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1

Phytoremediation potential of selected herbaceous species in vertical gardens for urban air pollution mitigation and integration with the EU Emissions Trading System

Klucznik-Tӧrő Agnieszka

Economics and Environment

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2026

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No. 2

art. no. 1129

EN

The cognitive objective was to prove the thesis that vertical gardens based on the proper selection of plant species are capable of purposefully and efficiently reducing air pollution in the urban environment. Simultaneously, the practical purpose is to propose a response of the construction industry with an original method to the European Emissions Trading System to reach the Zero-Emission objective. The research applies the analysis of the most common pollutions in metropolitan areas, using the example of Cracow, field experimentation methods, biochemical and laboratory studies, statistical analysis, and quantitative techniques. The relevant qualities and adequacy of the chosen species with valued medicinal and health-promoting properties were tested. The plant species used included fennel spike (Agastache Foeniculum), lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), thyme (Thymus vulgaris), chives (Allium schoenoprasum), dill (Anethum graveolens) and common ivy (Hedera helix). The analysis proved that a significant level of phytoremediation of air pollutants can be achieved with vertical gardens. The technology offers a promising nature-based solution concerning its combined innovation responding to the new trend in food production – urban farming and effective greenhouse gas reduction.

PL

Celem poznawczym było udowodnienie tezy, że ogrody wertykalne oparte na odpowiednim doborze gatunków roślin są w stanie celowo i skutecznie redukować zanieczyszczenie powietrza w środowisku miejskim, natomiast celem praktycznym jest zaproponowanie oryginalnej metody odpowiedzi na Europejski System Handlu Emisjami w celu osiągnięcia celu zerowej emisji w budownictwie. W badaniach zastosowano analizę najczęściej występujących zanieczyszczeń w obszarach metropolitalnych na przykładzie Krakowa, metody eksperymentów terenowych, badania biochemiczne i laboratoryjne, analizę statystyczną oraz techniki ilościowe. Sprawdzono odpowiednie właściwości i adekwatność wybranych gatunków o cenionych właściwościach leczniczych i prozdrowotnych. Wykorzystano następujące gatunki roślin: koper włoski, melisę lekarską, tymianek pospolity, szczypiorek, koper ogrodowy i bluszcz pospolity. Analiza dowiodła, że za pomocą ogrodów wertykalnych można osiągnąć znaczący poziom fitoremediacji zanieczyszczeń powietrza. Technologia ta oferuje obiecujące rozwiązanie oparte na naturze w zakresie połączonej innowacji odpowiadającej na nowy trend w produkcji żywności – rolnictwo miejskie i skuteczną redukcję gazów cieplarnianych.

2

Pomegranates peel as a bioadsorbent for removing lead ion from aqueous solution: A phytoadsorption study

Ansir Najwa H., Sharif Salaheddin, Eldagharye Rehab N. F. M., Boshaala Hend Abd Almenam, Kikhia Fatma M., Algaddafi Alia M. A., Tarhoni Ahmed S.

Scientiae Radices

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2025

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Vol. 4, Iss. 3

234--246

EN

Removing toxic heavy metals from ecosystems remains a significant challenge, necessitating the exploration of environmentally friendly solutions. Phytoremediation stands out as one of the most effective, sustainable, and eco-conscious methods. In recent decades, phytoadsorption has emerged as a promising, cost-effective, and benign approach for detoxifying contaminated aquatic environments from heavy metals. In our study, we investigated the use of dry pomegranate peels as a biosorbent to extract lead (Pb²⁺) ions from aqueous solutions through the phytoadsorption process. Various amounts of dried biomass (5.0, 2.0, and 0.5 grams) were tested under different shaking speeds (400, 600, and 800 oscillations per minute) and contact times. The results demonstrated that dried pomegranate peels could remove up to 83.2% of lead ions from 250 ppm aqueous solutions at room temperature and neutral pH. Additionally, the bioadsorption capacity of the pomegranate peels reached up to 28.8 mg/g. These findings suggest that pomegranate peels have the potential to serve as effective bioadsorbents for the removal of lead heavy metals from polluted aquatic systems.

3

Integrating ammonium-based polymer with phytoremediation for phosphate and chemical oxygen demand reduction in palm oil mill effluent

Hakim Lukman, Rahayu Aster, Jamilatun Siti, Sisca Vivi, Fajri Joni Aldilla

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 1

46--58

EN

Environmental pollution caused by the palm oil industry is a severe problem. In palm oil production, liquid waste is obtained as palm oil mill effluent containing COD and phosphate, which can pollute aquatic ecosystems and soil. Phytoremediation technology with modification using ammonium-based polymer adsorbents effectively reduces palm oil mill effluent contaminants. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of phytoremediation and adsorption modification technology using ammonium-based polymer adsorbents to consider environmentally friendly and economical reducing pollutants in palm oil mill effluent. Vetiveria zizanioides plants were cultivated in floating treatment wetlands, and the planting media was varied using ammonium-based polymer to treat palm oil mill effluent with a volume of 3 L. The performance of the modified reactor in degrading COD and phosphate was examined by monitoring the floating treatment wetlands for 9 days and measuring the physiochemical parameters. Variations in ammonium-based polymer showed optimal performance using a lower ratio of 0.3. This combination of technologies removed COD by around 77.3% with an adsorption capacity of 558.4 mg/g and phosphate by around 59.5% with an adsorption capacity of 2.77 mg/g within nine days. These results could be elaborated on with tertiary treatment for future treatment to enhance removal according to the quality standards of the Ministry of Environment and Forestry in Indonesia.

4

Enhancing phytoremediation of heavy metals: A comprehensive review of performance microorganism-assisted Cyperus rotundus L.

Rohmanna Novianti Adi, Agustina Lya, Saputra Riza Adrianoor, Sari Noorkomala, Noor Ihsan, Majid Zuliyan Agus Nur Muchlis

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2025

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Vol. 26, nr 6

391--401

EN

Cyperus rotundus L is a hyperaccumulator plant for decomposing heavy metals. High heavy metal content can inhibit its growth, thus reducing its removal efficiency. Using microorganisms in the phytoremediation process will likely improve their performance in decomposing heavy metals and increase their growth. This review aims to synthesize the current knowledge on the performance of microorganism-assisted Cyperus rotundus L. in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated environments, highlighting this approach’s key factors, mechanisms, and potential applications. The investigation used the PRISMA framework, which stands for systematic review and meta-analysis. The search was conducted using various online databases, Scopus, using a combination of keywords, including “Cyperus rotundus”, “phytoremediation”, “heavy metals”, “plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria” and “microorganism-assisted.” The process involved identifying the research question, selecting relevant studies, tabulating results, and summarizing findings. Results indicate that Cyperus rotundus L. has quite a good ability in the remediation of heavy metals such as sulfate, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Fe, and Cr. Although it can grow in extreme environments, high concentrations of heavy metals can reduce its photosynthetic ability and cause death. Using microorganisms on plants can help plants increase their effectiveness in removing heavy metals. Microorganisms play a role in plant growth promotion, heavy metal solubilization and chelation, and the elimination of metal-induced stress. Further research is needed to understand the complexities of these plant-microbe interactions fully and to optimize the application of this technology for large-scale environmental remediation.

5

Removal of heavy metals by energy crops when grown on technologically contaminated soils

Romanchuk Liudmyla, Matviichuk Nataliia, Abramova Iryna, Matviichuk Bogdan, Tryboi Oleksandra

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 1

92--102

EN

The publication presents data on the removal of heavy metals by energy crops Miscanthus giganteus L. and Phalaris arundinacea L. when grown on technologically polluted soils. The yield of Miscanthus giganteus averaged 16.96 t/ha over the two years of research, and that of Falaris arundinacea - 4.38 t/ha, respectively. The nature of heavy metal accumulation by energy plants depended on the type of crop and its productivity during the years of cultivation. The concentration of all heavy metals in the phytomass of energy crops did not exceed the threshold limit value (TLV), except for zinc in miscanthus giganteus plants (by 9-11 mg/kg). Compared to the years of the study, in the second year of cultivation, the coefficient of heavy metal absorption by plants increased significantly compared to the first year due to an increase in the vegetative mass of plants. On average, in 2021-2023, the energy crops Phalaris arundinacea and Miscanthus x giganteus removed a significant amount of heavy metals from 1 ha of soil. It has been proven that energy crops such as Phalaris arundinacea and Miscanthus x giganteus contribute to the purification of technologically contaminated soils from heavy metals, and their products can be used further as biofuels and for other purposes, as the content of toxicants in their phytomass does not exceed the TLV.

6

Phytoremediation of zinc and copper by using Acacia manguim plant in laboratory contaminated soils

Al-Samman Sufyan, Edrees Sara Bassam, Al-Hammadi Noor

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 9

13--22

EN

The following study presents the effects of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), biochar, and humic acid on zinc and copper uptake in plant tissues. Treatments were conducted successively in an arrangement that the main consideration was towards metal uptake in root and shoot tissues by keeping the properties of chelation which is developed through EDTA and enhanced capabilities in the soil performance of biochar and humic acid. These results indicated that EDTA at 5 μg/kg significantly increased Zn accumulation in the roots at 861.361 ± 1188.849 μg/kg, p = 0.033, higher than that of both biochar and humic acid treatments combined. Among root tissues, Cu accumulation was also highest in EDTA treated at 2.5 μg/kg, amounting to 594.649 ± 836.200 μg/kg, p = 0.034. Most noticeably, humic acid at 10 μg/kg increased Cu uptake in the roots at 3109.425 ± 7187.589 μg/kg, p = 0.017, thus may have acted to increase metal availability. Shoot metal accumulation did not differ significantly across treatments, however. These results point to the effectiveness of EDTA in enhancing the root uptake of metals while biochar and humic acid generally produced small but differential effects. The findings underline the importance of choosing a treatment for metals uptake optimization in plants and enlighten the possible use of soil amendments for better nutrient management.

7

Phytoremediation of cadmium-contaminated soil using liberika coffee (Coffea liberica) and Jatropha (Jatropha curcas): Mechanisms, economic feasibility, and sustainability considerations

Maryani Anis Tatik, Zulkarnain, Ichwan Budiyati, Eliyanti, Wibowo Yudha Gusti

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 7

227--254

EN

Cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil presents a significant environmental and public health hazard, requiring effective and sustainable remediation strategies. This study introduces a novel phytoremediation approach by integrating Liberika coffee (Coffea liberica) and Jatropha curcas with mycorrhizal inoculation, an innovative combination not previously explored for Cd-contaminated soils. The experiment assessed plant growth, mycorrhizal colonization, and soil quality parameters under Cd concentrations of 10 and 20 mg/kg. Results demonstrated a notable reduction in Cd concentration from 15 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg, along with improvements in soil pH (from 5.5 to 6.2), organic matter content (from 1.8% to 2.5%), and cation exchange capacity (from 18 to 20 cmol/kg). The combination of one Liberika coffee plant with one Jatropha plant at 10 mg/kg (C1K1) exhibited the most effective performance, achieving a plant height of 31.05 cm, a stem diameter of 5.66 mm, and a mycorrhizal infection rate of 72%. This study provides new insights into an integrated phytoremediation strategy that not only enhances soil quality but also transforms Cd-contaminated land into productive agroecosystems, demonstrating a dual benefit for environmental sustainability and land rehabilitation.

8

Phytoremediation of ammonia and water quality improvement in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) culture using Ipomoea aquatica and Lemna minor

Asniarti, Fahruddin Fahruddin, Tambaru Elis

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2025

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Vol. 26, iss. 10

343--355

EN

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of aquatic plants water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica) and duckweed (Lemna minor) in reducing ammonia concentration and improving water quality in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) aquaculture ponds through phytoremediation. Four treatments were tested: P1 (water spinach), P2 (duckweed), P3 (combination of both), and K (control), with observations conducted on day 0, day 7, day 14, and day 21.The results showed that treatment P1 provided the most significant reduction in ammonia concentration (from 0.12 mg/L to 0.05 mg/L), BOD (from 206 mg/L to 20.4 mg/L), COD (from 505 mg/L to 51.1 mg/L), and TDS (from 731 mg/L to 477 mg/L). Treatment P3 also demonstrated good effectiveness, particularly in reducing ammonia and COD, although not as efficiently as P1. In contrast, treatment P2 showed a sharp increase in ammonia on day 7 (6.4 mg/L), followed by a drastic decrease, indicating high fluctuation. The control treatment (K) showed no significant changes across all parameters.These findings indicate that water spinach has strong potential as a phytoremediation agent in freshwater aquaculture systems, with the ability to absorb ammonia and significantly improve water quality. This approach offers an eco-friendly and sustainable solution to enhance the efficiency and environmental health of common carp farming.

9

Trivalent antimony mineralization: Mechanism and application of Acinetobacter johnsonii

Shi Xianrong, Wanping Bian, Yang Linping, Xian Jiuqin, Liu Kun, Wang Qian, Yang Aijiang, Niu Aping, Mei Shixue

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 4

127--143

EN

Current research on microbially mediated Sb(III) biomineralization has mainly focused on the role of polysaccharides in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In this study, we systematically investigated and confirmed the dominant regulatory role of protein components in EPS during Sb(III) biomineralization, thereby overturning the previous assumption that EPS polysaccharides are the primary functional component. A highly Sb-resistant strain, Acinetobacter johnsonii, was isolated. This strain exhibits remarkable characteristics: it can tolerate up to 21 mM Sb(III) stress, directionally mineralize Sb(III) into octahedral Sb2O3 microcrystals, and achieve a removal rate of up to 90% for 11 mM Sb(III). These results demonstrate its high Sb resistance and efficient, directional biomineralization capability. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and proteomic analysis confirmed that extracellular proteins (e.g. 34 kDa and 20 kDa) were upregulated under Sb(III) stress. Combined with EPS inactivation experiments, these results revealed the regulatory role of proteins: linearized peptide chains provide additional binding sites for Sb(III), promoting the formation of larger Sb2O3microcrystals. This study thus clarifies the specific molecular mechanism underlying protein-mediated Sb(III) biomineralization. Furthermore, by integrating the microbial biomineralization mechanism with phytoremediation, a synergistic effect of “Sb immobilization and growth promotion” was achieved. This not only significantly reduced Sb accumulation in various rice tissues (roots, leaves, polished grains, and stalks) but also increaseds plant height and stabilized yield under Sb(III) stress. Our findings provide a novel application model of “pollution control and crop protection” for the remediation of Sb-contaminated farmlands.

10

Assessment of heavy metal accumulation in local vegetation due to road traffic

Lewandowski Max

Architecture Civil Engineering Environment

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2025

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Vol. 18, no. 4

75--85

EN

Environmental pollution caused by heavy metals is an increasingly pressing ecological issue. One of the main sources of these pollutants is road transport. This study aimed to assess the impact of traffic intensity on heavy metal emissions using locally occurring vegetation as a natural indicator of environmental contamination. The research focused on a common and widely distributed plant species - dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) - analyzing its capacity to accumulate pollutants. Plant samples were collected from four different locations with varying levels of traffic: near a highway, urban roads, and a forest area used as a reference site. The plants differed visually depending on the collection site, indicating the influence of pollution on their physical condition. Laboratory analyses revealed that plants from the area with the highest traffic intensity contained approximately four times higher concentrations of selected heavy metals - including Cd, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn - compared to samples from the forest site. These results demonstrated the ability of dandelions to accumulate heavy metals in their biomass show that local vegetation can serve as a simple, cost-effective, and non-invasive tool for environmental monitoring, supporting the planning of pollution mitigation efforts and soil phytoremediation strategies in urbanized and traffic-exposed areas.

11

Badania fitoremediacji gleby zanieczyszczonej węglowodorami ropopochodnymi z zastosowaniem Glechoma hederacea

Wojtowicz Katarzyna, Jakubowicz Piotr

Nafta-Gaz

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2024

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R. 80, nr 6

352--360

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zagadnienia związane z fitoremediacją gleb zanieczyszczonych węglowodorami ropopochodnymi za pomocą Glechoma hederacea (bluszczyk kurdybanek) jako fitoremedianta. Materiał badawczy stanowiła gleba pobrana z terenu dołu urobkowego charakteryzująca się podwyższonym stężeniem TPH (całkowita zawartość węglowodorów) – 3789,12 mg/kg s.m. oraz WWA (wielopierścieniowe węglowodory aromatyczne) – 7,53 mg/kg s.m. Badania fitoremediacji prowadzono w trzech układach: układ 1 – gleba wyjściowa GW + Glechoma hederacea, układ 2 – gleba wyjściowa GW + Glechoma hederacea + + bioaugmentacja biopreparatem (specjalistyczne konsorcjum mikrobiologiczne), układ 3 – gleba wyjściowa GW + Glechoma hederacea + + bioaugmentacja biopreparatem z dodatkiem γ-PGA (kwas γ-poliglutaminowy) przez sześć miesięcy w warunkach atmosferycznych. Dodatkowo zbadano skuteczność samooczyszczania gleby. Oceny efektywności stosowanych zabiegów fitoremediacyjnych dokonano na podstawie analiz chromatograficznych oraz toksykologicznych. Rezultaty badawcze wykazały, że zastosowanie metod kombinowanych (fitoremediacja wspomagana bioaugmentacją – układy 2 i 3) pozwalało na zwiększenie skuteczności procesu oczyszczania gleb zanieczyszczonych węglowodorami ropopochodnymi. Przeprowadzone analizy chromatograficzne wykazały, że stopień biodegradacji TPH po zakończeniu testu w układzie 1 wynosił 35,52%, natomiast WWA – 27,66%. Wspomaganie procesu fitoremediacji z wykorzystaniem Glechoma hederacea inokulacją biopreparatem (układ 2) wpłynęło na wzrost efektywności biodegradacji TPH (65,48%) i WWA (62,93%). Ponadto inokulacja gleby biopreparatem z dodatkiem γ-PGA (układ 3) spowodowała obniżenie zawartości TPH w badanej glebie o 74,90% oraz WWA o 73,85%. Skuteczność zabiegów fitoremediacji z zastosowaniem Glechoma hederacea uzupełniono o monitoring toksykologiczny z użyciem trzech testów toksykologicznych: Phytotoxkit™, Ostracodtoxkit F™ oraz Microtox®STP.

EN

The article presents issues related to the phytoremediation of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons using Glechoma hederacea as a phytoremediation plant. The research material consisted of soil taken from a drill waste pit, characterized by an elevated TPH (total hydrocarbon content) concentration of 3789.12 mg/kg d. m. and PAHs (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) 7.53 mg/kg d.m. Phytoremediation studies were carried out in three research systems: system 1 – initial soil GW + Glechoma hederacea, system 2 – initial soil GW + Glechoma hederacea + bioaugmentation with a biopreparation (a specialized microbial consortium), system 3 – initial soil GW + Glechoma hederacea + biopreparation with the addition of ƴ-PGA (ƴ-polyglutamic acid) for six months under atmospheric conditions. Additionally, the effectiveness of soil self-cleaning was tested. The effectiveness of the phytoremediation treatments used was assessed based on chromatographic and toxicological analyses. The research results proved that the use of combined methods (phytoremediation supported by bioaugmentation – systems 2 and 3) allows to increase the effectiveness of the treatment process of soils contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The chromatographic analyses performed showed that the degree of biodegradation of TPH after the test in system 1 was 35.52%, and that of PAHs was 27.66%. Supporting the phytoremediation process using Glechoma hederacea and inoculation with a biopreparation (system 2) increased the efficiency of biodegradation of TPH (65.48%) and PAHs (62.93%). Moreover, inoculation of soil with a biopreparation with addition of γ-PGA (system 3) resulted in reduction of TPH content in the tested soil by 74.90% and PAH content by 73.85%. The effectiveness of the applied phytoremediation treatments using Glechoma hederacea was supplemented with toxicological monitoring using three toxicological tests: PhytotoxkitTM, Ostracodtoxkit FTM and Microtox®STP.

12

Phytoremediation in aquaculture in Poland as an element supporting the improvement of surface water quality

Gałczyńska Małgorzata, Wróbel Jacek, Korzelecka-Orkisz Agata, Tański Adam, Formicki Krzysztof

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2024

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no. 63

228--240

EN

Low and poor-quality water resources in Poland require rational and responsible use of them also in aquaculture. In recent years, there has been an increase in fish consumption, but also a change in consumer preferences. The development of innovative aquaculture methods leads to a reduction in water consumption, even by 20%, as is the case with recirculation aquaculture systems with salmonid fish production. In turn, sewage sludge generated in the purification process should be directed to the third stage of their purification, i.e. a hydrophyte lagoon. High requirements for the discharge of post-production water into aquatic ecosystems call for even more restrictive water management at every stage of fish production. The use of phytoremediation based on knowledge about the adaptation of aquatic and wetland plants to development in artificial aquatic ecosystems is an important element supporting the improvement of surface water quality. Thanks to the processes of rhizofiltration, phytoextraction and phytodegradation, hydrophytes effectively participate in reducing the concentration of nutrients and additionally metal ions. In turn, in fish farms focused on intensive carp production, part of the water drained from ponds in autumn can be subjected to phytoremediation in channels with an ecotone zone, thus improving the quality of these ecosystems. The key here is the selection of plants for the proposed solutions using phytoremediation and guaranteeing the effectiveness of this technology.

13

Treatment of Domestic Wastewater Using Free Floating Constructed Wetlands Assisted by Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes

Sayanthan S., Hasan Hassimi Abu, Buhari Junaidah, Abdullah Siti Rozaimah Sheikh

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 8

237--252

EN

Floating phytoremediation offers a feasible, ecofriendly, and economically viable method for treating wastewater. The objective of this study was to assess the effectiveness of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes in treating domestic wastewater with varying initial strength at different hydraulic retention time (HRT). This was to find out a best treatment combination of macrophyte, wastewater strength and HRT by optimizing those parameters. The growth parameters of the plants were assessed and linked to the removal of contaminants. The wastewater phytoremediation by E. crassipes and P. stratiotes conducted for twenty-two days in a green house. Result showed that Eichhornia crassipes able to treat 50% strength of wastewater (50 WH) efficiently with removal of ammonia by 97.4%, phosphate by 68.5%, and COD by 54.0%, respectively, at the HRT of three days. The corresponding initial concentrations of ammonia, phosphate, and COD were likely to be 6.62 mg/L, 2.54 mg/L, and 37 mg/L, respectively. The 50WH experimental units showed the lowest relative growth rate (RGR). The results proved the higher efficiency of E. crassipes in treating the domestic wastewater.

14

Phytoremediation of Landfill Leachate Using Chlorophytum comosum, Echinodorus palaefolius, and Hippochaetes lymenalis

Ratnawati Rhenny, Nurhayati Indah, Rohim Imam Nur, Adriani Vivin

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 12

124--135

EN

Phytoremediation is an alternative technology for treating leachate by utilizing plants. The objective of this study was to examine the concentrations of total suspended solid (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and cadmium (Cd) in leachate through the phytoremediation process using Chlorophytum comosum, Echinodorus palaefolius, and Hippochaetes lymenalis. The research was conducted on a laboratory scale with a batch system. The leachate was sourced from the Ngipik Landfill, Gresik, East Java, Indonesia, and was collected from the inlet of the Ngipik Landfill Leachate Treatment Unit. Acclimatization was carried out for 7 days. A range finding test (RFT) was conducted by varying the concentration composition of the leachate compared to tap water, with the planting medium being 25% leachate: 75% tap water, 50% leachate: 50% tap water, 50% leachate: 75% tap water, and 100% leachate: 0% tap water (v/v). The plants used in each reactor weighed 1 kg. The reactors used for the phytoremediation process were plastic boxes with dimensions of 51×32×31 cm. The planting medium consisted of gravel-sized 10–20 mm, with a thickness of 7 cm, and soil with a thickness of 7 cm. This research showed that the average final TSS concentration of the leachate was 25.50 ± 44.37 mg/L. The average TSS reduction efficiency reached 94.90 ±8.87%. The average final TN concentration of the leachate was 409.42 ± 139.19 mg/L, with an average TN reduction efficiency of 89.73 ± 4.62%. The average Cd concentration in the leachate was 0.0012 ± 0.0013 mg/L, with an average Cd concentration reduction efficiency of 92.30 ± 8.48%. The final TSS and Cd concentrations met the leachate quality standards, with values of 100 mg/L and 0.1000 mg/L, respectively. However, the final TN concentration did not meet the leachate quality standards, as the final TN concentration in the leachate was 60 mg/L.

15

Innovation in Utilisation of Apu-Apu (Pistia stratiotes) for Phytoremediation of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Industrial Wastewater – A Case Study on Local Biodiversity

Khambali Khambali, Anwar Taufik, Wardoyo Slamet

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 12

333--339

EN

Environmental pollution due to heavy metals in industrial wastewater is a serious problem for human health and ecosystems. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Pistia stratiotes in absorbing heavy metals such as Pb, Cd, Hg, Ni, Cu, and Zn from wastewater. The method used was a quantitative experiment with observations for 3 weeks. Industrial wastewater was analysed before and after treatment using a spectrophotometer to measure heavy metal concentrations. The results showed that Pistia stratiotes was able to significantly reduce heavy metal concentrations, especially Pb with a reduction of up to 79.6% from the initial concentration of 2.50 mg/L to 0.51 mg/L. The reduction effectiveness for Cd reached 79.2%, Hg 78%, and Ni 77.2%. However, Cu and Zn reductions were lower, at 70% and 69.3%, respectively. This study concludes that Pistia stratiotes has great potential as an effective phytoremediation agent to reduce heavy metal concentrations in industrial wastewater.

16

Effectiveness of Endophytes Bacteria in Enhancing Floating Treatment Wetland to Treat Textile Wastewater

Fajri Joni Aldilla, Nurmiyanto Awaluddin, Sa'adah Nurun Nailis, Nuryana Isa, Anfaresi Shofi Latifah Nuha, Lathifah Annisa Nur

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

|

Vol. 25, nr 3

12--24

EN

This research investigated the association of consortium endophyte bacteria from different hosts to enhance the performance of Vetiveria zizanioides in treating textile wastewater using Floating Treatment Wetlands (FTWs). The endophyte bacteria were isolated from the roots of three natural plants (Oryza sativa, Colocasia esculenta, and Alternanthera philoxeroides) contaminated by textile wastewater. The selected isolated endophyte bacteria were subjected to the four FTWs reactors containing the Vetiveria sp. and ran for 30 days in a semi-batch system to evaluate their performance. FTWs reactors-augmented endophyte bacteria could reduce the COD, color, and heavy metals in textile wastewater. The highest removal efficiencies of COD (74%) and color (91%) were observed in FK2 (vegetated control) and F4 reactor, respectively. The addition of endophyte bacteria increased the heavy metal reductions of Pb (52%) and Cd (33%) in reactors of F3 and F4, respectively. This study exhibited that the consortium endophyte bacteria isolated from the contaminated plants could improve the FTWs reactor performance. Finally, they reduce the plant stresses in the contaminated wastewater by increasing the plant biomass in roots and shoots. These findings reveal that the consortium of natural endophyte bacteria from different hosts does not inhibit their function and association with the other host plant, but they contribute positive responses to the plant growth and pollutant degradation.

17

The Sulfur Dioxide Absorption Capacity of Plants Tecoma Stans and its Effect on Antioxidants

Al-Jaba Sura Razzaq Manhee, Al-Janabi Ameera O. Hussain

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 9

268--276

EN

The current study used to prove the efficiency of Tecoma stans to sulfur dioxide gas (SO2 )was at a concentration of 10 mg·m-3 which is equal to 3.82 ppm for the period from summer exposure (May – June 2023) to reduce SO2 thus reduce some gaseous pollutants that cause global warming and some air pollutants and know the effect of seasonal conditions to mitigate these pollutants. The physiological changes of the three replicates of study plant were observed through equal time periods daily for a period of seven days covered with polyethylene under controlled conditions represented by a greenhouse. The process was repeated three times between the three exposures provide rest periods for the plant for a week. During summer exposure, it was found that the concentration of flavonoids was significantly increased as compare to control (5.222 ± 0.27 mg/100 ml of extract) from 6.58 ± 0.43 to 6.24 ± 0.31 mg/100 ml of extract, but this concentration was increased after the third exposure into to 6.99 ± 0.29 mg/100 ml of extract. There was decrease in Tannins concentration after the second exposure (with concentration 1.5 ± 0.05 to 0.72 ± 0.01 µl/ml)), but this concentration was returned increased significantly to 1.36 ± 0.01 µl/ml) after the third exposure to SO2 . Also in The enzyme activities for peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) demonstrated varied responses to SO2 exposure, and T. stans showing distinct patterns of enzyme activation. The effect of POD and CAT increased in plants which exposure into SO2 , whereas CAT play important role in inhibition of ROS.

18

Phytoremediation of Soils by Cultivation Miscanthus x Giganteus L. and Phalaris arundinacea L.

Romantschuk Ludmila, Matviichuk Nataliia, Mozharivska Inna, Matviichuk Bogdan, Ustymenko Volodymyr, Tryboi Oleksandra

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 6

137--147

EN

Restoring soil fertility and protecting it from pollution are complex scientific tasks of our time that require a set of physical, chemical and biological measures. An important theoretical and applied aspect is the development of new remediation methods to reduce soil degradation processes under the influence of chemical pollution. The publication analyzes the ecological features of the energy crops Miscanthus giganteus L. and Phalaris arundinacea L. as phytoremediation agents of soils contaminated with heavy metals, pesticides, and oil products. The content of toxicants in contaminated soils as a result of energy crops cultivation has significantly decreased, in particular, the content of mobile forms and the mass fraction of heavy metals. The greatest decrease was observed in the content of mobile forms of chromium: in the area contaminated with petroleum products by 0.55 mg/kg when growing reeds and by 1.06 mg/kg when growing miscanthus, and in the area contaminated with pesticides by 3.65 and 5.25 mg/kg, respectively. The gross stibium content decreased in the area contaminated with oil products by 60 mg/kg when growing reeds and by 69.61 mg/kg of soil when growing miscanthus, and by 65.68 and 78.35 mg/kg in the area contaminated with pesticides. The concentration of cadmium in the studied plots where energy crops were grown decreased in the range of 0.131–0.193 mg/kg when growing Phalaris arundinacea L. and by 0.187–0.312 mg/kg when growing Miscanthus giganteus L., respectively. The content of organic pollutants was also significantly reduced.

19

Zielone ściany i dachy - nowatorskie rozwiązania dla zrównoważonego budownictwa

Brągoszewska Ewa, Matusik Remigiusz, Nowak Natalia

Ciepłownictwo, Ogrzewnictwo, Wentylacja

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2024

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T. 55, nr 5

34--36

PL

Zazielenianie elewacji i dachów budynków stanowi efektywną strategię odpowiadającą na potrzeby zmniejszenia zużycia energii i poprawy jakości życia mieszkańców. Roślinne pokrycie ścian i dachów przyczynia się nie tylko do wzrostu izolacyjności budynków, szczególnie tych pozbawionych termomodernizacji, lecz także do zwiększenia obszarów o aktywności biologicznej w miastach. W efekcie wspiera to retencję wód opadowych i ogranicza efekt miejskiej wyspy ciepła (UHI, Urban Heat Island). W kontekście zrównoważonego budownictwa istotne jest, że najważniejsze systemy certyfikacji, takie jak LEED i BREEAM, uwzględniają ocenę energochłonności budynków, podkreślając tym samym znaczenie zielonych technologii w sektorze budowlanym.

EN

Greening building facades and roofs represents an effective strategy in response to the need for energy consumption reduction and improvement of residents’ quality of life. Plant coverage on walls and roofs not only contributes to increased building insulation, especially for those without thermal modernization, but also to the expansion of areas with biological activity in cities. As a result, this supports the retention of rainwater and reduces the urban heat island effect (UHI, Urban Heat Island). In the context of sustainable construction, it is significant that leading certification systems such as LEED and BREEAM include assessments of building energy efficiency, emphasizing the importance of green technologies in the construction sector.

20

Wpływ zielonej infrastruktury na jakość powietrza w środowisku zbudowanym

Rawski Kamil L.

Builder

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2024

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R.28, nr 1

32--35

PL

Przedmiotem artykułu jest analiza aspektów związanych z planowaniem zielonej infrastruktury w miastach. Pod uwagę wzięto w szczególności takie kryteria, których uwzględnienie ma przyczynić się do poprawy jakości powietrza poprzez usuwanie różnego typu zanieczyszczeń. Praca obejmuje przegląd wyników badań na temat wykorzystania roślin do oczyszczania powietrza na różnych płaszczyznach: poprzez usuwanie szkodliwych związków chemicznych, wychwytywanie cząstek pyłów zawieszonych oraz wpływ na cyrkulację powietrza. Na podstawie zebranych danych opracowano zestaw wytycznych, które docelowo mogą posłużyć jako narzędzie do bardziej efektywnego planowania zieleni miejskiej. Całość została zwieńczona spisem przykładowych roślin, które mogą być wykorzystane do przygotowania optymalnego doboru gatunkowego w zależności lokalizacji projektu.

EN

The subject of this article is the analysis of aspects related to the planning of green infrastructure in cities. In particular, author have taken into account such criteria, that are expected to contribute to the improvement of air quality through the removal of various types of pollutants. The paper includes a review of research results on the use of plants for air treatment at different levels: through the removal of harmful chemical compounds, the capture of particulate matter and the effect on air circulation. On the basis of the collected data, a set of guidelines was developed, which can ultimately serve as a tool for more effective urban greenery planning. Author also propose the list of exemplary plants that can be used to prepare an optimal species selection depending on the project location.