Wyniki wyszukiwania - BazTech

1

Analysis of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions Generated by the F100-PW-229 Turbine Aircraft Engine, Performed Using the GasTurb Software

Kozakiewicz Adam, Ludwiczak Aleksander

Problemy Mechatroniki : uzbrojenie, lotnictwo, inżynieria bezpieczeństwa

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2025

|

Vol. 16, Nr 1 (59)

9 -- 20

EN

The article discusses various aspects related to determining the composition of exhaust gases (i.e. nitrogen oxides) generated by a turbine aircraft engine. The paper highlights the problem of ozone depletion caused by toxic components of aircraft engine exhaust gases. The study is concerned with an engine used on the F-16 aircraft, i.e. F100-PW-229. GasTurb 12 software was used to calculate the engine’s operating parameters and to determine nitrogen oxides emission levels. The calculations were also performed analytically. The calculated thrust value was compared with data published in scientific articles (thrust of the engine). Characteristics of NOx emissions were obtained as a function of high-pressure rotor speed, temperature at the combustion chamber outlet, temperature downstream of the compressor, and engine thrust. The results obtained seem to correlate closely with data available in the literature.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia zagadnienia dotyczące określenia składu emisji gazów wylotowych - tlenków azotu, lotniczego silnika turbinowego. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problem degradacji warstwy ozonowej powodowane przez toksyczne składniki spalin silników lotniczych Obiektem badań jest silnik samolotu F-16, a zatem F100-PW-229. Do obliczeń parametrów eksploatacyjnych silnika oraz do wyznaczenia emisji tlenków azotu wykorzystano oprogramowanie GasTurb 12. Obliczenia wykonano również analitycznie. Obliczoną wartość ciągu porównano z danymi opublikowanymi w artykułach naukowych, przy uwzględnieniu kryterium ciągu zespołu napędowego. Uzyskano charakterystyki dotyczące przebiegu NOx od prędkości obrotowej wirnika wysokiego ciśnienia, od temperatury na wyjściu z komory spalania, temperatury za sprężarką oraz w zależności od ciągu silnika. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały dużą zbieżność z danymi literaturowymi.

2

Comprehensive characterisation of temporal variations in concentrations of gaseous ammonia and nitrogen oxides in typical urban atmosphere

Błaszczak Barbara

Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP / Szkoła Główna Służby Pożarniczej

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2024

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Nr 92 (tom 1)

7--23

EN

Atmospheric ammonia (NH3) is a well-known contributor to secondary particle formation and can lead to severe environmental degradation and human health outcomes. In the context of the very limited knowledge about updated data on NH3 levels in urban areas, this paper presents the results of a one-year (Apr 2023–Mar 2024) measurement campaign of NH3 concentrations conducted at the urban background site in Zabrze, located in the central part of the Upper Silesian Industrial District (USID) (southern Poland), which could be considered one of the European hotspots. The research was performed using an automatic ammonia analyzer Model T201 by Teledyne API, which provides data on the levels of NH3 and other gaseous nitrogen compounds (NO (nitrogen oxide), NO2 (nitrogen dioxide), NOx (nitrogen oxides)) at hourly time resolution. Consequently, this enabled an analysis of specific temporal variations of NH3 concentrations, and therefore allowed the identification of its possible emission sources and insight into processes involving ammonia. The results obtained in this study revealed that ammonia stood out from nitrogen oxides and other atmospheric pollutants – with high NH3 concentrations recorded during spring and summer, which is related to the high intensity of gaseous NH3 formation under warm meteorological conditions. A different situation was observed in the hourly NH3 concentration distribution scheme, which was manifested by much less visible diurnal variations of NH3 levels, with no characteristic morning maximum, as well as the occurrence of a broad afternoon maximum in the summer. In summary, anthropogenic sources had a significant impact on NH3 concentrations in the area under consideration, with a greater role of traffic in the case of NOx, and a biomass and fossil fuel combustion and/or industrial sources – for NH3. Local meteorological conditions also had a notable influence on NH3 levels, of which air temperature (positive correlation) and wind speed (negative correlation) were found to be the most important. The ongoing research is planned to be continued, as it can provide valuable scientific data for the development of air quality protection strategies and programmes in urban areas, especially in the field of reducing emissions of gaseous precursors of particulate matter.

3

Redukcja emisji tlenków azotu ze spalin specjalnych urządzeń techniki cieplnej

Shkarovskiy Alexander, Maliszewska Agnieszka

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2024

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Nr 1

19--23

PL

Zanieczyszczenie powietrza w mieszkaniach może być w znacznym stopniu wyznaczanie przez stan powietrza atmosferycznego. W mieszkaniach gazyfikowanych dochodzi do interakcji niektórych szkodliwych składników spalin, pochodzących z kuchenek gazowych i z zewnątrz, przede wszystkim tlenków azotu (NOx). Szczególnie niebezpieczne, z tego punktu widzenia, może być sąsiedztwo obiektów przemysłowych o niewysokich kominach. Artykuł przedstawia wyniki badań nad zmniejszeniem emisji tlenków azotu z pieców przemysłowych, w których warunki spalania nie mogły być zmienione. Badania wykonano dla technologii produkcji spieków ceramicznych w zakładzie wyrobów radiotechnicznych. Przedstawiono wyniki badań efektywności kilku opracowanych technologii denitryfikacji, w tym metody selektywnej katalitycznej redukcji amoniakiem, adsorpcyjnej metody z różnymi odczynnikami, czy też katalitycznej metody, bez zastosowania reagentów. Opracowane metody pozwalają na obniżenie emisji NOx od 30÷60%. Atutem opracowanych technologii jest możliwość ich połączenia z istniejącym układem oczyszczania gazów od pyłów produkcyjnych. Ważnym szczegółem było także występowanie w procesie technologicznym substancji mających właściwości katalityczne. Do dalszych badań i wdrożenia wybrano technologię selektywnej katalitycznej redukcji NOx amoniakiem, połączoną z istniejącym „mokrym” dwustopniowym układem odpylania spalin.

EN

Air pollution in homes may be largely determined by the condition of atmospheric air. In gasified apartments, some harmful components of exhaust gases from gas stoves and from outside interact, especially nitrogen oxides (NOx). From this point of view, the vicinity of industrial facilities with low chimneys may be particularly dangerous. The article presents the results of research on reducing nitrogen oxide emissions from industrial furnaces in which the combustion conditions could not be changed. The research was carried out for the technology of ceramic sinter production in a radiotechnical products plant. The results of research on the effectiveness of several developed denitrification technologies are presented, including the selective catalytic reduction method with ammonia, the adsorption method with various reagents, and the catalytic method without the use of reagents. The developed methods allow for reducing NOx emissions by 30÷60%. The advantage of the developed technologies is the possibility of combining them with the existing gas purification system from production dust. Another important detail was the presence of substances with catalytic properties in the technological process. For further research and implementation, the technology of selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia, combined with the existing “wet” two-stage exhaust gas dust removal system, was selected.

4

Effect of COVID 19 pandemic restrictions on air pollution at a local scale in urban areas affected by high intensity vehicle traffic in Poland

Górka Kostrubiec Beata, Dudzisz Katarzyna

Acta Geophysica

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2023

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Vol. 71, no. 2

1085--1097

EN

The lockdown in 2020 implemented due to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has resulted in a significant improvement in air quality at a global scale. Nationwide lockdown also considerably improved air quality at a local scale, especially in cities which were almost completely shut down during the first coronavirus wave, with nearly no activity. We tested the hypothesis that a reduction in the intensity of vehicle traffic causes a drastic decrease in urban air pollution at a local scale. We focused on two urban agglomerations, Warsaw and Cracow, in Poland. Data of the concentrations of traffic-related sources, namely NOx, PM10, and PM2.5, obtained from two air pollution monitoring stations were analyzed for the years 2020 and 2021, during which lockdown and pandemic restrictions were in effect, and for 2019, as a reference. In the years 2020–2021, the average annual concentration of NOx was decreased by ~19%, PM2.5 by~19%, and PM10 by~18% in Warsaw, while in Cracow the average annual concentration of NOx was decreased by~16%, PM2.5 by~22%, and PM10 by~2%, compared to 2019. The contribution from traffic-related sources to the overall level of air pollution was estimated. The results indicated that~30 µg/ m3 of PM10,~15 µg/m3 of PM2.5, and ~120 µg/m3 of NOx in Cracow, and ~20 µg/m3 of PM2.5 in Warsaw originate from moving vehicles. The nationwide lockdown allowed us to conduct this study to understand how a reduction in local traffic emissions can decrease ambient air pollution levels.

5

Emisja tlenków azotu podczas współspalania biomasy stałej i rdf w cyrkulacyjnej warstwie fluidalnej

Rajczyk Rafał

Rynek Energii

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2022

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Nr 5

40--47

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań powstawania i emisji tlenków azotu z procesów współspalania biomasy i RDF w warunkach cyrkulacyjnej warstwy fluidalnej. Badania przeprowadzono na stanowisku laboratoryjnym posiadającym kolumnę fluidyzacyjną o wysokości 5,7m i średnicy 0,1m. Współspalano dwa rodzaje biomasy stałej z paliwem typu RDF składającym się przede wszystkim z wyselekcjonowanych odpadów komunalnych, tworzyw sztucznych i zrębek przy udziałach masowych RDF 0 – 100% w mieszaninie paliwowej, resztę stanowiła biomasa. Jako biomasę wykorzystano pelet z wierzby i pelet ze słomy. Badania prowadzono w temperaturze 850oC. Analiza paliw wykazała, że RDF zawierał około 3 razy więcej azotu niż badane biomasy. Zaobserwowano wzrost zawartości NO wraz ze wzrostem udziału RDF w mieszaninie paliwowej. Nie zaobserwowano istotnych różnic w zawartościach NO2, N2O oraz NH3. Stopień konwersji azotu paliwowego do badanych związków azotu spadał wraz ze wzrostem zawartości RDF w mieszaninie paliwowej.

EN

The article presents the research on the formation and emission of nitrogen oxides from the combustion of biomass and refuse derived fuel (RDF) in the circulating fluidized bed. Co-combustion tests were carried out on a laboratory stand with a fluidization column of a 5.7 m height and 0.1 m in diameter. Two types of solid biomass were co-fired with RDF at the mass shares of 0 - 100% in the fuel mixture. Investigated RDF fuel consisted mostly selected municipal waste, plastics and wood chips. Willow pellets and straw pellets were used as a biomass. The tests were carried out at the temperature of 850oC. Fuel analysis showed that RDF contained about 3 times more nitrogen than the co-fired biomasses. An increase in the NO content was observed with the increase of RDF share in the fuel mixture. There were no significant differences in the content of NO2, N2O and NH3. Conversion of the fuel nitrogen to all of the investigated nitrogen compounds decreased with increasing RDF content in the fuel mixture.

6

Influence of land use on plant community composition in Vysocina Region grasslands, Czech Republic

Winkler Jan, Mazur Łukasz, Smékalová Marta, Podlasek Anna, Hurajová Erika, Koda Eugeniusz, Jiroušek Martin, Jakimiuk Aleksandra, Vaverková Magdalena Daria

Environment Protection Engineering

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2022

|

Vol. 48, nr 4

21--33

EN

Human disturbance is an important factor in forming vegetation. According to our hypothesis, anthropogenic activity and changes in the species composition of grass communities occur in the process of co-evolution. Understanding co-evolution, to better predict future changes in the entire ecosystem. Five grassland sites were selected with different methods of use and hence different anthropogenic disturbance regimes. The results show that the composition of grassland communities responds to the methods of their use. The needs and demands of our civilization are changing. Humans co-create plant communities the preservation of which depends on their use by humans.

7

Ecological aspects of using mixtures of canola oil with n-hexane in diesel engine

Longwic Rafał, Sander Przemysław, Tatarynow Dawid

Combustion Engines

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2022

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R. 61, nr 3

56--60

EN

The article discusses the results of research on the use of canola oil and canola oil with the addition of n-hexane in a compression-ignition engine. An engine with a Common Rail injection system was tested in real traffic conditions on the road and on a chassis dynamometer. The tested fuels were fed to the engine by an additional fuel supply system. An analysis of the effect of the addition of n-hexane on the emission of the main components of toxic exhaust gases was carried out. The proposed solution may contribute to extending the service life of currently used compression ignition engines due to the improvement of the ecological properties of this type of drive sources.

8

Estimating shipping emissions – A case study for cargo Port of Zadar, Croatia

Knezević V., Pavin Z., Čulin J.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2021

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Vol. 15 No. 3

615--620

EN

Reducing air pollutant emissions and energy consumption, as a necessary step to make ports more sustainable, is one of the crucial tasks and challenges of port management. Some of the port strategies to meet the term “green port” usually include reducing fuel consumption from vessels and vehicles in ports. This paper estimates the emission inventory of maritime traffic for the cargo Port of Zadar. For this research, emissions from cargo ships are estimated in the period from January 01. 2018 until October 01. 2019. The “bottom-up” methodology has been applied for estimating emissions, which includes detailed data on the ship’s characteristics (engine power, the load factor, fuel type, the emission factor) and time spent cruising and hotelling. The emissions from cargo ships have been estimated for three ship’s activities: cruising in the reduced speed zone, hotelling (time spent at berth), and maneuvering. The emission results (tons/year) refer to the pollutants such as nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulphur oxides (SOx), particulate matter (PM), volatile organic compounds (VOC), and carbon dioxide (CO2) which represents greenhouse gases. Estimating emission inventory is the first step for planning effective port air quality control. Some recommendations for reducing emissions in port areas are emphasized in this paper.

9

Estimating emissions of harmful exhaust components by aircraft engines during the takeoff and landing cycle in airport space

Głowacki Paweł, Kalina Piotr, Kawalec Michal

Transactions on Aerospace Research

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2021

|

Nr 2 (263)

63--70

EN

This articleexamines, based on the availableinformation and authors’ self-assessments, theenvironmental impact of turbine engine exhaust gases effect on the environment in the airport space during engines flight phases in the landing and takeoff cycle (LTO). The attention of aviation professionals is drawn to the fact that the amount of exhaust from the turbine engine is so significant that it may adversely change the ambient air at the airport. Consequently, increased emission level of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC) during engine start-up and idle may pose a threat to the health of ramp staff. Also, high emission levels of nitrogen oxides (NOx) during takeoff, climb, cruise and descent is not without importance for the environment around the airport space. The paper gives CO2, HC, CO and NOx emission estimations based on ICAO Engine Emission Data Bank and the number of passenger operations at a medium-sized airport. It also provides calculation results of aircraft CO2, HC, CO and NOx emission using average times of aircraft maneuvers taken from aircraft Flight Data Recorder (FDR) in the LTO cycle various aircraft types at the airport. The latter, based on actual maneuvering times, lead to significantly reduced estimates of toxic exhaust gas emission volumes.

PL

W artykule przeanalizowano, w oparciu o dostępne informacje oraz ocenę autorów, wpływ gazów spalinowych z silników turbinowych na środowisko w przestrzeni wokół portu lotniczego podczas cyklu lądowania i startu (LTO) samolotów. Autorzy zwracają uwagę na fakt, że ilość spalin produkowanych przez silniki turbinowe jest na tyle znacząca, iż może niekorzystnie zmienić powietrze otaczające lotniska. Zwiększony poziom emisji tlenku węgla (CO) i węglowodorów (HC) podczas rozruchu silnika i na biegu jałowym może więc stanowić zagrożenie dla zdrowia pracowników obsługi naziemnej. Wysoki poziom emisji tlenków azotu (NOx) podczas startu, wznoszenia, schodzenia i kołowania również nie jest obojętny dla środowiska wokół lotniska. W artykule najpierw przedstawiono szacunki emisji CO2, HC, CO i NOx w oparciu o normy ICAO oraz liczbę operacji pasażerskich na lotnisku średniej wielkości. Następnie obliczono szacunkowe emisje CO2, HC, CO i NOx na podstawie danych pobranych z rejestratora lotu (FDR) podczas cyklu LTO różnych typów statków powietrznych na lotnisku. Te drugie obliczenia, oparte na rzeczywistych czasach manewrowych, wskazują na znacznie niższe szacunkowe emisje toksycznych gazów w obrębie portu lotniczego.

10

Impact of Nitrogen Oxides Emission Reduction Methods on Specific Fuel Consumption of Marine Diesel Engines

Herdzik Jerzy

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

|

2021

|

Tom 23

279--289

EN

The paper has been presented the methods of nitrogen oxides emission reduction to fulfill the Tier 2 and Tier 3 requirements of the Annex VI of MARPOL Convention. It has been shown the development of marine two-stroke diesel engines and the change of nitrogen oxides emission from 1960 to 2000 and later up to 2020 after the implementation of NOx emission reduction methods. Specific fuel consumption before 2000, and as a prediction and given data in the manufacturers manuals for Tier 3 engines up to 2020, and as only a prediction up to 2030 has been analyzed and elaborated. Impact of nitrogen oxides reduction methods on the specific fuel consumption of the marine diesel engine has been evaluated. Additional emission of some gases to the atmosphere due to the implementation of reduction methods has been determined. EGR and SCR systems have got a lot of imperfections: required to install additional reduction systems (investment cost, required volume in the engine room), need maintenance and operation costs, produced wastes during treatment process. The estimated additional cost is about 0.8 USD/MWh of produced energy, taking into account only the cost of excessive used fuel. The whole increased cost may reach the level two-three times more due to cleaning systems investment costs, their operational cost and waste disposal. It has been the one of the reasons of worsening the transport effectiveness and competitiveness.

11

Influence of Changes in the Concentration of Selected Air Pollutants on the General Health of Children and Adolescents in Bielsko-Biala

Góra Dariusz

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2021

|

Vol. 22, iss. 1

60--73

EN

Air pollution results in smog, acid rain, ozone hole, global warming, as well as cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. It also contributes to cancer, which increasingly often occurs in children. Children and infants are particularly vulnerable to air pollution because their immune, respiratory and central nervous systems are not fully developed. Compared to adults, children often spend more time outdoors, and due to their lower lung capacity, they also breathe more frequently, which means that they inhale much more air than adults, in relation to their body weight. The article concerns the data on the meteorological conditions, air quality (annual average concentration of nitric oxides, benzo(a) pyrene, PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter) as well as morbidity and hospitalization due to the respiratory, circulation and cancer diseases in Bielsko-Biala in 2010–2018. The hypertension, cardiovascular malformations and cancer incidence among children and adolescents, has been systematically increasing since 2010, just like in the case of hospitalization due to bronchial asthma and congenital malformations. The basic cause of poor air quality in Bielsko-Biala is low emission and inversion phenomenon which are perfect conditions for smog development. Therefore, certain actions must be taken, which can include: liquidation of coal boilers and their replacement with environmentally friendly energy sources (e.g. subsidy of 100% return on investment costs), introducing communication solutions that will lead to a reduction in linear emissions, free communication and ecological education.

12

The Method of Nitrogen Oxide Emission Reduction During the Combustion of Gaseous Fuel in Municipal Thermal Power Boilers

Janta-Lipińska Sylwia

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2020

|

Tom 22, cz. 1

376--390

EN

The nitrogen oxides in a flame of burning fuel can be created by many mechanisms. The amount of NOx concentration emitted to the ground atmosphere mainly depends on the type of fuel burned in the industrial and heating boilers. Changes in the country's thermal policy and requirements that are set for us by the European Union States are forcing us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Directed metered ballast method is one of the most attractive techniques for reducing NOx emissions. In recent years, moisture injection technology is still investigated on low and medium power thermal power boilers operating on gaseous fuel. The goal of this work was to perform the investigations of the process of a moisture injection into the zones of decisive influence (ZDI-I and ZDI-II) on steam and water boilers: DKVR 10-13, DKVR 20-13, DE 25-14 and PTVM-50. The obtained results clearly show how the proposed method affects NOx reduction and boiler efficiency.

PL

Tlenki azotu w płomieniu palącego się paliwa mogą powstawać na drodze wielu mechanizmów. Ilość emitowanego do przyziemnej warstwy atmosfery stężenia NOx wynika przede wszystkim z rodzaju spalanego w kotłach przemysłowo-grzewczych paliwa. Zmiany w polityce cieplnej kraju oraz wymagania stawiane nam przez Państwa Unii Europejskiej zmuszają na do zmniejszenia emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Metoda skierowanego dozowanego balastowania jest jedną z najbardziej atrakcyjnych technik ograniczania emisji NOx. W ostatnich kilku latach technologia wtrysku wilgoci badana jest na kotłach energetyki cieplnej małej i średniej mocy pracujących na paliwie gazowym. Celem pracy są badania eksperymentalne procesu wtrysku wilgoci do stref decydującego wpływu (ang. zone of decisive influence ZDI-I oraz ZDI-II) na kotłach parowych i wodnych: DKVR 10-13, DKVR 20-13, DE 25-14 oraz PTVM-50. Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, w jaki sposób proponowana metoda wpływa na redukcję NOx oraz wydajność.

13

Określenie dominującego mechanizmu powstawania NOx w kotłach małej mocy zasilanych biomasą

Gaze Błażej, Noszczyk Tomasz, Romański Leszek, Dyjakon Arkadiusz, Kułażyński Marek

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2020

|

T. 99, nr 2

228-233

PL

Przeprowadzono badania dotyczące określenia dominującego mechanizmu powstawania NOx w kotłach biomasowych małej mocy. W pierwszej kolejności wyznaczono rozkład temperatury w komorze spalania kotła biomasowego z palnikiem retortowym o mocy 15 kW. Na podstawie wyników rozkładu temperatur w komorze paleniskowej kotła zwrócono uwagę na paliwowy mechanizm tworzenia NOx. Wykonano analizę techniczną i elementarną jedenastu oferowanych na polskim rynku peletów z biomasy. Dokonano pomiarów emisji NOx podczas energetycznej konwersji biomasy. Wykazano zależność pomiędzy zawartością azotu w biomasie a emisją tlenków azotu powstałych podczas jej spalania.

EN

Eleven pellets from various biomass materials (beet pulp, hemp, sunflower husks, a mixture of straw and fine coal, corn sludge, digestate, hay, post-hydrolysis wood, wheat straw, pine sawdust and wood chips) were burned in a lowpower retort boiler. The prox. anal. of the fuel included the detns. of combustion heat, lower heating value, moisture, ash and volatile contents, and the ultimate anal. included the C, H and N contents. The mechanism of NOx formation was detd. based on the temp. measurements in the combustion chamber and the compn. of the flue gases. The relationship between N content in biomass and NOx emissions generated during its combustion was revealed.

14

Activated Carbon as a Support of Catalysts for the Removal of Nitrogen Oxides

Białas Anna, Szlendak Joanna, Czosnek Cezary, Motak Monika

Mineralogia

|

2020

|

Vol. 51, iss. 1

9--16

EN

Activated carbon was oxidised with concentrated nitric acid and impregnated with urea to form nitrogen-containing groups. Such a support was impregnated with cobalt, copper or silver nitrates to obtain catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides with ammonia. Infrared spectra confirmed the formation of carboxylic and other organic oxygen-containing groups during oxidation. Nitrogen-containing species resulted from urea thermal decomposition. The metal-containing samples were hydrophilic. Cobalt and copper were present in the samples as small Co3O4 and CuO crystallites, while silver occurred in the form of large metallic crystallites, as seen from the X-ray diffraction patterns. Low temperature N2 sorption revealed that all samples were microporous solids, and the chemical and thermal treatment did not change their textural properties. The copper admixture caused the highest NO conversion, but worsened the selectivity and thermal stability of functionalised carbon support.

15

The method of nitrogen oxide emission reduction during the combustion of gaseous fuel in municipal thermal power boilers

Janta-Lipińska Sylwia

Journal of New Technologies in Environmental Science

|

2020

|

Vol. 4, nr 3

114--123

EN

The nitrogen oxides in a flame of burning fuel can be created by many mechanisms. The amount of NOx concentration emitted to the ground atmosphere mainly depends on the type of fuel burned in the industrial and heating boilers. Changes in the country’s thermal policy and requirements that are set for us by the European Union States are forcing us to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Directed metered ballast method is one of the most attractive techniques for reducing NOx emissions. In recent years, moisture injection technology is still investigated on low and medium power thermal power boilers operating on gaseous fuel. The goal of this work was to perform the investigations of the process of a moisture injection into the zones of decisive influence (SDW-I and SDW-II) on steam and water boilers: DKVR 10-13, DKVR 20-13, DE 25-14 and PTVM-50. The obtained results clearly show how the proposed method affects NOx reduction and boiler efficiency.

16

Nitrogen Oxides Emissions from a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Water-Diesel Microemulsions

Górska Milena, Skrzek Tomasz

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

|

2020

|

Vol. 14, no. 3

83--92

EN

In this study, an experiment was conducted to examine the AVL research diesel engine using two kinds of waterdiesel (W-D) fuel microemulsions. These W-D mixtures contained 3.5 and 7.0% by volume (%, v/v) of distilled water dispersed in regular diesel fuel meeting the requirements of the EN590 standard. The engine was tested under the conditions of low, moderate and higher loads. This research was focused on the emission characteristics of nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ) and nitrogen monoxide (NO). Cumulative emission of NOx was also analyzed before being further discussed. The obtained results of this study showed that the addition of distilled water to the regular diesel fuel has a minor effect on the variation of the nitrogen oxides emission. It was confirmed that NO is the main component of NOx detected in the exhaust stream of the AVL engine fuelled with all tested fuels. It proves that the thermal mechanism of the nitrogen oxides formation was dominant in the combustion process. Moreover, it was found that the addition of water dispersed as microemulsion in diesel fuel had a minor effect on the reduction of the NOx emission.

17

Experimental studies on influence of ceramic catalysts on the quality of combustion process of low power boiler

Ciupek Bartosz, Judt Wojciech, Urbaniak Rafał

Rynek Energii

|

2019

|

Nr 4

78--84

EN

The article presents studies on the quality of the combustion process of low power boiler through the use of ceramic catalysts in the boiler combustion chamber. For the tests was used automatic solid fuel low power boiler type Vulcanus Plus. As part of the research, ceramic catalysts inserts were placed in the boiler to created an combustion chamber. In addition, the ceramic catalyst system has been adjusted that the entire combustion chamber is made with catalysts. As the research was used fuel type black coal. Tests were performed for the boiler in the standard version and with installed catalysts. The obtained results show that the use of catalysts has improved the quality of the combustion process without significantly affecting the boiler's thermal performance. The studies don’t take ex-haust the issue of the influence of ceramic catalysts on the quality of the combustion process in the low power boiler, which encourages further development of the topic.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono badania jakości procesu spalania kotła małej mocy poprzez zastosowanie katalizatorów ceramicznych w komorze spalania kotła. Do testów zastosowano automatyczny kocioł na paliwo stałe o małej mocy typu Vulcanus Plus. W ramach badań w kotle umieszczono wkładki z katalizatorami ceramicznymi tworzącą komorę spalania. Ponadto ceramiczny układ katalizatora został tak wyregulowany, aby cała komora spalania była wykonana z katalizatorów. W badaniach wykorzystano węgiel kamienny. Badania przeprowadzono dla kotła w wersji standardowej i z zainstalowanymi katalizatorami. Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, że zastosowanie katalizatorów poprawiło jakość procesu spalania bez znaczącego wpływu na wydajność cieplną kotła. Podjęte badania nie wyczerpują kwestii wpływu katalizatorów ceramicznych na jakość procesu spalania w kotle małej mocy, co zachęca do dalszego rozwoju tematu.

18

Problems of Nitrogen Oxides Emission Decreasing from Marine Diesel Engines to Fulfill the Limit of Tier 3

Herdzik Jerzy

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2019

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Tom 21, cz. 1

659--671

EN

The paper presents problems of limitation the nitrogen oxides emission from marine diesel engines. The emission of noxious substances from combustion of marine fuels is restricted in respect of the atmosphere protection, International Maritime Organization (IMO) regulations and others. The IMO requirements were determined by time of being in force. The first tier started in 2000 year, the second in 2011, the third is being valid from 2016 on USA waters and in some chosen port areas (from 2021 will be obligatory on Baltic Sea, North Sea and English Channel) and it is a necessity to comply those last requirements. In case of NOx – between the first and second tier the emission was limited 20%, while the third step was limited 80% of the first one. This is a very great challenge, because in nowadays marine diesel engines and marine heavy and diesel oils generally applied, it would seem impossible comply those requirements. It was formed environmental controlled areas of NOx emission (ECA) and they will extend. Governments of some countries (USA, Norway) were introduced on own territorial waters the requirements of NOx and SOx emission. In case of exceeding the limits (or a lack of the proper certificates) it was imposed an ecological charge (a form of tax) or the interdict of entrance on regulated water zones. In the paper it was given an attention to the new challenges for engine producers and ship-owners of fulfilling tier 3 standards or search new substitute solutions. The applying solutions for nitrogen oxides emission limitations cause the decreasing of engine efficiency and increasing the fuel consumption (and carbon dioxide emission) up to ten percent. Due to regulations of marine environment protection they generate additional investment and operation cost for ship-owners and charterers.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono problemy ograniczania emisji tlenków azotu z okrętowych silników wysokoprężnych. W celu ochrony atmosfery przed emisją szkodliwych substancji z procesu spalania paliw okrętowych wprowadzono regulacje Międzynarodowej Organizacji Morskiej (IMO) i inne. Wymagania IMO określają czas wejścia w życie (obowiązywania). Pierwsze ograniczenie emisji tlenków azotu (Tier 1) obowiązuje od 2000 roku, drugie (Tier 2) od 2011, natomiast trzecie (Tier 3) obowiązuje od 2016 roku na wodach amerykańskich i wybranych obszarach portowych (od 2021 roku będzie obowiązywać na Morzu Bałtyckim i Północnym oraz Kanale La Manche) oraz zachodzi konieczność spełnienia tych wymagań. Dla tlenków azotu (NOx) – pomiędzy pierwszym a drugim limitem jest różnica 20%, podczas gdy trzeci limit jest o 80% mniejszy od pierwszego. Jest to wielkie wyzwanie, ponieważ w okrętowych silnikach wysokoprężnych stosuje się paliwa ciężkie i oleje napędowe, wydaje się niemożliwe spełnienie tych wymagań. Utworzono obszary kontroli emisji (ECA) tlenków azotu i te obszary będą się powiększać. Rządy niektórych krajów (USA, Norwegia) wprowadziły własne wymagania na ich wodach terytorialnych odnośnie emisji tlenków azotu i tlenków siarki. W artykule zwrócono uwagę na nowe wyzwania dla producentów silników i armatorów statków w celu spełnienia standardów emisji w limicie Tier 3 lub poszukiwania innych równoważnych rozwiązań. Stosowane rozwiązania ograniczenia emisji tlenków azotu zmniejszają sprawność silników oraz zwiększają zużycie paliwa (i emisji dwutlenku węgla) nawet o dziesięć procent. Z powodu wprowadzenia regulacji chroniących środowisko morskie, generują one dodatkowe koszty inwestycyjne i eksploatacyjne dla armatorów i czarterujących.

19

Normative Problems of the Nitrogen Oxides Concentration Limiting in the Human Residence Environment

Maliszewska Agnieszka, Szkarowski Aleksander, Chernykh Aleksandr

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2019

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Tom 21, cz. 2

1328--1342

EN

The gas supply of apartments, especially with the use of natural gas, is welcomed by the majority of residents. Jest to komfortowe, łatwe w użyciu i stosunkowo tanie źródło energii. The Polish Gas Development Program foresees that in 2022 to 90% of residents of the country will be provided with gas supply. However, this inevitably involves the emission of exhaust gases from gas equipments into air in apartments. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are considered to be the most dangerous components of combustion products for human health. They are created even during complete combustion of fuel and efficiently operating burners. Air in apartments is a separate type of people’s environment compared to the outside atmosphere and the working area. The man spends in this environment a considerable part of his life comparable with the working time. However, in standards of many countries it is not considered. This complicates the analysis and effective solution of human health protection against the effects of NOx. The sanitary standards of several countries were analysed from this point of view (Tab. 1-6). The Polish norms define the requirements in relation to the air of the apartments, but paradoxically lack nitrogen oxides in them. Therefore, it is currently only possible to orientate on the permissible NOx concentration in the working environment. The second important issue is the effectiveness of ventilation, which should ensure the discharge of gases generated during the combustion of natural gas. The standards and building regulations of several countries were analysed from this point of view (Tab. 7). It was found that Polish standards for kitchen ventilation are less stringent in terms of global trends. In addition, national building regulations have contradictions that hinder the use of effective solutions at the design stage. Additional difficulties arise from the very high tightness of the currently used window joiners. This practically prevents the supply of adequate air to the premises through infiltration, which is assumed in the standards. In order to verify the obtained conclusions, the literature experimental data in this field were analysed (Fig. 1). The own experimental series was then carried out (Tab. 8, Fig. 2). The average operating conditions of the standard equipment have been tested. It has been proven that the concentration of NOx in the kitchen air can significantly exceed the Polish permissible compartments for the working environment and global requirements for living quarters. In order to ensure the protection of human beings against NOx emitted into the air of gas-supplied housing is requested to introduce urgent changes to national sanitary standards. The second necessary action is to eliminate inconsistencies in national building regulations in terms of kitchen ventilation. This would allow the use of effective technical solutions already at the design stage.

PL

Gazyfikacja mieszkań, szczególnie z użyciem gazu ziemnego, jest mile widziana przez większość mieszkańców. Jest to komfortowe, łatwe w użyciu i stosunkowo tanie źródło energii. Program rozwoju gazownictwa Polski przewiduje, że w roku 2022 do 90% ludności kraju zostanie ogarnięto zaopatrzeniem w gaz. Jednak to nieuchronnie wiąże się z emisją spalin od urządzeń gazowych do powietrza w mieszkaniach. Za najgroźniejsze dla zdrowia ludzi składniki spalin uznaje się tlenki azotu (NOx). Powstają one nawet przy zupełnym spalaniu paliwa i sprawnie działających palnikach. Powietrze w mieszkaniach stanowi odrębny rodzaj otoczenia ludzi w porównaniu z atmosferą zewnętrzną i środowiskiem pracy. Człowiek spędza w tym środowisku sporą część swego życia porównywalną z czasem pracy. Jednak w normach wielu krajów tego się nie uwzględnia. Utrudnia to analizę i skuteczne rozwiązanie zagadnienia ochrony zdrowia ludzi przed działaniem NOx. Przeanalizowano sanitarne normy kilku krajów z tego punktu widzenia (Tab. 1-6). Normy polskie definiują wymagania w stosunku do powietrza mieszkań, jednak paradoksalnie brakuje w nich tlenków azotu. Dlatego orientować się w tej sprawie można obecnie tylko na dopuszczalne stężenie NOx w środowisku pracy. Drugą istotną kwestią jest skuteczność wentylacji, która powinna zapewnić odprowadzanie spalin powstających w trakcie spalania gazu ziemnego. Z tego punktu widzenia przeanalizowano normy i przepisy budowlane kilku wybranych krajów (Tab. 7). Ustalono, że normy polskie w zakresie wentylacji kuchni są mniej rygorystyczne względem trendów światowych. Ponadto w krajowych przepisach budowlanych występują sprzeczności utrudniające zastosowanie efektywnych rozwiązań na etapie projektowania. Dodatkowe utrudnienia sprawia bardzo wysoką szczelność obecnie stosowanej stolarki okiennej. Praktycznie uniemożliwia to doprowadzanie odpowiedniej ilości powietrza do pomieszczeń na drodze infiltracji zakładanej w normach. W celu weryfikacji uzyskanych wniosków przeanalizowano literaturowe dane doświadczalne (Rys. 1) w tym zakresie. Następnie przeprowadzono własną serie eksperymentalną (Tab. 8, Rys. 2). Przetestowano przeciętne warunki eksploatacji standardowego wyposażenia. Udowodniono, że stężenie NOx w powietrzu kuchni może znacznie przekraczać polskie dopuszczalne przedziały dla środowiska pracy i światowe wymagania w stosunku do pomieszczeń mieszkalnych. Żeby zapewnić wymagania ochrony ludzi przed działaniem NOx emitowanych do powietrza mieszkań zaopatrywanych w gaz wysunięto wniosek o wprowadzeniu pilnych zmian w krajowych normach sanitarnych. Drugim koniecznym działaniem uznano wyeliminowanie niespójności w krajowych przepisach budowlanych w zakresie wentylacji kuchni. To umożliwiłoby zastosowanie efektywnych rozwiązań technicznych już na etapie projektowania.

20

Determining NO2 immission levels in a conflicted area: Riobamba, Ecuador

Paredes Marcel, Viteri Rafaela, Auqui Dayana, Idrovo David

Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska

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2019

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Vol. 28, No. 3

465--475

EN

Riobamba has areas with high vehicular influence. For the determination of nitrogen dioxide concentrations, passive samplers were used, which were placed at points throughout the domain. The concentrations obtained in the field were interpolated with the information generated with the model traffic emissions software, estimating the relationship between vehicular traffic and the presence of gas. Allow to know the amount of pollutants that breathe about 250 pedestrians on average in the area.