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1

Spatial Development of Modern Port Structure and Sustainable Urban Growth within Multifunctional Organization

Gerigk Mateusz

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

441--446

EN

Modern port city areas face enormous opportunities due to their coastal location. The possibility of integrating water area into a city area highlights the issue of spatial planning. It is obvious that such locations allow for the development of industrial and port infrastructure. But the major question is how these areas should develop in terms of architecture and urban planning. The aim of the paper is to define the design parameters for maritime areas in the context of the modern city, as well as with regard to sustainable development of these structures. The analysis of modern port centres allows for indicating the directions of development in the pursuit of expansion into water areas. The scale of modern commercial and industrial structure may become dominant, and sometimes even limit the multidirectional development of the city. However, the key issue is how to design these areas in the future, also in relation to the social perspective.

2

Design and Implement an Automatic Smart Buoy System for a Bulgarian Safe Beach Areas – Part 2

Dimitrov Ivan, Iliev Iliyan, Hristov Daniel, Mavrodiev Tsetoslav

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

387--391

EN

The Internet of Things (IoT) is undergoing rapid expansion, transforming industries and everyday life through interconnected devices and data-driven decision-making. As IoT adoption accelerates, ensuring its accessibility and usability for non-technical users becomes increasingly critical. Simplified interaction with IoT systems facilitates broader adoption and maximizes their potential to improve safety, efficiency, and convenience. This aspect is particularly crucial in the domain of coastal safety, where IoT technologies can play a pivotal role. By integrating IoT into a smart buoy system, real-time data on water conditions, weather patterns, and swimmer safety can be continuously monitored and seamlessly communicated to lifeguards and beach visitors. The effectiveness of such a system relies on an intuitive and user-friendly design, enabling individuals without technical expertise to engage with its functionalities effortlessly. IoT serves as the foundation of this innovation, providing seamless connectivity, data sharing, and automation. Prioritizing IoT integration in critical safety solutions such as smart buoys underscores its potential to enhance life-saving measures while contributing to the development of more intelligent, secure, and interconnected environment.

3

The impact of container yard layout on the cargo handling time of external transport vehicles in an intermodal terminal

Jachimowski Roland, Kłodawski Michał

Archives of Transport

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2025

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Vol. 73, iss. 1

179--193

EN

This article investigates the impact of container yard layout on the cargo handling time of intermodal trains operating at container terminals, with a particular emphasis on the number of stacking layers used in container storage. The study focuses on how varying vertical storage configurations influence the duration of crane loading cycles as well as the energy consumption of transshipment equipment. In addition to the stacking layout, the analysis incorporates several operational constraints that are critical in intermodal rail transport, including the locking pin arrangements on railcars, container gross weights, and axle load limitations specific to intermodal wagons. The theoretical section outlines the fundamental role of intermodal terminals within global logistics and supply chains. It delves into the organization of container storage within terminal yards, highlighting its influence on handling performance and the overall turnaround time of intermodal transport units. Furthermore, the article includes a comprehensive literature review that examines state-of-the-art research on container yard storage strategies, allocation rules, and various op timization approaches aimed at improving yard efficiency. To evaluate the operational impact of different stacking strategies, a simulation model was developed using the FlexSim platform. The model allows for detailed analysis of crane cycle times in relation to stacking configurations, while also accounting for the energy usage of cranes and handling equipment. The simulations were carried out for a range of stacking scenarios to reflect real-world variabil ity and constraints encountered in container terminals. The findings reveal that the relationship between the number of stacking layers and train loading time or energy consumption is non-linear and often counterintuitive. Increasing the number of layers does not necessarily lead to proportional gains or losses in efficiency. Instead, certain configu rations may result in operational bottlenecks or increased energy use due to additional crane repositioning and con tainer relocations. The research not only provides quantitative evidence on the operational consequences of yard design decisions but also offers practical insights for terminal planners and operators. These insights can support both short-term operational planning and long-term strategic investments aimed at optimizing terminal performance and sustainability.

4

Optimizing container terminal operations: a comparative analysis of hierarchical and integrated solution approaches

Mili Khaled

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

825--830

EN

Container terminals serve as crucial hubs in the global supply chain, facilitating the efficient transfer of goods between different modes of transportation. This study explores optimization strategies for container terminal operations, focusing on the comparison between hierarchical and integrated solution approaches. A comprehensive literature review provides insights into the challenges and advancements in container terminal management. The comparative analysis highlights the advantages of integrated optimization models, particularly through the lens of the Tactical Berth Allocation Problem (TBAP). By incorporating real-world data and advanced computational methods, the study offers nuanced insights into efficiency and time estimation aspects.

5

New approach in models for managing the vessel unloading proces

Nikolaieva Luidmyla L., Omelchenko Taras Yurievitch, Haichenia Oleksandr Viktorovich

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 4

847--862

EN

New way of formalizing hybrid systems in models for managing the process of vessel unloading is caused by the significant increase in container transportation around the world over the past decade. The growth of container traffic is the main reason for the constant modernization of port container terminals and the improvement of cargo unloading technology is most promising when using those methods, that allow obtaining maximum results in terms of cargo processing speed. This problem is the subject of an article in which an analytical review of container handling technologies existing in world ports is carried out, their key performance indicators are formulated and it is shown how the use of a centralized hybrid control system based on the dynamics of discrete events can lead to increased profitability of the port. Developed concept of a hybrid control system makes possible to consider such features of the vessels unload process that have not been considered until now.

6

Assessing the effects of a war on a container terminal : Lessons from Al Hudaydah, Yemen

Guiziou F.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 1

195--204

EN

This paper is focused on the case of the container terminal of Al Hudaydah port (Yemen) and on its situation on the battlefront in a country struggling with a civil war since 2014, despite the military intervention of a Saudi-led coalition since 2015. The goal is to propose a comprehensive OSINT methodology to evaluate the case of this terminal which is the first container terminal hardly impacted by a modern conflict. This study belongs to the field of port geography studies and aims to contribute to a better comprehension of transport and security/development nexus, build on an easy-to-use GIS methodology based on open access data. Lessons learnt from Al Hudaydah container terminal are a step in the description of the relations and dynamics between war and terminals/ports. The main results show that war and battle have two different effects: war leads to long-term effects probably linked to hinterland attrition and change in port hierarchy; battle lead to short/medium-term effects linked to battlefront distance and road blockade. Finally, the port is a valuable asset for both sides involved in the Yemeni Civil War, but it is difficult to evaluate further the importance of the terminal than a sign of the port dynamics.

7

Kolejowa infrastruktura transportowa portu Gdynia, jako zrównoważony czynnik rozwoju gospodarczego portu morskiego

Morawski Marian

Rocznik Bezpieczeństwa Morskiego

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2024

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R. XVIII

909--942

PL

Niniejszy artykuł przedstawia zasadnicze zmiany jakie dokonują się w sferze transportu intermodalnego w oparciu o funkcjonowanie krajowych portów morskich, a w szczególności o zjawisko to dotyczy przeładunków wolumenu towarów w Porcie Gdynia. W artykule podjęto próbę oceny relacji oraz przedstawiono korzyści wynikających z funkcjonowania przyszłego nowego kontenerowego centrum dystrybucyjnego zbudowanego zgodnie z projektem: "Budowa Portu Zewnętrznego w Porcie Gdynia", a możliwościami obsługi przeładunkowej PKP w ramach kolejowej logistycznej infrastrukturą typu: stacja PKP Port Gdynia oraz terminale przeładunkowe na bazie: Centrum logistycznego Portu Gdynia oraz BCT.

EN

This article presents the fundamental changes that are taking place in the sphere of intermodal transport based on the functioning of national seaports and in particular on the phenomenon of transshipment of goods volumes in the Port of Gdynia. The article attempts to assess the relationship and presents the benefits resulting from the operation of the future new container distribution center built in accordance with the project: "Construction of the External Port in the Port of Gdynia" and the possibilities of PKP transshipment service within the rail logistics infrastructure such as: PKP Port Gdynia station and transshipment terminals based on: the Logistics Center of the Port of Gdynia and BCT.

8

Environmental risk assessment in the background of armed conflict in the Black Sea Area. A case study for a container terminal in the port of Constanța

Stefanov N. O., Rauca L.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2023

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Vol. 17 No. 3

545--551

EN

The year 2022 was marked by economic risks with potentially very sensitive impacts for countries in the Black Sea region. Given the limited capacity of Ukrainian ports, as well as the sanctions imposed on Russia, due to ongoing conflict, it was necessary to identify new destinations capable of taking over the flow of goods that normally went to the countries involved in this conflict. In addition to the risks specific to maritime transport, the risk of armed conflict comes with new challenges that can also materialize in the form of environmental impact. To analyze this potential impact, the study is being focused mainly on the analysis of the pollution risk generated by the emissions caused by the vessels calling the container terminal CSCT, located in Constanța harbor, and the emissions generated by the vehicles moving in the terminal. As estimated from the start all levels of pollution have increased, with the level of CO2 increasing from 11072.7 tons in 2021 to 11915.7 tons in 2022. The NOx emissions have a similar trend, as well as the other emission level measured and calculated.

9

The impact of northern Adriatic ports container throughput on air quality environmental parameters

Vilke Siniša, Tadić Frane, Ćelić Jasmin, Debelić Borna

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2022

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nr 71 (143)

123--131

EN

This paper seeks to highlight the impact of the increasing container throughput in northern Adriatic ports on air quality. A comparative analysis of air quality is given, which consist of certain environmental parameters at selected measuring stations near the container terminals of the northern Adriatic ports Rijeka, Trieste, Koper, and Venice. The parameters were analyzed based on a limited amount of air quality monitoring data for the port areas. As the port transport sector increases pollutant emissions, the results of these analyzes can also be used to take appropriate measures to reduce these particulate matter emissions. The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of increasing the container throughput within the ports of the northern Adriatic Sea on air quality, based on certain environmental parameters related to the shipping or delivery of containers by road. The results of the research, based on available data, have shown that the increase in container throughput of the northern Adriatic ports has not decreased the air quality of urban areas of the respective port cities. The air quality value of the northern Adriatic ports is substantially below the limits set by the EU Air Quality Directive (2008/50), thus it does not affect the health of the inhabitants of the analyzed cities.

10

The determination of times of transhipment processes at maritime container terminals

Bartosiewicz A., Kucharski A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2022

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Vol. 16 No. 3

507--513

EN

Nowadays managers and decision-makers around the world seek every opportunity to lower costs of the ship’s mooring time at seaports. In this article, main operations taking place at maritime container terminals are first disaggregated in several elementary activities. Then the vessel cycle time is analysed while separately investigating the STS (Ship to Shore) crane cycle time, the RTG (Rubber-Tyred Gantry) crane work cycle time and the IMV (Internal Movement Vehicle) transfer time. A triangular distribution describes times of each of the container handling stages while the PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) method is used to estimate the total time for all reloading activities. The paper demonstrates the proposed method effectiveness with data of Baltic Container Terminal (BCT) Gdynia. The use of formulas developed for the calculation of times of individual operations that affect the reloading of a container at maritime container terminals enables an in-depth assessment of the effectiveness of the reloading processes. Thus, the proposed tool gives terminal managers opportunity to track which stage of the container reloading consumes most time and generates biggest costs.

11

The stack control strategy based on the concept of operational temperature

Kuznetsov Alexander L., Semenov Anton D., Oja Hannu

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2021

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nr 120

22--32

EN

The paper studies two different types of container strategy: the traditional one, which involves container allocation into positions with a minimum stack height; and the “temperature” one, which considers the positions with a minimum “temperature” for the containers in the stack below. The “temperature” in this case means a metric which is connected to the storage (dwell) time of the containers. Particularly, this value can be represented by container selection probability or number of days stored in the container yard. Utilization of different metrics results in significantly different numbers of moves. Therefore, the authors compare two container stacking strategies: the traditional one and the temperature strategy with different metrics. It is stated that these strategies can be compared only by simulation modelling. The paper describes the main algorithms used to provide simulation modelling. The results of the research show that the temperature strategy with container dwell time as temperature metrics can save 6% of the total moves necessary to maintain the container flow.

12

Evaluation of sinking effect in container stack

Kuznetsov A. L., Kirichenko A. V., Semenov A. D.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2020

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Vol. 14, no. 1

159--162

EN

The container yard is the key element of any modern container terminal. The huge amount of boxes dwelling on the operational areas of the terminals could occupy a lot of space, since one-time storage capacity of the container mega terminal handling over one million TEUs annually is something around 20 000 TEUs. The ecological pressure imposed on modern container terminal does not permit to allocate for this storage large land areas, thus forcing the box stacks grow high. The selection of the individual boxes becomes a complex and time-consuming procedure, demanding a lot of technological resources and deteriorating the service quality. The predicted combinatorial growth of redundant moves needed to clear the access to the individual container is aggravated by the well-known and widely discussed ‘sinking effect’, when containers arrived earlier are gradually covered by the ones arriving afterwards. While the random selection could be adequately assessed by combinatorial methods, the ‘sinking effect’ allows neither intuitive consideration, nor any traditional mathematical means. The only practical way to treat this problem today is in simulation, but the simulation itself causes yet another problem: the problem of model adequacy. This study deals with one possible approach to the problem designated to prove its validity and adequacy, without which the simulation has naught gnoseological value.

13

Optimization strategies of container terminals

Kuznetsov Alexander L., Kirichenko Alexander V., Semenov Anton D., Borevich Albert Z.

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2020

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nr 115

42--54

EN

One of the main tasks of operational management of modern container terminals is effective utilization of existing technological resources. The search for possible variants of terminal activity optimization requires constant analysis of transport process technology and development of technical and technological approaches to increase the effectiveness of resources utilization. One of the possible solutions provided by terminal operational systems is the application of different strategies of container stack organization and container selectivity. At the same time, the complicated character of input and output container flow makes the effectiveness of these strategies doubtful. The paper states that this particular manner of container service is different from traditional ones, i.e. FIFO and FILO. As output container flow is randomly distributed the manner of container service can be considered as First In/Random Out. The paper also considers different strategies that are applied in practice and analyzes its influence on the productivity of handling equipment. The results of these strategies simulation modeling are represented. The results prove that no strategy can provide a productivity with theoretical selectivity; any strategy provides slowed intensity of operations. At the same time, it is proved that the only optimization strategy which increases the productivity of handling equipment is the organization of terminal activity whereby containers can be selected from the stack not in requirement sequence, but in order of its position in a stack.

14

A Weighted Goal Programming model for Storage Space Allocation problem in a container terminal

Dhahri Maryam, Mezghani Mouna, Rekik Ines

Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics

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2020

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Vol. 5, No. 2

6--21

EN

Storage Space Allocation Problem (SSAP) is defined as the temporary assignment of unloading/loading containers to the storage blocks during a planning period with the aim of balancing the workload between the blocks. Despite the widespread literature on this topic, several previous studies neglected the practical and implementation aspect of their solutions. The aim of this paper is to formulate and solve the real-life SSAP at the Sfax seaport situated in Tunisia. A Weighted Goal Programming (WGP) based-methodology is proposed as a multi-objective resolution approach. In this proposed approach, three objectives have been accorded including: (i) the balance between the containers unloaded in the blocks, (ii) the balance between the containers unloaded and loaded simultaneously, and (iii) the minimization of the storage cost of the loading/unloading containers for each period. Experimental results show that the proposed approach provides good results and can be effective and practical for the studied Sfax seaport case study.

15

The impact of seaport development on the social environment: a case study of a port city with low unemployment and dominating tourism function

Pluciński Michał

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Szczecinie

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2019

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nr 60 (132)

161--167

EN

The issue of the impact of seaports on their direct vicinity has been repeatedly addressed in the academic literature. The developed merits of their impact is mainly related to employment in the port/port cluster, the seaport’s share of the municipality’s labour market, and the added value produced by the port/port cluster or the volume and structure of uncompensated flows into the municipality’s budget on account of the port’s operations. This article is aimed at providing an answer to the question of how to evaluate the impact of a new investment project in a seaport on its direct vicinity in a situation of low unemployment in the port’s municipality and the dominating tourism function in its economy. The research methodology was based on a single case study of the city of Świnoujście and the seaport in Świnoujście; the dominating economic function of this municipality is tourism. Moreover, it is the location of one of the four seaports with primary significance for the national economy. The development plans for the Szczecin & Świnoujście Seaports Authority include the construction of a deepwater container hub terminal. The investment will have an impact on the local social environment. The results of the conducted research studies are presented in the article both in a traditional approach enumerating the benefits of such an investment project for the local environment, as well as proposing a new approach to the evaluation of its benefits (inter alia, providing employment opportunities for people who so far have been forced to look for jobs outside the municipality and the long-term unemployed, preventing young and educated people from moving out of the municipality, attracting new inhabitants, improving the employment-to-population ratio, and stopping the city’s population ageing).

16

Budowa Portu Zewnętrznego w Gdyni jako szansa na rozwój przewozów kontenerowych w Polsce

Miszewski Paweł

Transport Przemysłowy i Maszyny Robocze

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2019

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Nr 1

79--82

PL

Celem artykułu jest określić czy działalność Portu Zewnętrznego przyczyni się do zwiększenia wolumenu kontenerów przeładowywanych w polskich portach. Na wstępie przedstawiono powód, dla którego podjęto decyzję o budowie Portu Zewnętrznego. W pierwszym rozdziale zaprezentowano historię konteneryzacji oraz obecne realia towarzyszące przewozom kontenerowym w Polsce i na świecie. Następnie zdefiniowano czym jest port i terminal kontenerowy. Określono rolę terminali kontenerowych we współczesnym handlu światowym oraz sposób ich współdziałania. Opisano inwestycje, które mają lub prawdopodobnie będą mieć miejsce w Porcie Gdynia. Na koniec poddano analizie projekt budowy Portu Zewnętrznego pod kątem przeładunku kontenerów.

EN

The aim of the article is to determine if activity of the External Port will contribute to increase the numer of containers passing through the Polish ports. The introduction shows the reason why decision of building the External Port was made. First chapter shows the history of containerization and present-day reality of container transport in Poland and the world. Then it is define what is a port and container terminal. Next, the role of container terminals in modern world trade and the way of their cooperation was determined. The article describes the investments that take, or probably will take place, in the Port of Gdynia. In the end project of building the External Port was analyzed in terms of containers flow.

17

Dry port as a lean and green strategy in a container terminal hub: a mathematical programming model

Digiesi Salvatore, Facchini Francesco, Mummolo Giovanni

Management and Production Engineering Review

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2019

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Vol. 10, No. 1

14--28

EN

Maritime freight transport represents an effective solution, allowing to ensure a low-impact service both under an economic and a sustainable perspective. As a consequence, in the last ten years, an increasing trend of goods transported by sea has been observed. In order to improve the terminal containers’ performance, recently published scientific studies shown the applicability of the ‘lean logistic’ concept as a strategic key for ensuring a continuous improvement of the logistic chain for inter-/intra terminal containers’ activities. According to this approach, the adoption of a dry port can positively affect terminal containers’ performance, but this requires resources and investments due to inter-terminal activities (e.g. transport of the container from port to dry port and vice versa). The purpose of the study is to develop a mathematical programming optimization model to support the decision making in identifying the best containers’ handling strategy for intermodal facilities, according to lean and green perspectives. Numerical experiments shown the effectiveness of the model in identifying efficient material handling strategies under lean and green perspective.

18

Zarządzanie procesami przepływu ładunków na morskim terminalu kontenerowym z wykorzystaniem systemów informatycznych typu TOS

Kubowicz Daria

Autobusy : technika, eksploatacja, systemy transportowe

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2019

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R. 20, nr 1-2

487--492

PL

W artykule omówione zostały procesy logistyczne zachodzące wewnątrz morskiego terminala kontenerowego od momentu przyjęcia ładunku, do momentu jego wydania, zarówno w procesie eksportu, jak i importu. Zwrócono uwagę na urządzenia transportu wewnętrznego, które manipulują ładunkiem oraz na ilość koniecznych operacji od punktu przyjęcia kontenera do punktu wydania. W związku z licznymi procesami zachodzącymi wewnątrz terminala, opierającymi się na wykorzystaniu systemów teleinformatycznych, przeprowadzono charakterystykę typowego systemu do zarządzania terminalem TOS (Terminal Operating System) oraz wskazano ich liczne funkcje oraz zalety. Celem artykułu jest zaprezentowanie zalet i korzyści płynących ze stosowania systemów typu TOS.

EN

The article explains and discusses the logistic processes occuring inside a maritime container terminal. The processes relate to import as well as export of the goods. A brief characteristics of the handling equipment, such as: Automated Guided Vehicle, Rail Mounted Gantry Crane, Rubber Tyred Gantry Crane and Ship-to-shore crane has been carried out. During the internal transportation of the containers within the terminal, all the procedures must integrate together. Due to large number of processes taking place in terminals, they base on operating systems such as: Terminal Operating Systems. The characteristics of TOS operating in polish container terminals has been performed. The TOS are IT tools facilitating management of the terminal and leading to improve its efficiency and effectiveness. The purpose of the article is to highlight advantages and benefits of using systems such as TOS.

19

Simulation Based Lectures for Students in Logistics

Bjorbæk C. T., Berg Ø., Schuett H., Dushenko M.

Zeszyty Naukowe Akademii Morskiej w Gdyni

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2018

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nr 106

81--96

EN

Automation and digitalization in logistic processes nowadays increase the complexity of logistic systems (supply networks, terminals and warehouses) and leads to highly linked systems. Their dimensioning as well as start-up and optimization of operational processes require technical assistance today. Simulation is used for understanding the behaviour of the seaport terminal and analysing the interaction of the complex processes at the terminal. This paper will show an investigation of the usage of specific port terminal simulator in the education of logisticians at university. It will show the effects of using simulation within the lessons in respect to the understanding of port operation and port simulation.

20

Simulation model for maritime container terminal

Rusca F., Popa M., Rosca E., Rusca A.

Transport Problems

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2018

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T. 13, z. 4

47--54

EN

For logistic chains that have a maritime component, the ports transition involves a set of specific operations inside maritime container terminals. This can be cargo handling operations from the terrestrial vehicle in the storage area of ports, from port storage area in the maritime ships, as well as storage operations in the port area and other container terminal activities. Taking into consideration the multi-flow interactions and the non-uniform arrival of vessels and in-land vehicles, discrete event simulation stands as a feasible technique for investigating berthing capacity during the initial planning stage of the terminal or for operative planning of logistic processes at the terminal. If the storage area is analysed as a queuing system, the quality serving attributes could be evaluate. When different distributions for arrival flows of the containers in the maritime container terminal are taken into consideration, the quality serving attributes are difficult to estimate. In our paper, a discrete simulation model is developed in ARENA software for case of a maritime container terminal. The estimation of the general measures of performance for the container port terminals through simulation could provide data for the implementation in the management plans by port administrations.