

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T. 104, nr 4

501--505

PL

Testowano wpływ wybranych form miedzi oraz przykładowych fungicydów na hamowanie wzrostu grzybni grzybów chorobotwórczych. W badaniach zastosowano w różnych dawkach azoksystrobinę, protiokonazol, wodorotlenek miedzi, tlenochlorek miedzi oraz heptaglukonian miedzi. Wszystkie środki testowano w badaniach in vitro na pożywkach PDA (ziemniaczano-glukozowo-agarowa). Przeprowadzone oceny oraz wykonane pomiary wskazują na wysoki stopień hamowania wzrostu grzybni Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea i Rhizoctonia cerealis dzięki zastosowaniu nowoczesnych form miedzi, przy skuteczności zbliżonej do obecnie stosowanych w rolnictwie substancji czynnych fungicydów.

EN

The effect of azoxystrobin, prothioconazole, copper hydroxide, copper oxychloride and copper heptagluconate at different doses on inhibiting the growth of mycelia of pathogenic fungi Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia cerealis was studied. All active substances were tested in vitro on PDA (potato-glucose-agar) medium. The conducted assessments and measurements showed a high level of inhibition of mycelia growth of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia cerealis in combinations in which modern forms of copper were used, with an effectiveness similar to the active substances of fungicides currently used in agriculture.

4

Inhibition of Cu, CuZn37 brass and CuAl8 bronze corrosion by 5-methyl, 5-chloro and unsubstituted benzotriazole – a comparative study

Kwiatkowski Hubert, Krakowiak Stefan

Ochrona przed Korozją

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2025

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nr 5

133--137

EN

The corrosion inhibition effects of benzotriazole (BTA), 5-methylbenzotriazole (5-Me-BTA), and 5-chlorobenzotriazole (5-Cl-BTA) on Cu, CuZn37, and CuAl8 in artificial seawater were studied using electrochemical techniques. Polarization curve analysis showed that the corrosion current densities were significantly lower in the presence of these inhibitors compared to the absence, with a predominant effect on the anodic reaction. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy confirmed an increase in charge-transfer resistance in the presence of the inhibitors and indicated that the inhibitory effect is associated with the adsorption of inhibitor molecules on the electrode surface. The inhibition efficiency for each compound was similar across the different materials, following the order: BTA < 5-Me-BTA < 5-Cl-BTA. Although 5-Cl-BTA exhibited superior anti-corrosion performance compared to 5-Me-BTA and BTA, this could not be solely explained by electron-donating or withdrawing character of substituents. On the basis of the presented results potential directions for further research were outlined.

PL

Zastosowano metody elektrochemiczne do porównania efektywności benzotriazolu (BTA), 5-metylobenzotriazolu (5-Me-BTA) i 5-chlorobenzotriazolu (5-Cl-BTA) jako inhibitorów korozji miedzi, mosiądzu CuZn37 oraz brązu CuAl8 w syntetycznej wodzie morskiej. Na podstawie otrzymanych krzywych polaryzacyjnych wykazano, że obecność każdego z inhibitorów w roztworze powoduje zmniejszenie gęstości prądu korozyjnego. Ponadto zaobserwowano istotny wpływ inhibitorów na reakcję anodową. Analiza widm impedancyjnych dowiodła, że dla elektrod zanurzonych w roztworach zawierających inhibitory, rezystancja przeniesienia ładunku osiąga znacząco wyższe wartości, niż dla roztworu bez inhibitora. Wyznaczone parametry wskazują również na powiązanie działania inhibicyjnego z adsorpcją cząsteczek badanych związków na powierzchni elektrod. Nie odnotowano znaczących różnic w efektywności konkretnego inhibitora dla różnych materiałów. Zarówno w przypadku miedzi, mosiądzu jak i brązu efektywność inhibitorów wzrastała w kolejności BTA < 5-Me-BTA < 5-Cl-BTA. Fakt, że 5-Cl-BTA cechuje się wyższą skutecznością od pozostałych związków nie daje się jednak w sposób prosty powiązać z elektronodonorowym lub elektronoakceptorowym charakterem podstawników.

5

Flotation of sulfide copper ore from Legnica-Glogow Copper Basin (Poland) in process water of different salinities

Paluchniak Tomasz, Bakalarz Alicja

Mining Science

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2025

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Vol. 32

87--104

EN

The composition of water has a significant impact on the flotation. With the increasing salinity of process waters used at the Division of Concentrator Plant (KGHM Polska Miedz SA), it is necessary to investigate the effect of changes in water composition on the flotation of copper ore components from the Legnica-Glogow Copper Basin area (Poland). In this study, the effect of changing water salinity on the flotation efficiency of copper and organic carbon in sulfide copper ore from the Polkowice Concentrator Plant was investigated. In the study, water taken from the processing plant was used. The mineralization and chloride concentration were 54.5 g/L and 23.46 g/L, respectively. The salinity of the process water was changed by concentrating and diluting water (60, 80, 120, 140%), as well as by adding chloride ions (5 and 10 g/L). Based on the study, it was found that with the increase in mineralization, also the chloride ion content of the water is increased, worse flotation of copper carriers and organic carbon was observed at the cleaning flotation stage. Moreover, it was observed that the more the salinity of the process water is increased, the more the efficiency of the rougher flotation improves – while increasing this salinity, the content and loss of Cu in the tailings from this stage decrease. The obtained research results indicate the need to monitor the salinity level of process waters and their composition and perhaps, in the future, the need for modification in this area.

6

Experimental identification of CP-Cu yield surface and its evolution due to complex loading pre-deformation

Dubey Ved Prakash, Kopec Mateusz, Kowalewski Zbigniew

Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics

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2025

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Vol. 63 nr 3

557--570

EN

This study examines the yield surface evolution of technical copper (CP-Cu) under complex loading, focusing on monotonic tension and combined tension with cyclic torsion. Using biaxial testing, initial and pre-deformed yield surfaces were analysed. Results indicate kinematic hardening with tensile pre-strain, while cyclic torsion induces anisotropic hardening at lower amplitudes (±0.1 %) and softening at higher amplitudes (±0.2 %). Strain amplitude significantly impacts material response, while frequency has a minor effect.

7

The effect of exogenous nitric oxide on benzo[a]pyrene stress in ryegrass (Lolium perenne L

Li Yue, Zhang Jiajiao, Xu Sunan, Jiang Lei, Hou Wei, Chen Zhonglin

Environment Protection Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 51, nr 3

25--41

EN

The pot experiment investigated the role of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) in mitigating benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) stress and regulating mineral element dynamics in ryegrass. Exposure to 30 μmol/dm3 B[a]P significantly suppressed seed germination, root vitality, nitrate reductase (NR) activity, and dry weight, while altering mineral distribution, copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn) accumulated in roots, whereas nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were translocated to leaves. Seed germination, plant height, root vitality, and NR activity initially increased at 100–300 μmol/dm3 sodium nitroprusside (SNP, NO donor) but declined at 400 μmol/dm3. SNP treatments enhanced root retention of N, P, Mn, Cu, and Pb, reducing toxic metal mobility. PCA, cluster, and correlation analyses identified 200-300 μmol/dm3 SNP as optimal for alleviating B[a]P stress, with N and P dynamics most strongly correlated with growth recovery. Exogenous NO counteracts B[a]P-induced phytotoxicity by regulating root-to-leaf translocation of N and P to sustain metabolic activity, restricting Pb/Cd mobility and redistributing essential minerals (Cu, Mn) to minimize aerial tissue exposure, optimizing SNP con-centration to enhance stress tolerance without overburdening detoxification pathways. This study underscores NO’s dual role as a nutrient coordinator and detoxification agent, offering strategies to enhance plant resilience in B[a]P-contaminated environments.

8

Immobilization of toxic substances from aqueous solutions using Chlorella vulgaris dietary supplements

Chmura Maria, Sočo Eleonora

Chemical Technology & Biotechnology

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2025

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Vol. 5

160--177

EN

Chlorella is highly effective in removing contaminants from water thanks to its ability to biosorb heavy metals and neutralize toxic substances. Its use in bioremediation represents an innovative approach to improving water quality in an environmentally friendly and sustainable manner. The study described in this article concerned the adsorption of Cu(II) and Cd(II) ions depending on time and initial concentration on an adsorbent, which was dead biomass in the form of a powdered dietary supplement Chlorella vulgaris. A FAAS spectrometer was used to obtain the results. The point of zero charge was determined, and the structure and chemical composition of chlorella were examined using SEM. Functional groups involved in the adsorption process were identified using FT-IR spectrum analysis. The kinetics was examined using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models and the Weber-Morris model. The adsorption equilibrium and adsorption capacities of chlorella were presented by determining isotherms. Based on the Langmuir isotherm, it was found that the maximum adsorption capacity of the adsorbent is approximately 35 mg of copper per 1 g of adsorbent, while according to the Jovanović isotherm, chlorella is capable of adsorbing 6.67 mg of cadmium per 1 g of adsorbent.

9

Investigation of Welding Forces and Torque Measurement using Octagonal Ring Dynamometer in Refill Friction Stir Spot Welding of Pure Copper

Ge Xiaole, Kolupaev Igor N., Jiang Di, Wang Hongfeng

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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2025

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Vol. 70, iss. 2

539--552

EN

The welding forces and torque in refill friction stir spot welding (RFSSW) play a crucial role in optimizing welding process parameters, understanding material deformation and flow mechanisms, improving welding equipment, and analyzing tool wear. To measure the welding forces and torque during pure copper RFSSW, an octagonal ring dynamometer (ORD) was designed and manufactured based on ring deformation theory. A measurement system for welding forces and torque was established, and the ORD was calibrated and validated. Welding experiments were conducted under different process parameters to measure the welding forces and torque during pure copper RFSSW. The variation patterns of welding forces and torque throughout the welding process were analyzed, and the relationships between welding parameters and the peak welding forces and torque were established. The results show that the calibration errors for axial force, torque, and lateral force were 0.97%, 3.78%, and 1.56%, respectively, with cross-sensitivity errors below 5%. The primary welding force during the RFSSW was the axial force, with a peak value more than 10 times that of the lateral force. The clamping, plunging, and refilling stages were the key phases where both welding forces and torque increased significantly. The maximum welding forces occurred near the second dwell stage before the end of welding, while the maximum torque was observed during the plunging stage. Axial force was most influenced by plunge depth, torque was mainly affected by rotational speed, and lateral force was strongly impacted by the combined effects of plunge depth and rotational speed. The average prediction errors for the axial force, torque, and lateral force models were 0.61%, 2.25%, and 1.20%, respectively, with a maximum error of 4.67%. These findings are instrumental in optimizing process parameters to achieve higher weld quality. The study has practical implications for industrial applications, particularly in manufacturing electrical connectors and thin-sheet heat exchangers, where high-quality copper welds are essential. This work also provides a foundation for future research into enhancing the efficiency and reducing the energy consumption of the RFSSW process.

10

Optimization of tungsten inert gas welding process parameters for joining austenitic stainless steel and copper using the Taguchi method

Bensaid Nabil, Benlamnouar Mohamed Farid, Laksir Yazid Laib Dit, Saadi Tahar, Badji Riad

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 1

209--219

EN

This study aims to optimize the Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding parameters for joining AISI 316L stainless steel and Cu-ETP copper using 309L stainless steel filler rods. Welding dissimilar materials is challenging due to their significant differences in thermal and mechanical properties. The high thermal conductivity of Cu-ETP copper leads to rapid heat dissipation, causing uneven heat distribution at the weld interface. To address this issue, the research team applied a 1 mm offset of the welding torch toward the copper side to balance the heat input. They employed statistical analyses using ANOVA and the Taguchi method to determine the optimal process parameters. The results showed that the optimal welding current, welding speed, and gas flow for achieving high tensile strength (Rm) are 90 A, 0.5 mm/s, and 12 l/min, respectively. Among these, welding speed emerged as the most significant factor, influencing 48.74% of the weld characteristics. Mechanical testing confirmed that these parameters produced high-quality welds. Metallurgical analysis revealed minimal diffusion between the materials, preserving their distinct properties while minimizing the formation of undesirable intermetallic phases. These results highlight the effectiveness of TIG welding in creating robust joints between AISI 316L stainless steel and Cu-ETP copper for applications requiring a combination of both materials' properties.

11

Investigating electrodes for the extraction and utilisation of copper from spent etching solutions

Nester Anatoliy, Petruk Roman, Kalda Galyna, Pashechko Mykhaylo, Yakovyshyna Tetiana, Drobot Olga, Kirchuk Ruslan

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 5

366--374

EN

Today, reagent-based technologies for metal removal from water often fail to achieve the necessary purification efficiency for reuse and result in the accumulation of toxic sludge. This article aimed to test a regenerator for restoring the properties of etching solutions used in printed circuit boards, evaluate the performance of electrodes in depositing dense copper precipitates during etching solution regeneration, and explore the use of recovered copper in repair processes. During the study, an electrochemical process was employed to deposit a copper layer onto the regeneration unit’s electrodes, along with mechanical testing of the electrodes for separating the removed product from the spent solution. This article investigated the electrochemical regeneration of etching solutions in the printed circuit board etching process, leading to the formation of dense copper deposits on electrodes (regenerators) made of copper, stainless steel, and titanium. The mechanical separation of the recovered copper material reveals that titanium cathodes yield superior results, making titanium the preferred electrode material for regenerator design. Additionally, the findings confirm that the copper deposited on titanium cathodes meets the quality standards required for reuse after remelting in the electrical engineering industry. The copper recovered from spent etching solutions, when combined with a bronze coating applied to the copper layer, improves adhesion and can be used in repair work. Additionally, it enhances the antifriction properties of the friction pair. The article identified suitable materials for use as regenerator electrodes in removing copper from spent etching solutions. It also examined the correlation between electrode surface finish quality and the detachment force of copper deposits in the regenerator, considering the surface roughness of titanium electrodes. The proposed methods and regeneration scheme for the used etching solution enable the creation of integrated equipment that incorporates a regeneration unit, with the primary component being a system (electrolyser) where the copper extracted from the used etching solution will be deposited onto the designated electrode. This study facilitates the development of a technological process for recycling aqueous etching solutions, helping to minimise environmental impact.

12

Influence of the type of strengthening particles on the tribological and material properties of sintered copper matrix composites

Kargul Marcin

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 9

19--33

EN

This paper presents a comparison of the material and tribological properties of sintered copper matrix composites. Aluminum oxide and titanium were used as reinforcing particles. Commercial powders of copper, aluminum oxide and titanium were used to manufacturing the composites. Composites were tested on cylindrical samples with the content of strengthening particles 2.5, 5, 7.5, 10 % by weight. Before the sintering process, the powder mixtures were subjected to a single pressing using a hydraulic press at a compaction pressure of 624 MPa. The samples obtained after the pressing process were sintered in a tubular furnace with silite heating elements. The maximum sintering temperature was 900 °C. Dissociated ammonia was used as a protective atmosphere. The samples were heated for 60 minutes. After the sintering process was completed, the samples were slowly cooled at a rate of approximately 70°C/min. The produced sinters were subjected to material tests including measurements of hardness, density and electrical conductivity. Tribological tests were also carried out including measurements of the coefficient of friction and resistance to abrasive wear. Microstructural observations were performed using optical (OM) and scanning electron microscopes (SEM). After the tribological tests, the surface morphology was observed in the abrasion areas. The introduction of aluminum oxide and titanium particles significantly increased the hardness of the composites while reducing the density and electrical conductivity. The tribological tests showed that the introduction of aluminum oxide particles reduced the abrasive wear resistance, while the introduction of titanium particles significantly increased it. In addition, the introduction of aluminum oxide and titanium particles resulted in an increase in the coefficient of friction compared to the sample made of copper powder. The obtained results showed that the copper-titanium composite is characterized by high material and tribological properties, while maintaining relatively high electrical conductivity.

13

Analysis of Tribological Wear of Metallic Membranes After the Hydrogenation Process

Rutkowska-Gorczyca Małgorzata, Winnicki Marcin, Kowalewski Piotr

Tribologia

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2024

|

nr 2

95--104

EN

The paper presents the results of tribological tests of copper material subjected to the cyclic hydrogenation process. Tribological tests during friction in reciprocating motion, in contact with a ceramic ball. The measurement was performed for different numbers of hydrogenation cycles, different surface roughness and different times after the machining process. The test material consisted of metallic membranes made of dendritic copper particles using the additive method of low-pressure cold gas spraying (LPCS). The hydrogen charging process was carried out using a BioLogis SP50ze potentiostat/galvanostat. The current waveforms were carried out in an electrolyte with a concentration of 0.5 M H2SO4 . Voltammetry (CV measurement) was performed in a three-electrode system, where the metallic membrane was the working electrode. The hydrogen charging process included two ranges: 25 cycles (1 hour) and 50 cycles (2 hours). The system was cyclically loaded with current between a potential of -0.200 V and -1.4 V, with a scanning rate of 20 mV/s. The tests carried out allowed for obtaining the values of the friction coefficient and the wear depth. For materials with a developed surface (high roughness), a decrease in the value of the friction coefficient and the depth of the wear trace was observed with an increase in the number of hydrogenation cycles. This indicates an increase in the amount of hydrogen in the rubbing surface by expanding the surface. In the case of polished samples, the best results were obtained with 25 hydrogenation cycles.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono wyniki badań tribologicznych materiału miedzianego poddanego procesowi cyklicznego nawodorowywania. Badania tribologiczne podczas tarcia w ruchu posuwisto-zwrotnym w styku z kulką ceramiczną wykonano dla różnych ilości cykli nawodorowywania, różnej chropowatości powierzchni i w różnym czasie od procesu obróbkowego. Materiał do badań stanowiły membrany metaliczne wykonane z dendrytycznych cząstek miedzi metodą przyrostową niskociśnieniowego natrysku zimnym gazem (LPCS). Proces ładowania wodorem przeprowadzono z zastosowaniem potencjostatu/galwanostatu BioLogis SP50ze. Przebiegi prądowe prowadzono w elektrolicie o stężeniu 0,5 M H2SO4. Woltamperometrię (pomiar CV) przeprowadzono w układzie trójelektrodowym, gdzie membrana metaliczna stanowiła elektrodę roboczą. Proces ładowania wodorem obejmował dwa zakresy 25 cykle (1 h) oraz 50 cykli (2 h). Układ był cyklicznie prądowo obciążany między potencjałem o wartości -0,200 V a -1,4 V, z szybkością skanowania 20 mV/s. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na uzyskanie wartości współczynnika tarcia oraz głębokości zużycia. Dla materiałów o rozwiniętej powierzchni (duża chropowatość) zauważono zmniejszanie wartości współczynnika tarcia oraz głębokości śladu zużycia wraz ze zwiększaniem ilości cykli nawodorowywania. Wskazuje to zwiększenie ilości wodoru w powierzchni trącej poprzez rozwinięcie powierzchni. W przypadku próbek wypolerowanych najlepsze wyniki uzyskano przy 25 cyklach nawodorowywania.

14

Czy specjacja pierwiastków w wodzie ma sens? Część VI - formy chemiczne miedzi w wodzie

Rychlewski Paweł, Zembrzuska Joanna, Kamgar Elham, Różańska Maria

Technologia Wody

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2024

|

Nr 2 (84)

39-43

PL

Miedź jest metalem przejściowym XI grupy pobocznej układu okresowego charakteryzującym się zdolnościami indukcji pola magnetycznego, efektywnego przenoszenia ładunków elektrycznych oraz stabilnością chemiczną w kontakcie z wodą. Z uwagi na te cechy fizyko-chemiczne Cu znalazła zastosowanie w niemal wszystkich urządzeniach elektrycznych oraz w instalacjach wodnych. Miedź powszechnie występuje w glebie i wodzie, gdzie najczęściej znaleźć można ją pod postacią kationu dwuwartościowego (Cu2+) oraz w formie wodorotlenku (Cu(OH2)). Miedź pełni też bardzo ważną rolę w rozwoju i funkcjonowaniu wielu organizmów żywych, gdzie jest mikroelementem niezbędnym do funkcjonowania wielu układów ciała ssaków.

EN

Copper is a transition metal of the XI minor group of the periodic table, characterized by the ability to induce a magnetic field, effectively transfer electric charges and be chemically stable in contact with water. Due to these physical and chemical properties, Cu is used in almost all electrical devices and water installations. Copper is commonly found in soil and water, where it is most often found as a divalent cation (Cu2+) and as a hydroxide (Cu(OH2)) . Copper also plays a very important role in the development and functioning of many living organisms, where it is a microelement necessary for the functioning of mary mammalian body systems.

15

Study on laser welding of a copper material and stainless steel

Wang Renping

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

|

T. 103, nr 9

963--967

EN

A com. fiber laser was used to weld Cu and stainless steel plates. The laser power was 2.2 kW, the welding speed 2.5 mm/s, the spot diam. about 0.5 mm, and the wire feeding speed 2-3.5 mm/s. Ar gas flow rate was 10 L/min. The weld produced was smooth and defect-free, the grain distribution was uniform and the mech. properties of the joint were high. The av. tensile strength of the welded joints was 984 MPa, and the av. yield strength of the joints was 351.4 MPa. The superior ity and potential of laser welding in dissimilar metal welding was evidenced.

PL

Do spawania płyt z miedzi i stali nierdzewnej użyto komercyjnego lasera światłowodowego. Moc lasera wynosiła 2,2 kW, prędkość spawania 2,5 mm/s, średnica plamki ok. 0,5 mm, prędkość podawania drutu 2-3,5 mm/s, a natężenie przepływu argonu 10 L/min. Uzyskana spoina była gładka i wolna od wad, rozkład ziarna był równomierny. Spoina miała dobre właściwości mechaniczne. Średnia wytrzymałość na rozciąganie spoin spawanych wynosiła 984 MPa, a średnia granica plastyczności spoin to 351,4 MPa. Udowodniono potencjał spawania laserowego w spawaniu różnych metali.

16

Detachment and flow behaviour of anode slimes in high nickel copper electrorefining

Sahlman Mika, Aromaa Jari, Lundström Mari

Physicochemical Problems of Mineral Processing

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2024

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Vol. 60, iss. 2

art. no. 186194

EN

Most of the world’s copper is produced via copper electrorefining, where nickel is the most abundant impurity in the process. Previously it has been suggested that nickel affects the adhesion of anode slimes on the anode as well as the porosity of the slime layer that forms. This paper investigates the effects of nickel, oxygen, sulphuric acid and temperature on the detachment of anode slimes from the anode surface. The detachment of particles as a function of both anode and electrolyte composition was studied on laboratory scale using a camera connected to a Raspberry Pi, and particle detection and movement analysed using TrackPy. The results revealed four different slime detachment mechanisms: cloud formation, individual particle detachment, cluster detachment and avalanche. These were found to be dependent on the electrolyte (0, 10, 20, 30 g/dm3 Ni2+ & 100, 200 g/dm3 H2SO4), with increasing nickel concentration promoting cluster detachment and increasing sulphuric acid concentration favouring detachment of individual particles. Anode composition (0.05-0.44 wt% O and 0.07-0.64 wt% Ni) was shown to affect the flow direction of anode slimes, with increasing nickel leading to more upward-flowing slimes. Typical particle movement velocities were from -0.5 to 1.0 mm/s regardless of the electrolyte and anode composition, and regardless of the operating temperature (25 °C & 60 °C) for small particles (<0.5 mm). The results also support previous findings that increasing the nickel concentration of the electrolyte leads to a more porous anode slime layer on the anode.

17

Secondary arsenates from the Ľubietová-Svätodušná copper deposit in Slovakia

Solecka Urszula

Journal of Geotechnology and Energy

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2024

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Vol. 41, no. 4

35--42

EN

In the vicinity of Lubietová in the Banská Bystrica region in Slovakia, copper was mined in three deposits: Podlipa, Svätodušná, and Kolba. The study concerns the association of secondary arsenates of the Lubietová-Svätodušná copper deposit. The Lubietová-Svätodušná deposit contains a large number of secondary minerals, formed as a result of weathering in the hypergene zone. Among them, copper arsenates are the most important, due to the rare occurrence of some of them. Four secondary arsenates have been characterized: chalcophyllite, euchroite, olivenite and pharmacosiderite. The minerals were identified using X-ray diffraction (XRD), whereas observations under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and chemical analysis (EDS) showed that some of them are heterogeneous, contain different substitutions, and show significant variability in the content of individual elements within single specimens.

18

Using Eucalyptus Peels as a Permeable Reactive Barrier for Treating Groundwater Contaminated with Copper Ions – A Simulation with COMSOL Software

Shno Mustafa Ali Muhammed, Al-Qaisi Atheer Zaki, Al Yousif Mustafa A., Alkadhim Nooruldeen

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 11

37--45

EN

This study investigated the use of eucalyptus peels as a permeable reactive barrier (PRB) for treating groundwater contaminated with copper ions. Activated carbon was produced from eucalyptus peels, and its adsorption capacity for copper removal was evaluated through laboratory experiments. COMSOL software was used to simulate the performance of the eucalyptus peel-based PRB in order to optimize the design as well as predict the efficiency and longevity of the barrier. Batch studies were conducted to evaluate how factors such as the initial concentration of the contaminant, pH level, contact time, amount of sorbent used, and agitation speed affected the results. The results show that the optimal values of these factors were a 50 ppm concentration, a pH of 6, an 80-minute contact time, a dosage of 2 mg per 100 ml, and a stirring speed of 250 rpm. These findings demonstrate that eucalyptus peels, being an agricultural waste product, can be effectively converted into activated carbon with a high adsorption capacity (equal to 91.5%) for copper ions. To analyze the data, researchers utilized COMSOL Multiphysics 3.5a software, which employs the finite element method to solve the equations that describe the one-dimensional (1D) movement of copper under equilibrium conditions. Compared to other organic and inorganic adsorbents commonly used in PRBs, eucalyptus peels showed promising results in terms of adsorption capacity and cost-effectiveness. This study contributes to the development of innovative and sustainable remediation strategies for groundwater contaminated with heavy metals like copper. The findings demonstrate the potential of eucalyptus peels as a viable alternative to traditional adsorbents used in PRBs, promoting the use of renewable materials in environmental management and indicating that the PRB significantly impedes the movement of the copper plume. Ultimately, the predictions from the COMSOL simulations were very close to the actual experimental results, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of less than 1%.

19

Ecological Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Water, Sediment, and Polychaeta (Neoleanira Tetragona) from Coastal Areas Affected by Aquaculture, Urban Rivers, and Ports in South Sumatra

Rozirwan, Az-Zahrah Shahnaz Ajeng Fatimah, Khotimah Nadila Nur, Nugroho Redho Yoga, Putri Wike Ayu Eka, Fauziyah, Melki, Agustriani Fitri, Siregar Yusni Ikhwan

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 1

303--319

EN

Industrial activities in coastal areas can produce pollutant substances that are detrimental to the ecological environment. This study aimed to assess the ecological risks of heavy metal pollution in water, sediments, and polychaeta (Neoleanira tetragona) affected by aquaculture, urban rivers, and ports. Water parameters such as temperature, DO, pH, and salinity were measured in situ at fifteen observation stations. Samples were taken at three locations around the aquaculture area, namely the Barong River, the Musi River Estuary as an urban river area, and Tanjung Api-api port in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Analysis of sediment grain size and substrate types using the method of Shepard’s triangle Heavy metal concentrations were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry. Then, the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc Tukey statistical analysis. Ecological risk assessment uses the bioconcentration factor (BCF), index geoaccumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (Cf), and pollution load index (PLI). Based on the results, the concentration of heavy metal Pb in water was not detected until 0.625 mg/L, and Cu was not detected. Furthermore, Pb in sediments was 1.261–11.070 mg/kg, Cu was 0.193–19.300 mg/kg, Pb polychaeta was not detected until 0.0044 mg/kg, and Cu ranged from 0.0003–0.0014 mg/kg. Ecological risk assessment for BCF showed that the level of accumulation of polychaeta (N. tetragona) was categorized as an excluder (BCF < 1). Igeo and Cf indicate uncontaminated pollution levels (Igeo < 0) and low contamination (Cf < 1). Meanwhile, the Pollution Load Index is included in the nonpolluted category (PLI <0). Based on the results, the quality of the ecological environment affected by aquaculture, urban rivers, and ports is still classified as safe for ecological risk assessment; further studies are needed regarding the relationship between pollution levels and the physiological response of biota.

20

Friction stir lap welding of dissimilar aluminum alloys ‎with copper particles ‎additives

Ali Ghusoon Ridha Mohammed, Mubarak Ethar Mohammed, Al-Kalali Rawaa Hamid, Hussein Emad Ali

International Journal of Applied Mechanics and Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 29, no. 4

33--46

EN

Friction stir lap welding (FSLW) of dissimilar Aluminum alloys (AA1100 with AA6061) is ‎investigated using a 3 ‎mm sheet’s thick. These alloys are difference in physical characteristics, strength, and melting temperatures, at different tool ‎rotation speeds (560,900 and 1400) rpm and various feed rate (16, 40 and ‎‎125) mm/min, with ‎cylindrical pin geometry having two tilt angle: 0°, 3° was used. Copper particles were added ‎to ‎the weld zone to make composite friction stir welded joints using the best welding ‎conditions. Many tests and ‎inspections were carried out to evaluate the joint quality and the ‎soundness of weldments. The highest value of tensile strength and efficiency at (1400, 40, 3̊) while hardness recorded (97.5HV) at stir zone of FSLW and it go downs along the HAZ and base metals of AA1100 and AA6061.