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1

Hardness behaviour of secondary A356 alloys: the influence of iron and manganese

Straková Zuzana, Tillová Eva, Kuchariková Lenka

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2025

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Vol. 7, iss. 1

443--452

EN

The rising demand for sustainable materials has led to an increase in the usage of recycled aluminium in the automotive and engineering sectors. However, impurities such as iron, introduced during recycling, can weaken mechanical properties by forming brittle intermetallic phases. This study examines how iron content and manganese addition affect the hardness and microstructure of secondary A356 aluminium alloys. The experimental alloys were produced with Fe levels from 0.080 to 0.586 wt.% and Mn additions up to 0.300 wt.%. Brinell and Vickers microhardness tests were performed to assess overall and local hardness, while microstructure analysis was conducted using scanning microscopy with EDX analysis. Results showed that increasing Fe content slightly raised the hardness due to the formation of Fe-rich Al5FeSi intermetallic phases, which are brittle and platelet-shaped. The addition of Mn transformed these phases into more compact α-Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2 morphologies, improving phase distribution. These findings highlight that controlling Fe content and Mn addition is crucial for optimising the hardness and other mechanical properties of recycled A356 alloys and encouraging the sustainable reuse of aluminium materials.

2

Porównanie zawartości magnezu, cynku oraz żelaza w różnych typach mięs z rozróżnieniem sposobu przygotowania przy użyciu atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej

Gowin Aleksandra, Miklusiak Krystyna, Krakowska Agata

Analit

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2025

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Nr 15

25--32

PL

W niniejszym artykule przeprowadzono analizę zawartości magnezu, cynku oraz żelaza w trzech rodzajach mięs dostępnych w popularnym supermarkecie. Użyto mięsa drobiowego, wieprzowego oraz wołowego. Każde z mięs było badane w stanie surowym, ugotowane w wodzie destylowanej oraz usmażone na oleju roślinnym. Wszystkie próbki zostały poddane mineralizacji przy użyciu perhydrolu oraz kwasu azotowego. Analizę zawartości poszczególnych pierwiastków przeprowadzono przy użyciu atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej.

EN

This article analyzes the content of magnesium, zinc, and iron in three types of meat available in a popular supermarket. Poultry, pork, and beef were used for the study. Each type of meat was examined in its raw state, cooked in distilled water, and fried in vegetable oil. All samples were mineralized using hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid. The analysis of the individual element contents was conducted using atomic absorption spectrometry.

3

Czy specjacja pierwiastków w wodzie ma sens? Część V - formy chemiczne żelaza w wodzie

Rychlewski Paweł, Zembrzuska Joanna, Kamgar Elham, Różańska Maria

Technologia Wody

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2024

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Nr 1 (83)

51-54

PL

Żelazo (Fe) jest metalicznym pierwiastkiem chemicznym z grupy metali przejściowych. W strukturze Ziemi występuje w wielu formach alotropowych jako żelazo metaliczne oraz jako składowa: tlenków, siarczków czy węglanów. Żelazo przenika ze skorupy ziemskiej do systemów wodnych, gdzie jest jonem o wartościowości +II lub+III. Pierwiastek ten jest niezbędnym makroelementem dla życia i rozwoju organizmów wodnych. Dla zwierząt oraz ludzi żelazo jest mikroelementem budującym wiele różnych enzymów i protein oraz stanowi atom centralny cząsteczki hemoglobiny, niezbędnej do przenoszenia tlenu. Zarówno jego nadmiar oraz niedobór w ludzkim organizmie może nieść za sobą różne reakcje niepożądane takie jak anemia lub uszkodzenie wątroby.

EN

Iron(Fe) is a metallic element from the group of transition metals. In the structure of the Earth, it occurs in many allotropic forms as metallic iron and as a component of oxides, sulfides, or carbonates. Iron penetrates from the earth's crust into water systems, where it can be found as an ion with a valence of+II or+III. This element is an essential macroelement for the life and development of aquatic organisms. For animals and humans, iron is a microelement that builds many different enzymes and proteins. It is also the central atom of the hemoglobin molecule, necessary for carrying oxygen. Both its excess and efficiency ,in the human body may result in various side effects such as anemia or liver damage.

4

Iron behaviour and soil properties in hydromorphic soils of Beni Moussa, Tadla plain, Morocco

Salmi Abdessalam, El Baghdadi Mohamed, Mosaid Hassan, Barakat Ahmed, Hilali Abdessamad

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2024

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Vol. 31, nr 3

365--383

EN

This study aims to determine the behaviour of iron and its relation to the physicochemical properties in the hydromorphic soils of the Tadla plain (Morocco). An extensive analysis using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) from a statistical perspective was employed to ensure a comprehensive examination. The results reveal that the organic matter (OM) shows very high values, likely due to the collected samples near the sewerage network. Magnetic susceptibility (MS) measurements indicate that all the samples have positive and low values, indicating an abundance of paramagnetic minerals (such as ilmenite, siderite, and clay minerals). The iron concentration [ppm] increases from the top to the bottom of the Rivers, suggesting migration in a reduced form. Pearson’s correlation coefficients indicate that OM is positively correlated with cation exchange capacity (CEC) (r = 0.83) and electrical conductivity (EC) (r = 0.85) but negatively correlated with MS (r = –0.57) and iron oxide (r = 0.42). Calcium carbonate content (CaCO3) is positively correlated with sand (r = 0.49), but negatively with MS (r = –0.7). Iron (Fe) is positively correlated with frequency-dependent (FD) (r = 0.7), but negatively with sand (r = –0.608). Clay is strongly negatively correlated with silt (r = –0.88) and oxalate extractable iron oxides (Feo) (r = –0.55), respectively. These findings suggest that the physicochemical features of Beni Moussa hydromorphic soils are strongly linked and that iron in the soil is required for the stability of specific soil components.

5

Sequential use of coagulation and adsorption methods for COD removal from soft drink industry wastewater

Sever Ece, Öztürk Tuba, Güneş Elçin

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 3

122--128

EN

In this study, the effectiveness of sequentially applying coagulation and adsorption processes in treating soft drink industry wastewater was assessed based on COD removal. In the electrocoagulation method with iron electrodes, the highest COD removal occurred at 42%, achieved with a current of 9A and the natural pH of the wastewater at 5.51. In chemical coagulation, using FeCl3•6H2O as a coagulant, the highest removal rate of 23% was achieved at pH 5 with a coagulant dose of 2.5g/L. Activated carbon adsorption, in doses ranging from 10 to 40g/L, was applied to the effluents of both electrocoagulation and chemical coagulation at various contact times, up to 150 minutes, resulting in COD removal rates of 42% and 36%, respectively. According to the results, the COD removal efficiencies for the electrocoagulation-adsorption and chemical coagulation-adsorption systems were 66% and 51%, respectively. The findings of this study are important because they demonstrate the necessity of research on the use and development of physicochemical methods for the treatment of soft drink industry wastewater.

6

Evaluation of additive effect on anaerobic sewage sludge digestion

Dauknys Regimantas, Mažeikiene Aušra, Paliulis Dainius

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 4

82--92

EN

An additive based on iron oxides was applied to reduce the amount of produced sludge and to increase the production and quality of biogas. The C/N ratio was 11.0–11.3 and the pH of the sludge mixture was 7.3 before the anaerobic digestion. The determined optimal dose of the additive was 0.35 g/g of sludge dry matter over 20 days. This allowed a reduction in the sludge retention time up to 6–11 days. Consequently, maximum biogas production was reached on average 1.6 times faster, volatile solids degradation increased by 56.7%, biogas production increased by 75%, specific biogas production increased by 11.5%, and methane concentration in the biogas increased by 8.4%–18.2%. When the additive was applied, the quantity of phosphate phosphorus in the supernatant was reduced by up to 19%, and hydrogen sulfide reduction efficiency in the biogas ranged between 55% and 62%. In sludge treatment facilities, using an iron oxide-based additive could reduce the dewatering and drying costs for digested sludge by up to 35% .

PL

Zastosowano dodatek na bazie tlenków żelaza, aby zmniejszyć ilość wytwarzanego osadu i zwiększyć zarówno produkcję, jak i jakość biogazu. Stosunek C/N przed fermentacją beztlenową wynosił 11,0–11,3, a pH kombinacji osadów wynosiło 7,3. Ustalona stosowana dawka dodatku wynosiła 0,35 g/g suchej masy osadu w okresie 20 dni. Pozwoliło to na skrócenie czasu retencji osadu do 6–11 dni, tj. mi. maksymalną produkcję biogazu osiągano średnio 1,6 razy szybciej. Test laboratoryjny przeprowadzono w VILNIUS TECH przy użyciu modelu fermentacji beztlenowej „W8 Armfield Ltd” (Wielka Brytania). Do badań wykorzystano dodatek na bazie tlenków żelaza. Dokonano pomiarów parametrów osadu i biogazu. Po dodaniu dodatku ilość lotnych substancji stałych ulegających rozkładowi wzrosła o 56,7%, ilość wyprodukowanego biogazu wzrosła o 75%, stężenie specyficznego wyprodukowanego biogazu wzrosło o 11,5%, a stężenie metanu w biogazie wzrosło o 8,4% do 18,2%. Po przefermentowaniu osadu z dodatkiem ilość fosforu fosforanowego w supernatancie zmniejszyła się aż o 19%, a skuteczność redukcji siarkowodoru w biogazie wynosiła od 55 do 62%. Koszt odwadniania i suszenia osadu przefermentowanego można obniżyć nawet o 35% w oczyszczalniach osadów, w których stosuje się dodatek na bazie tlenków żelaza.

7

Uwalnianie jonów żelaza(III) do środowiska pod wpływem roztworów kwaśnych

Drużyńska Martyna, Glanowska Emilia, Greń Karolina, Smajdor Joanna

Analit

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2024

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Nr 14

6--9

PL

Artykuł porusza kwestię wymywania żelaza z odpadów przemysłowych. Badaniom zostały poddane trzy próbki: piaski formierskie, żużel ze spalarni odpadów oraz żużel stalowniczy. Na każdą z próbek działano roztworami kwaśnymi imitującymi kwaśne deszcze. Następnie przeprowadzono pomiary wykorzystując metodę spektrometrii UV-Vis, aby sprawdzić ile żelaza (III) uwalnia się z tego typu odpadów.

EN

The article addresses the issue of iron leaching from industrial waste. Three samples were examined: foundry sands, slag from waste incineration, and steel slag. Each sample was treated with acidic solutions simulating acid rain. Subsequently, measurements were conducted using the UV-Vis spectrometry method to determine the amount of iron (III) released from these types of waste.

8

Innovative hydrometallurgy for galvanic sludge sustainable recovery

Brožová Silvie, Drápala Jaromír, Brož Jiří, Macháčková Adéla

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2023

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Vol. 5, iss. 1

46--56

EN

The manuscript explores the feasibility of recovering zinc and iron from waste galvanic sludge generated during galvanic plating processes. Galvanic sludge, characterized by elevated concentrations of heavy metals, represents a suitable candidate for hydrometallurgical recycling. The primary objective of the experimental and practical phases was to extract zinc and iron through the leaching of galvanic sludge. Leaching procedures were conducted using sulfuric acid at varying temperatures and time durations, augmented by the introduction of oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide or ozone. Subsequent separation of the leach and filtrate was achieved through filtration. The leachate underwent additional processing involving the precipitation of iron and other metals, employing diverse agents. Following further filtration, electrolysis was employed to attain pure zinc on the cathode, utilizing an electrical voltage of approximately 3 V. Comprehensive chemical analyses were conducted on all intermediate products, including the leachate, leach liquor, filtrate, solid precipitate, and the separated metal on the cathode. The outcomes of these analyses are meticulously presented in tables and graphs.

9

Zanieczyszczenia dawnych papierów fotograficznych drobinkami metali

Kozielec Tomasz

Przegląd Papierniczy

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2023

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R. 79, nr 4

207--212

PL

W artykule zwrócono uwagę na problem występowania w dawnych papierach fotograficznych (XIX-wiecznych) metali przejściowych, szczególnie żelaza. Papiery fotograficzne były produkowane ze szlachetnych mas – szmacianych (len, bawełna), jednakże podczas przetwarzania tego surowca jak również podczas produkcji papieru mogło dochodzić do zanieczyszczania się drobinkami metali. Zanieczyszczenia metaliczne znajdujące się w papierach fotograficznych ujawniały się szczególnie w procesie uczulania papierów azotanem srebra. Tworzyły się wtedy czarne produkty reakcji dostrzegalne w badaniach mikroskopowych, a nawet okiem nieuzbrojonym. Również podczas przygotowywania papierów światłoczułych mogło dochodzić do kontaktu z elementami metalowymi (haczyki, pinezki, gwoździki) i powstawania ciemnych produktów reakcji. Zmiany te mogą budzić niepokój opiekunów zbiorów fotograficznych, konserwatorów podczas badania techniki wykonania lub oceny stanu zachowania, gdyż w pewnym stopniu przypominają zniszczenia biologiczne (ciemne kolonie grzybów). Produkty te były przedmiotem badań z użyciem mikroskopu elektronowego wyposażonego w detektory pierwiastków. Badania przeprowadzono na własnoręcznie wytworzonych odbitkach solnych, które po uczuleniu suszono w formie przypiętej żelaznymi szpilkami. Papiery solne to rodzaj papieru fotograficznego wynaleziony jeszcze w 1. poł. XIX w., powszechnie używany. W badaniach wykazano, że obecność żelaza w procesie uczulania może powodować powstawanie czarnych plamek/struktur w postaci nawet rozległych wykwitów srebra metalicznego. Na zbadanych obszarach wykwitów wykryto także inne pierwiastki – szczególnie złoto (z procesu tonowania) oraz siarkę (z procesu utrwalania). W badaniach potwierdzono część przewidywalnych mechanizmów tworzenia się ciemnych produktów reakcji, na których tworzenie się wywarły m.in. właściwości elektrochemiczne metali. Wskazano także na konieczność prowadzenia dalszych badań.

EN

The article draws attention to the problem of the occurrence of transition metals, especially iron in the form of micro particles, in old photographic papers (mainly from the 19th century). Photo papers were made of precious pulp – rags (linen, cotton), however, during the processing of rags as well as during the production of paper, they could be undesirably contaminated with metals. Also some photographic processes - in particular the use of metal elements (pins, tacks, hooks) during the drying of photographic papers in the process of formation of silver chloride (halide) caused direct, fatal contact of iron with the paper. Metallic impurities in photographic papers were revealed especially in the process of sensitizing papers with silver nitrate. Then, black reaction products were formed, visible in microscopic examinations and even with the naked eye. These changes may cause anxiety to the curators of photographic collections, conservators when examining the technique of making or assessing the state of preservation, because to some extent they resemble biological damage (dark colonies of fungi). These products were examined using an electron microscope equipped with element detectors. The research was carried out on hand-made salt prints (a type of photographic paper invented in the first half of the 19th century, widely used). Studies have shown that the presence of iron in the sensitization process can cause the formation of black spots/structures in the form of even extensive silver efflorescence. Other elements were also detected in the examined areas of silver - especially gold (from the toning process) and sulfur (from the fixing process). The research confirmed some of the predictable mechanisms of dark spot/structure formation caused by the electrochemical properties of metals. The need for further research was also indicated.

10

Mały, a wielki pierwiastek - żelazo i jego rola w życiu człowieka

Martula Emilia, Morak-Młodawska Beata, Jeleń Małgorzata

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2023

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nr 1

51--56

PL

Anemia, inaczej nazywana niedokrwistością jest jedną najczęściej występujących chorób hematologicznych. Dotyka osoby w każdym wieku: dzieci, dorosłych, a także osoby starsze. Stan ten jest następstwem pewnych zaburzeń dotyczących krwi. Zaliczamy do nich między innymi zbyt niski poziom hemoglobiny, obniżony hematokryt, czyli stosunek liczby czerwonych krwinek do pozostałych składników krwi, a także niski poziom erytrocytów - czerwonych krwinek. Krew osoby z anemią ma ograniczoną zdolność do transportu tlenu, czego efektem jest niedostateczne utlenowanie tkanek i narządów. Najczęściej występującą postacią niedokrwistości jest ta związana z deficytem żelaza, tzw. niedokrwistość syderopeniczna. Niedobór żelaza jest dość częstym zjawiskiem występującym wśród kobiet ze względu na ich fizjologię, ale może być również spowodowany dietą ubogą w ten pierwiastek. Niniejszy artykuł poświęcony żelazu ma za zadanie przybliżyć czytelnikowi, jak dużą rolę odgrywa w naszym organizmie, a także jak ważna jest jego prawidłowa suplementacja i jakie negatywne skutki może wywołać jego niedobór.

EN

Anaemia is one of the most common haematological diseases. It affects people of all ages: children, adults as well as the elderly. The condition is a consequence of certain disorders affecting the blood. These include too low a level of haemoglobin, a reduced hematocrit, or the ratio of red blood cells to other blood components, and a low level of erythrocytes - red blood cells. The blood of a person with anaemia has a reduced ability to transport oxygen, resulting in inadequate oxygenation of tissues and organs. The most common form of anaemia is that associated with iron deficiency known as sideropenic anaemia. Iron deficiency is quite common among women, due to monthly menstruation, but it can also be caused by a diet deficient in this element. This article on iron is intended to give the reader an idea of how big a role it plays in our bodies, the importance of its proper supplementation and the negative effects its deficiency con cause.

11

Redesign of iron for assembly cost and time reduction using DFA

Ginting R., Silalahi R.

Journal of Achievements in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 117, nr 1

15--24

EN

Purpose: Nowadays, product development is very important to remain competitive in the market, one of which is to reduce the assembly of time and cost design. This article discusses the study of iron products on the market. Based on the problems found in the SMEs of Electronic Services, this iron has many components and complex designs that take time-consuming to assemble. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to redesign the ironing. Design/methodology/approach: Improvements to the design of iron products are based on the problems present in this product. This problem is obtained by distributing questionnaires to Electronic Services SMEs. The improvements are carried out using the Design for Assembly (DFA) method to evaluate the design with ease of assembly processes. Findings: This paper attempt to improve the design of ironing products according to the problems obtained from the initial questionnaire, which is to reduce the assembly time and costs using DFA. Practical implications: The result of these improvements is a reduction in the amount of assembly time and costs and an increase in efficiency. The actual design assembly time is 358.16 to 269.70 seconds on the proposed design. The actual design assembly cost budget is 956.81,- rupiahs, reduced to 720.50, in the proposed design. Then the actual design efficiency of 21.77% increased to 24.74%. Originality/value: Iron design improvements are based on problems and complaints received from the electronic services SMEs, then analysed using the DFA method. Therefore, the improvements in the design of the ironing product are present in two components, that is the back cover and the handle.

12

The influence of selected transition elements on cell metabolism

Terpiłowska Sylwia, Rafińska Katarzyna, Gołębiowski Adrian, Kowalkowski Tomasz, Buszewski Bogusław

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2023

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Vol. 30, nr 4

471--488

EN

The elements are present in the environment. Moreover, they are used in pharmacy and the production of new materials used in medical applications. They are often as environmental pollutants. They can accumulate in organisms and induce toxic effects on the cellular level. HepG2, L929 and Caco-2 cell lines were exposed to known concentrations of chromium chloride, iron chloride, nickel chloride, molybdenum trioxide and cobalt chloride (200 or 1000 μ M used alone and in combinations). Concentrations of chromium, iron, nickel, molybdenum and cobalt in the cell lysate and the culture medium were determined by ICP-MS. Moreover, sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentrations were also measured. What is more, cells were observed under light and scanning electron microscope. The dose-dependent increase in the concentration of chromium, iron, nickel, molybdenum and cobalt in all cell lines after incubation with elements was observed. Potassium concentration decreases while sodium calcium and magnesium increase after incubation of cells with of mentioned elements. The incubation of cells with microelements induces cell morphology changes. The presented study shows the crucial role of tested microelements in the induction of cell death as a result of an imbalance of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium concentration inside the cell.

13

Effects of HE and ECAP processes on changes in microstructure and mechanical properties in copper, iron and zinc

Kulczyk Mariusz, Skorupska Monika, Skiba Jacek, Przybysz Sylwia, Smalc-Koziorowska Julita

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 3

art. no. e145563

EN

The research presented in this paper concerns the influence of the rate of plastic deformation generated directly in the processes of severe plastic deformations on the microstructure and properties of three metals: copper, iron and zinc. The equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method was used, and it was performed at a low plastic deformation rate of ∼ 0.04 s−1. The high plastic strain rate was obtained using the hydrostatic extrusion (HE) method with the deformation rate at the level of ∼ 170 s−1. For all three tested materials different characteristic effects were demonstrated at the applied deformation rates. The smallest differences in the mechanical properties were observed in copper, despite the dynamic recrystallization processes that occurred in the HE process. In Armco iron samples, dynamic recovery processes in the range of high plastic deformation rates resulted in lower mechanical properties. The most significant effects were obtained for pure zinc, where, regardless of the method used, the microstructure was clearly transformed into bimodal after the ECAP process, and homogenized and refined after the HE process. After the HE process, the material was transformed from a brittle state to a plastic state and the highest mechanical properties were obtained.

14

Rynek surowców żelaza i stali w początkach XXI wieku

Paulo Andrzej, Krzak Mariusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 3

156--171

EN

Iron and steel raw materials market evolves rapidly. Global mine production of iron ores and concentrates, metallurgical coal, pig iron and crude steel exceeded 1 billion tonnes at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries or in the first 20years of new millennium. International trade in these fields, as well as trade of such products as coke, ferroalloys and scrap, is also huge. Demand growth rate for steel raw materials, finished and semi-finished steel, and cast iron products is currently the highest among other mineral raw materials. Almost 90% of iron ore supplies come from Australia and Brazil, and the dominant consumer - China - is responsible for almost use. A geographic evolution in the steel production and the consumption of derived products has taken place. China has grown from a secondary crude steel producer and secondary steel products user to a leader with over 50% global share of steel production and a leading exporter of finished products. The iron and steel market has concentrated in the East and South Asia due to high consumption of imported steel raw materials in Japan and South Korea, rapid demand growth in India, investment in energy-efficient scrap processing in Turkey and Iran, while simultaneous reductions in the production capacity of the steel industry in the European Union, former Soviet Union and the US. Market disruption due to Covid-19pandemic appears to be short-lived, and China has strengthened its position. In the first half of 2021, the prices of steel products increased dramatically, which immediately resulted in the change in prices of apartments and other constructions based on this most widely used metal.

15

A study of the properties and development in technology for obtaining multi-component systems of particle reinforced aluminum and titanium alloys

Gumen Olena, Selina Irina, Kruzhkova Mariia

Budownictwo o Zoptymalizowanym Potencjale Energetycznym

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2022

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Vol. 11

17--21

EN

The article analyzes the groundwork on the influence of alloying contaminants on the structure and mechanical properties of aluminum alloys. Aluminum has become widely used in various parts of machine-building due to its physical properties. However, the main task of modern material science is to increase the strength of aluminum alloys. Therefore, today there is the development of materials and alloys based on aluminum with alloying constituents (copper, silicon, magnesium, zinc, mangan), which are administered in aluminum mainly to increase its strength. Especially attractive are properties of aluminum-doped by transition metals, in particular scandium, zirconium, iron, etc. Finally, conclusions are drawn in order to develop a material based on aluminum with increased hardness, durability, and crack resistance.

16

Badanie wpływu procesu mineralizacji na stężenie żelaza w bentonitach

Brzózka Bartosz, Kępka Martyna, Krzyżyk Sara, Kuryśko Kacper

Analit

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2022

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Nr 12

5--15

PL

W artykule opisano badania wpływu mineralizacji na stężenie żelaza w trzech próbkach bentonitu. Próbki zostały pobrane z zakładu CERTECH na trzech różnych etapach produkcji. Każdą z nich poddano mineralizacji różnymi kawasami: wodą królewską, stężonym i rozcieńczonym kwasem azotowym oraz kwasem solnym. Przygotowano przesącze i poddano je badaniu metodą atomowej spektrometrii absorpcyjnej. Każdą próbkę badano dwukrotnie. Przedstawiono wyniki badań, wygenerowano wykresy rozkładu stężeń żelaza w zależności od użytego do mineralizacji kwasu.

EN

The topic of the following article is the effect of mineralization on iron concentration in three bentonite samples. The samples were taken from the CERTECH factory at three different stages of production. Each was mineralized with different acids: aqua regia, concentrated and diluted nitric acid and hydrochloric acid. The filtrates were prepared and subjected to atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Each sample was tested twice. The results of the study are presented, and graphs of the distribution of iron concentrations depending on the acid used for mineralization were generated.

17

Recently formed arsenates from an abandoned mine in Radzimowice (SW Poland) and the conditions of their formation

Siuda Rafał, Januszewska Anna

Acta Geologica Polonica

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2022

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Vol. 72, no. 4

423--442

EN

In the mining galleries of the abandoned Au-As mine in Radzimowice, diverse groups of secondary arsenates crystallized recently. They form several characteristic assemblages. In the first of them the typical minerals are bukovskýite and melanterite. The second group of secondary arsenates includes scorodite, kaňkite, zýkaite, and pitticite. The third assemblage includes Co-Ni-Mg arsenates of the erythrite-annabergite-hörnesite series. The first assemblage crystallized in a zone with a very high activity of sulphate and arsenate ions and where the pH varies within a narrow range of 2.0-3.5. The second group of secondary arsenates formed in the acidic zone. The minerals identified here suggest pH variation within fairly wide ranges, from about 2.0 to 5.5. Contrary to the first and second mineral assemblage, the Co-Ni-Mg arsenates formed under different geochemical conditions. Their crystallization took place under weak acidic to neutral conditions.

18

Pomiary ogromnej magnetostrykcji związków międzymetalicznych ciężka ziemia rzadka - żelazo

Pszczoła Jarosław, Cetnar Tomasz

Physics for Economy

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2021

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Vol. 4

75-84

PL

Opisano metodę pomiaru ogromnej magnetostrykcji związków międzymetalicznych typu ciężka ziemia rzadka - żelazo przy użyciu tensometrów jako mierników odkształcenia. Przedstawiono układ pomiarowy oraz przebieg pomiaru. Podano wyniki pomiarów ogromnej magnetostrykcji otrzymane dla związków typu ciężka ziemia rzadka - żelazo posiadających strukturę krystaliczną typu MgCu2.

19

Bioremediacja wód gruntowych – usuwanie żelaza i manganu

Rygała Anna, Kręgiel Dorota

Gaz, Woda i Technika Sanitarna

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2021

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Nr 4

7--9

PL

Bioremediacja to zaawansowane technologie wykorzystujące warunki środowiskowe (fizyczne, chemiczne, biochemiczne lub mikrobiologiczne), w celu stymulacji mikroorganizmów zdolnych do detoksykacji wód z zanieczyszczeń organicznych lub nieorganicznych. Bioremediacja wód stała się jedną z najpopularniejszych, szeroko stosowanych technologii oczyszczania wód gruntowych, ze względu na stosunkowo niski koszt oraz możliwość adaptacji do lokalnych warunków. Artykuł stanowi przegląd najnowszej wiedzy na temat metod biologicznego usuwania żelaza i manganu z wód gruntowych.

EN

Bioremediation uses advanced technologies and environmental conditions (physical, chemical, microbiological or biochemical), to stimulate microorganisms to detoxify water with organic or inorganic contaminants. Water bioremediation has become one of the most common, widely used groundwater treatment technologies due to its relatively low cost and the ability to adapt to local conditions. This article reviews the latest knowledge on biological methods for removing iron and manganese from groundwater.

20

Compost produced with addition of sewage sludge as a source of Fe and Mn for plant

Gondek Krzysztof, Mierzwa-Hersztek Monika, Kopeć Michał, Spałek Iwona

Ecological Chemistry and Engineering. S

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2021

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Vol. 28, nr 2

259--275

EN

Direct application of sewage sludge to soil is controversial due to, among others, its highly variable composition, odour, and risks for health. The obtained composts with the addition of sewage sludge were tested for the contents and availability of manganese and iron. Once composts were applied to the soil, their effect on the content and availability of Mn and Fe in soil and bioaccumulation in the plant were determined. The addition of sewage sludge enriched composts with manganese and iron, but did not increase the content of water-extracted forms of Mn and Fe. The compost with addition of biochar had more organic matter-bound forms of Mn and Fe. Composts amended with sewage sludge had lower effect on the amount of Poa pratensis L. biomass than maize straw compost. The content of Mn and Fe in Poa pratensis L. was in the range permissible for biomass used as fodder. Smaller addition of all composts to the soil significantly increased the content of mobile manganese forms; however, neither the type nor the dose had effect on the content of iron mobile forms. There was no significant differences in the content of organic matter-bound forms of Mn and Fe in soil after the application of composts.