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Depositional setting of the Oligocene sequence of the Western Carpathians in the Polish Spisz region : a reinterpretation based on integrated palynofacies and sedimentological analyses.

Filipek A., Wysocka A., Barski M.

Geological Quarterly

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2017

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Vol. 61, No. 4

859--876

EN

The research on the Oligocene succession of the Central Carpathian Paleogene Basin (CCPB) in the Kacwin region focused on sedimentological and palynofacies analyses. Observations were carried out in natural exposures along three streams flowing in the Polish Spisz: Kacwinianka, Łapszanka and Kacwiński. Three main groups of lithofacies have been distinguished: coarse-grained, mixed and sandy-grained, and fine-grained. The lithofacies are characterized by variable sedimentary structures, e.g. massive structure, horizontal lamination, ripple cross-lamination, hummocky cross-stratification, deformation structure. Sedimentological analyses showed that structures typical for turbidity currents and those characteristic of relatively shallow deposition (HCS, wave ripples) could coexist in the investigated succession interpreted as typical for turbidity currents influenced by storm waves. This indicates relatively shallow-water environments. The palynofacies analysis enabled identification of the following components: black wood, brown wood, cortex, resin, sporomorphs, cuticle, algae, dinoflagellates and AOM. A high proportion of black wood and low diversity of components point to an origin related to turbidity currents. Furthermore, results of the palynofacies analysis have allowed determining that, during the deposition of the CCPB sediments in the Polish Spisz area, the distance between the deposition area and the source area became relatively large. The biostratigraphic analysis of dinoflagellate cysts from the Podhale Basin (Szaflary, Zakopane, and lower Chochołów beds) indicates an Early Rupelian age. Moreover, kerogen analysis in the UV was applied for the first time to study the CCPB succession. As a result, reworking was documented, so far unrecognized by other methods, and the mutual verification of the obtained results was possible.

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The geotourist potential of the Bialka River valley (in the Podhale Basin) – a project of a geotourist trail

Hełdak D.

Geotourism / Geoturystyka

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2016

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nr 1-2

19--26

EN

The Białka valley is located in southern Poland. The middle part of the valley is build-up of the Paleogene Podhale Flysch. In common opinion, this region is not particularly attractive in respect to geotourism. To prove that it is not true, I proposed the project of geotourist trail in this area. The trail comprises 5 geosites, where the most attractive objects (according to the author) will be presented. These include calcareous tufa in Jurgow (first geosite), faults in the Bukowińska Grapa (second geosite), where pronounced effects of lateral erosion are evident, which lead to the shifting of the river bed. At this geosite there are also visible joints systems in sandstones (third geosite) and the sandstones show various types of lamination. At the fourth geosite, there occur clear neotectonic features revealed by granite boulders deposited several meters above the contemporary riverbed. Finally, at the fifth geosite, one can examine the thermal pools, which are examples of favorable geological conditions utilized for recreational purposes.

PL

Dolina Białki znajduje się w południowej Polsce. Jej środkowa część zbudowana jest z paleogeńskiego fliszu podhalańskiego. Ogólnie uważa się, że obszar zbudowany z tych skał nie jest szczególnie atrakcyjny pod względem geoturystycznym. Aby udowodnić, że jest inaczej, zaproponowano projekt ścieżki geoturystycznej. Ścieżka składa się z pięciu najciekawszych (według autora) stanowisk. Składają się na nie kolejno martwice wapienne w Jurgowie (pierwsze stanowisko), uskoki w obrębie Bukowińskiej Grapy (drugie stanowisko), a także miejsce wyraźnej, lateralnej erozji bocznej, która prowadzi do przesuwania się koryta. Wyraźnie odsłonięte są tutaj ławice piaskowców o różnej laminacji, poprzecinane spękaniami ciosowymi (trzecie stanowisko). Na czwartym stanowisku widoczne są wyraźne dowody na zachodzące tutaj ruchy neotektoniczne (otoczaki granitowe wyniesione kilkanaście metrów nad poziom obecnego koryta), a na ostatnim, piątym stanowisku znajdują się baseny termalne, które są znakomitym przykładem wykorzystania sprzyjającej budowy geologicznej do celów gospodarczych.

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Rola zwietrzeliny w kształtowaniu chemizmu wód podziemnych zlewni fliszowej

Szostakiewicz-Hołownia M., Małecki J. J.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2015

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Vol. 63, nr 10/2

1091--1098

EN

The chemistry of precipitation significantly alters while infiltrating through a layer of weathered rocks. The paper deals with the role of weathering mantle in shaping the chemistry of shallow groundwater in a flysch catchment basin. The analytical and modelling research show that weathering mantles also affect the formation of calcareous sinter. Based on the results of field studies, a hydrochemical model has been developed, which documents the transformation of chemical composition of groundwater. The rate of precipitating calcium carbonate is also determined. The test area covered the Suchy Stream catchment basin located within the southern flank of the Podhale basin.

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Petrologic studies of diagenetic history of coaly matter in the Podhale Flysch sediments, southern Poland

Wagner M.

Annales Societatis Geologorum Poloniae

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2011

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Vol. 81, No 2

173-183

EN

Common occurrences of terrigenic organic matter (both disseminated and accumulated in layers) in sedimentary rocks were observed. The flysch sediments in the Podhale Trough and in other parts of the Carpathians are inadequately recognised from coal petrologic point of view. Studies were carried out in the eastern (2008) and western part (2009) of the Podhale Trough. Samples were collected from the exposures. Petrographic studies included microscopic observations of polished sections as well as mean random reflectance measurements of vitrinite (colotellinite) were done. In the Podhale Flysch, coalified organic matter is represented mostly by vitrinite and, in microscopic scale, mainly by collotellinite. The common occurrence of coaly matter is revealed. It is well–visible in sandstones and mudstones, usually as the bedding planes. The amounts of coaly matter in clay minerals and carbonates are small. Organic matter hosted in the Podhale Flysch strata represents diversified coalification ranks measured as random reflectance of vitrinite (colotellinite), which falls into the range from 0.49 to 1.00%. Such values are typical for low- to medium ranks of bituminous coal. Measurements of reflectance provided new data suitable for evaluation of thermal history of rocks in the Podhale Trough. The changes of vitrinite (colotellinite) mean reflectance of organic matter from the Podhale Flysch are relevant to the contents of crystalline illite – the recently applied geothermometer of diagenetic (katagenetic) transformations of clay minerals. If the thermal palaeogra- dient is known, random changes of reflectance of vitrinite can be used for estimations of both the maximum thickness of the Podhale Flysch during deposition and its later amount of erosion. It appears that estimation of ma- ximum thickness of the Podhale Flysch (i.e., depositional thickness after compaction) and the amount of erosion are almost identical with the estimations based upon the illitization of clay minerals.

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Ewolucja sieci spękań ciosowych we fliszu zachodniego Podhala (Karpaty wewnętrzne, Polska)

Ludwiniak M.

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2008

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Vol. 56, nr 12

1092-1099

EN

Thenetwork of joints cutting the flysch deposits in the western Podhale is reasonably regular both in map scale and in individual outcrops. It is formed by five sets having a different orientation with respect to the range of the Podhale Synclinorium, as well as a different age and origin. The oldest diagonal sets (DR, DL) are conjugate and roughly coeval and were formed as "potential shear surfaces" in horizontal beds, whereas their further opening proceeded in an extensional mode. The younger sublongitudinal set (L') comprises extensional joints originated during the early buckling of beds. The transverse set (T), younger than the L'-set, comprises extensional joints formed in relation to the WNW-ESE extension of the Podhale Synclinorium. The youngest longitudinal set (L) originated in an extensional mode in consequence of stress relaxation in the rock massif during postorogenic uplift. Joint density increases in areas involved in relatively strong tectonic disturbances: the zone of tectonic contact between the flysch and the Pieniny Klippen Belt, the zone of contact between the Paleogene deposits, the Tatra Massif and the Biały Dunajec fault zone.

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Calcareous nannoplankton from the Podhale Flysch (Oligocene-Miocene, Inner Carpathians, Poland)

Garecka M.

Studia Geologica Polonica

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2005

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Vol. 124

353-370

EN

The presence of the Oligocene (upper Rupelian and Chattian)-Lower Miocene (Aquitanian) in the Podhale Flysch sediments is argued by the identification of calcareous nannoplankton zones: NP24, NP25 and NN1. The upper part of the Szaflary beds, the Zakopane beds and the lower part of the Chochołów beds belong to the NP24 Zone based on the occurrence of Helicosphaera recta, Cyclicargolithus abisectus, Sphenolithus distentus, Reticulofenestra lockeri and Reticulofenestra ornata in assemblages. The upper part of the Chochołów beds and the Brzegi beds belong to the NP25 Zone based on the presence of Sphenolithus conicus with the taxa listed above. The youngest Ostrysz beds contain Helicosphaera scissura and Sphenolithus delphix. These species are characteristic for the NN1 Zone (lowermost Miocene).

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Strefowość zawodnienia w profilu pionowym fliszu podhalańskiego w świetle badań wodochłonności

Chowaniec J.

Biuletyn Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego

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2002

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nr 404

19-28

PL

W pracy przeanalizowano zmienność szczelinowatości z głębokością w utworach fliszowych na terenie niecki podhalańskiej (Karpaty wewnętrzne). Stwierdzono, że dla przepływu wód w skałach fliszu podhalańskiego znaczenie ma spękana i przepuszczalna strefa o miąższości dochodzącej do 80-100 m. Miąższość tej strefy nie jest jednorodna i zależy głównie od wykształcenia litologicznego utworów fliszowych oraz położenia morfologicznego. W łupkowych warstwach szaflarskich i zakopiańskich (również warstwy z Brzegów) jej miąższość wynosi zaledwie do 30-50 m, zaś w piaskowcowych warstwach chochołowskich - 80-100 m. Uzyskane rezultaty są porównywalne do regionalnych ocen statystycznych tego typu danych z obszaru Karpat zewnętrznych.

EN

The paper presents the analysis of the variability of water permeability with depth in the flysch deposits in the region of the Podhale Basin (Inner Carpathians). In the light of the performed studies it has been stated that the fractured and permeable 80-100 m thick zone is very important for the water flow in the rocks of the Podhale flysch. The thickness of this zone is diversified and depends mainly on lithologic development of the flysch deposits and on their morphological position. In the shale Szaflary and Zakopane Beds (also beds from Brzegi) its thickness reaches only 30-50 m while in the sandstone Chochołów Beds - 80-100 m. The obtained results are comparable with the regional statistic evaluation of such data from the region of the Outer Carpathians.

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The age of base and top of the Podhale Palaeogene Flysch (Inner Carpathians, Poland) based on dinocysts

Gedl P.

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Earth Sciences

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1999

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Vol. 47, nr 2-3

77-102

EN

The oldest deposits of the Podhale Palaeogene Flysch, the Zakopane beds in the southern part of the basin, and the Szaflary beds in the northern part, represent Lower Oligocene. This is based on the presence of Early Oligocene dinocysts in stratigraphically lowermost deposits exposed near the Pieniny Klippen Belt. The peri-Tatra Zakopane beds are presumably younger than the Szaflary beds, being probably isochronous with the uppermost part of the Szaflary beds. The age of the Ostrysz beds, the youngest unit of the Podhale Flysch, is Upper Oligocene. This is based on the presence of Oligocene and Late Oligocene dinocysts in this unit with simultaneous lack of Early Miocene taxa.