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1

Osuszanie i rewaloryzacja budynków po powodzi

Karyś Jerzy

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 3

50--57

2

Jakość i bezpieczeństwo zdrowotne novel food – wiodący trend ostatnich lat

Markowska Joanna, Tyfa Agnieszka, Drabent Anna

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2024

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T. 78, nr 9

40--48

PL

Novel food, nowa żywność (NF), niezależnie od indywidualnych preferencji żywieniowych, religii czy społecznych uwarunkowań, wpływa na rozwój przemysłu spożywczego. Biorąc pod uwagę aspekty związane z dobrostanem zwierząt i produkcją mięsa, eksploatacją zasobów naturalnych, wylesianiem i globalną emisją gazów cieplarnianych, NF ma na celu zaspokojenia popytu na żywność w sposób zrównoważony. Bezpieczeństwo żywności jest kluczowym aspektem w produkcji i postrzeganiu przez konsumentów mięsa z hodowli komórkowych, mikroalg, jadalnych owadów czy żywności opartej na precyzyjnej fermentacji. W publikacji przedstawiono zagadnienia dotyczące wybranych rodzajów novel food, ich funkcjonalności i zastosowań, bezpieczeństwa zdrowotnego, a także preferencji konsumentów.

EN

Novel food (NF), regardless of individual dietary preferences, religion or social circumstances, is influencing the development of the food industry. Taking into account aspects related to animal welfare and meat production, natural resource exploitation, deforestation and global greenhouse gas emissions, NF aims to meet the demand for food in a sustainable manner. Food safety is a key aspect in the production and consumer perception of cultured meat, microalgae, edible insects or foods based on precision fermentation. The publication presents issues concerning selected types of novel foods, their functionality and applications, health safety, as well as consumer preferences.

3

System badawczy do modelowania biotechnologicznych metod usuwania składników biogennych z przemysłowych cieczy poużytkowych

Dziosa Karolina

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 4

519--524

PL

Przedstawiono koncepcję oraz budowę fotobioreaktora rurowego do hodowli glonów. Zbudowany system składa się z czterech reaktorów rurowych, układu mieszania barbotażowego, modułu doświetlającego oraz modułu pomiarowo-sterującego. W ramach przeprowadzonych prac przygotowano testową hodowlę glonów Chlorella sp. w zbudowanym reaktorze. W czasie trwania eksperymentu z produkcyjnych ścieków mleczarskich, które stanowiły podłoże hodowlane, glony przyswoiły 36,6% N ogólnego oraz 98% P ogólnego. Przyrost komórek glonów monitorowany na podstawie pomiarów gęstości optycznej na koniec hodowli wynosił 1,046. Zaproponowane rozwiązanie pozwoli na zwiększenie skali produkcji biomasy glonów oraz zagospodarowanie większej ilości ścieków mleczarskich.

EN

A four-section tubular photobioreactor for the removal of biogenic compds. from dairy industry wastewater using Chlorella sp. algae culture was developed and constructed. The efficiency of algae multiplication was monitored based on the content of biogenic elements (N and P) and optical d. measurements. During the experiment, the algae absorbed 36.6% of total N and 98% of total P from dairy wastewater. The proposed soln. allowed to increase the scale of algae biomass prodn. and managing a larger amt. of dairy wastewater.

4

Checklist of freshwater red algae (Rhodophyta) in Bosnia and Herzegovina

Šovran Sanja, Knežević Ana, Mašić Ermin

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2024

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Vol. 53, No. 2

127--143

EN

The paper provides an overview of all freshwater red algae species recorded to date in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Based on fieldwork and analysis of all available previously published data, it was determined that a total of 15 taxa from eight genera have been recorded to date: Bangia (1), Audoinella (3), Batrachospermum (2), Peludicola (1), Shaethia (1), Lemanea (4), Paralemanea (2) and Hildenbrandia (1). All taxa were found in clear, cold, well-oxygenated water. Bosnia and Herzegovina is very rich in different types of aquatic habitats. More than 100 sites were visited during the field research, but there are still many potential habitats where freshwater red algae can be found, which will be explored in the coming years. This work is the first step toward establishing long-term monitoring and listing of protected and threatened red algae in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

5

Nowe metody oznaczania grzybów i glonów w budownictwie

Komar Michał, Szulc Justyna, Gutarowska Beata

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 5

26--30

PL

Mikroorganizmy zasiedlają materiały budowlane od pierwszych dni ich użytkowania. Powodują biodeteriorację i przyczyniają się do strat ekonomicznych, a w przypadku wnętrza budynków mogą negatywnie oddziaływać na zdrowie mieszkańców. Istotne jest wczesne wykrywanie grzybów i glonów na materiałach budowlanych. Poniższy artykuł zawiera przegląd literaturowy metod wykrywania grzybów i glonów na materiałach budowlanych oraz przedstawia nową metodę oceny trwałości powłok przed porastaniem.

EN

Microorganisms inhabit building materials from the first days of their use. They cause biodeterioration and contribute to economic losses, and in the case of building interiors, they may negatively affect the health of residents. Early detection of fungi and algae on building materials is important. The following article contains a literature review of research methods for detecting fungi and algae on building materials and presents a new method for assessing the resistance of coatings against fouling.

6

Removal of Lambda-Cyhalothrin from Aqueous Solution Using Algae – Kinetic, Isotherm and Thermodynamic Studies

Ali Dania K., Mohammed Ahmed A.

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 11

282--291

EN

The present study aims to determine the ability of algae in sequestering Lambda‐cyhalothrin (L-C) from aqueous solution. A series of experiments were carried out in batch mode to find equilibrium data for sorption of Lambda‐cyhalothrin (L-C), FTIR analysis was utilized to investigate the impacts of functional groups of algae in the biosorption process. Pseudo second-order kinetics model (R2 = 0.991) well describe the kinetics of adsorption of L-C onto algae sites while the adsorption mechanisms was controlled by external mass transfer as well as intraparticle diffusion. Langmuir isotherm model better fit the experimental data than Freundlich isotherm model. The higher adsorption capacity was found to be 6.954 mg/g. Thermodynamic parameters indicating that sorption of L-C onto algae was endothermic in nature. Only 40% reduction in the sequestration efficiency was noticed after five sequential regeneration cycles. The maximum sorption efficiency was found to be (95.6%) under the best conditions adsorbent dosage = 1 g/100ml, pH = 7, initial L-C concentration = 10 mg/l with a contact time of 60 minutes at 25 °C. This work demonstrated that algae are a promising adsorbent for L-C removal from aqueous solution.

7

Optimization of Seaweed Harvesting for Maximum Antimicrobial Activity – Impact of Seasonal Variation, Temperature, and Salinity

Farid Younes, Jaatit Loubna, Chennaoui Mohammed

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 25, nr 2

244--249

EN

Algae are highly adaptable and can thrive in different environments, making them ideal for synthesizing effective and affordable antibacterial compounds. To optimize the harvesting of marine algae and determine the period during which the algae display maximum activity, the effect of seasonal variation (during a closed year) as well as temperature and salinity on the antimicrobial activity of fifteen species of algae (four species belonging to the Chlorophyceae class, two species belonging to the Phaeophyceae class and four species belonging to the Rhodophyceae class) was studied. These algae were tested for their antimicrobial activity against S. aureus, B. cereus, E. coli, and C. neoformens. These observations revealed that the optimal harvesting season for phaeophyceae and rhodophyceae extracts is spring, whereas that for chlorophyceae is during the summer period, when temperature and salinity are at their highest. In this study, it was found that the largest inhibition diameter of algae extracts occurs during summer.

8

Results of the Study of Algae and Cyanobacteria in Various Ecotipes of Soils in Adjara, Georgia

Shainidze Otar, Mikeladze Zurab, Mamuladze Merab, Lominadze Shota, Lamparadze Shota, Beridze Nodar, Chkubadze Guram

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

453--464

EN

The publication deals with the studies on the diversity of species composition of Algae and cyanobacteria in various layers of soils (yell, red, soilsod-podzolic, marsh, urban) of the Adjara. The aim of the study was to identify and determine the composition of Algae and cyanobacteria; Establishment of the scale of development and spread of algoflora; Assessment of the ecological state of the Algae and cyanobacteria in adverse and favorable conditions. The diversity of algae and cyanobacteria was studied in soil cultures using the method of fouling glasses. Each treatment included 5 ste-rile cover glasses for micropreparations; cultures were wetted with distilled water. The presence of algoflora was detected in various soil samples based on morphological characteristics, percentage frequency, growth rate, and colony forming units. The study has found 171 species and subspecies of soil Algae and cyanobacteria, belonging to the divisions of Ochrophyta (59 species), Chlorophyta (51 species), Xanthophyta (8 species), Eustigmatophyta (1 species) and Cyanobacteria (52 species). Classes Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, and Cyanophyceae were considered polymorphic among the leaders. 11 species of algoflora involved in algoflora of the consortium have been specified as well. The most widely distributed algoflora in soil samples were of the genera Chlamydomonas (20 species), Eunotia (17 species), Phormidium (11 species), Pinnularia (11 species), Tetracystis (10 species), Leptolyngbya (9 species), Nitzschia (9 species), Chlorococcum (8) species, Nostoc (7) species and Oscillatoria (6 species) were dominant flora in all soil samples. Frequency percentage algoflor showed that from all of the soil, the maximum quantities of algoflora and cianobacteria in marsh soil that was 65.49%, in sod - podzolic soil 34.51%, in yell soil 19.88, in red soil 18.71%, the lowest frequency of occurrence of algoflora and cianobacteria was shown in urban soil 9.35%. Due to seasonal changes in soil and air temperature, there are 71 species (41.52%) in spring, 65 (38.95%) in summer, 78 (45.61%) in autumn, and 53 (30.99%) in winter. A lower level of biological activity in the urban soils was found. Morphometric trait differences in test objects activated on the soil samples have been observed. The study was found specialized species of Algal-cyanobacterial communitiesfrom each ecotype of soil. The soil samples collected from polluted sites were more affected by waste water which affected the population densities of Algal-cyanobacterial communities. Found that Adjara support a large and diverse community of Algal-cyanobacterial on soil, many species of which are previously undiscovered and undescribed. On this basis, works of longer duration and more intensive sampling are needed to obtain data regarding Algal-cyanobacterial communities, with more attention to specific variables such as microclimate, soil moisture, soil type, soil pH and vegetation types.

9

Obtaining of Gold from Slovak Concentrate by Using an Innovative Method

Ficeriová Jana, Dutková Erika

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2024

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Vol. 1, no. 1

669-673

EN

The complicated processing of concentrates with low gold content and the long-time use of non-ecological methods was the motion for finding a more efficient process for this noble metal obtaining. From this point of view, this research was focused on obtaining of nano gold from the concentrate White Hill (Detva, Slovakia) using mechanical activation and mechano-biological activation in a molecular hydrogen solution. Gold in this complex concentrate occurs physically enclosed in the intercrystalline space of minerals and is also isomorphic and fills defects in their structure. The exclusion of gold from such complex mineral matrixes of the concentrate can be achieved using a mechano-biological process. This innovative method for obtaining of nano gold with the application of a molecular hydrogen solution is an advantageous alternative to the non-environmental reagents used. Compared to the most used worldwide toxic cyanide reagent, a solution with molecular hydrogen represents a low-cost and above all completely harmless reagent with very good kinetics. Mechanical processes use high-energy milling, which has an effect on the more intensive formation of surface and bulk defects in solid substances. The main advantage of mechanical processes is a smaller number of technological operations, a shorter time required to obtain the desired product at favorable environmental temperatures, and also the formation of nanostructures. The use of a biological process with the application of limnetic algae showed that algae with siliceous structures make it possible to obtain gold from the White Hill concentrate with nanoscale size. Limnetic algae (diatoms, golden algae) are part of aquatic ecosystems and create the largest matter of biomass from all plants on the Earth. The mechano-biological process is a method that enabled to obtain of gold nanoparticles with an average size of 100 nm from the Slovak gold-bearing concentrate from the White Hill deposit (BV-1). Mechanical activation of this concentrate and siliceous shells of the specified limnetic algae (Dinobryon, Surirella) in a molecular hydrogen solution caused changes in the physical-chemical properties of gold minerals as well as in the constituents of algae minerals. These structural changes had a decisive influence on the exclusion of gold nanoparticles into the molecular hydrogen solution under the defined reaction conditions. The gold nanoparticles were subsequently fixed in the cellular matrix of mechanically activated algae shells. The explanation of this phenomenon was the action of biomolecules, which the algae cells secreted in the course of reactions with metal ions present in the molecular hydrogen solution. Gold nanoparticles from the investigated concentrate were obtained by a new mechano-biological procedure already for four hours. In the case of mechanical activation of the concentrate, but without activation of the used algae, gold nanoparticles were excluded after sixteen hours. It follows from this knowledge that the application of an absolutely ecologically harmless aqueous solution enriched by molecular hydrogen and the use of limnetic algae confirmed the suitability of the innovative method for obtaining of nano gold from the concentrate. From the achieved research results significantly more effective kinetics is evident in the case of activated algae. Nanoparticles of gold obtained by the mentioned procedure can have important practical utilization, such as accelerating of the decomposition of dangerous substances or neutralizing pollutants in contaminated water, soil, and air. Simultaneously, obtaining of gold nanoparticles would also be beneficial for removing algae from the aquatic environment, where they are very dangerous for all living organisms.

10

Exploration of Antimicrobial Potential in Oualidia Algae – Unveiling Cystoseira Humilis as a Promising Source of Bioactive Molecules

Farid Younes

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2024

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Vol. 25, iss. 1

203--208

EN

The potential of seventeen marine seaweed extracts (five Chlorophyceae, six Pheophyceae, six Rhodophyceae) was investigated to determine their antibacterial activity, aiming to evaluate their viability in pharmaceutical applications. The assessment of their bioactivity involved utilizing crude extracts from dried samples against five Gram-positive bacteria, one Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and fungus using the disk diffusion technique. These samples were collected from Oualidia, situated along Morocco’s Atlantic coast. Out of the diverse macroalgae studied, 36% of the extracts exhibited activity against at least one of the tested microorganisms. This outcome strongly supported the notion of leveraging algae extracts as a promising source of antibacterial compounds. In particular, extracts from Cystoseira humilis, Bifurcaria bifurcata and Asparagopsis armata showed zones of inhibition greater than 17 mm. Purification of the compounds responsible for the inhibitory activity against several types of C. humilis microorganisms was performed using chromatography and thin layer chromatography.

11

The use of algae as carbon dioxide absorber in heat production industry

Kupczak Paweł, Kulig Sylwester

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2024

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Vol. 50, no. 1

13--18

EN

There are approximately 15 million users of system heat in Poland, but unfortunately nearly 70% of the fuel used in heat production is fossil fuel. Therefore, the CO2 emission reduction in the heat production industry is becoming one of the key challenges. City Heat Distribution Enterprise Ltd. in Nowy Sącz (Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej sp. z o.o.) has been conducting a self-financed research and development project entitled The use of algae as carbon dioxide absorbers at MPEC Nowy Sącz. The project deals with postcombustion CO2 capture using Chlorella vulgaris algae. As a result of tests conducted in a 1000 l hermetic container under optimal temperature and light conditions, the recovery of biomass can be performed in weekly cycles, yielding approximately 25 kilograms of biomass per year. Assuming that half of the dry mass of the algae is carbon, it can be said that 240 grams of carbon is bound in one cycle, which, converted to CO2 , gives 880 grams of this gas. Our results showed that around 45.8 kilograms of CO2 per year was absorbed. Additionally, it is possible to use waste materials and by-products of technological processes as a nutrient medium for algae.

PL

W Polsce z ciepła systemowego korzysta ok. 15 mln osób, lecz niestety blisko 70 proc. paliw zużywanych do produkcji ciepła to paliwa węglowe. Zatem redukcja emisji CO2 w ciepłownictwie staje się jednym z kluczowych wyzwań. Miejskie Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej sp. z o.o. w Nowym Sączu realizuje projekt badawczo-rozwojowy finansowany ze środków własnych pn. Zastosowanie alg jako absorbera dwutlenku węgla w MPEC Nowy Sącz. Projekt związany jest z wychwytywaniem CO2 po spalaniu z wykorzystaniem alg Chlorella vulgaris. W wyniku przeprowadzonych badań w szczelnym zbiorniku o pojemności 1000 l w optymalnych warunkach temperatury i oświetlenia odzysk biomasy można prowadzić w cyklach cotygodniowych, uzyskując ok. 25 kg biomasy rocznie. Przyjmując, że połowa suchej masy alg to węgiel, można przyjąć, że w jednym cyklu związane zostaje 240 g węgla, co w przełożeniu na CO2 daje 880 g tego gazu. W skali roku można zatem zaabsorbować ok. 45,8 kg CO2. Dodatkowo jako pożywkę dla alg można stosować materiały odpadowe i produkty uboczne z procesów technologicznych.

12

Alternatywne źródła białka w produkcji żywności

Drużyńska Beata

Przemysł Spożywczy

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2023

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T. 77, nr 9

28--31

PL

Prawidłowe żywienie człowieka uzależnione jest od spożycia wielu składników odżywczych obecnych w diecie. Białko stanowi nieodłączną część tej diety. Może ono pochodzić z wielu źródeł i różnić się pod względem biodostępności czy profilu aminokwasowego. Najczęściej źródłem pełnowartościowego białka jest żywność pochodzenia zwierzęcego. Współcześnie hodowla zwierząt generuje jednak wysokie koszty i jest szkodliwa dla środowiska. W obliczu stale rosnącej populacji światowej aktualnym wyzwaniem jest poszukiwanie białka ze źródeł spełniających aspekty żywieniowe, środowiskowe i społeczne. Najlepszymi alternatywami wydają się być białka jednokomórkowców, organizmów morskich oraz owadów jadalnych. Białka te charakteryzują się wysoką wartością odżywczą i wysoką strawnością. Obecnie głównymi problemami, które ograniczają wykorzystanie tych białek w żywności są wysokie koszty produkcji, bezpieczeństwo oraz brak akceptacji tego typu żywności ze strony konsumentów.

EN

Proper human nutrition depends on the intake of many nutrients present in the diet. Protein is an integral part of this diet. It can come from many sources and differ in terms of digestibility and amino acid profile. The most common source of protein is food of animal origin. Nowadays, livestock farming generates high costs and is harmful to the environment. In the face of a constantly growing world population, the current challenge is to search for protein from sources that meet nutritional, environmental and social aspects. The best alternatives seem to be proteins from unicellular organisms, marine organisms and edible insects. They are characterized by high nutritional value and high digestibility. Currently, the main problems that limit the use of these proteins in food are high production costs, safety and lack of acceptance of this type of food by consumers.

13

Defense responses of the green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris to the vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles

Kalehjahi Hanifeh Akbarian, Kosari-Nasab Morteza, Amini Mojtaba, Movafeghi Ali

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 4

446--460

EN

Although vanadium-based nanomaterials have found extensive use in industry, their influence on ecosystems and living organisms is not yet well investigated. In this study, hydrothermal methods were utilized for the synthesis of vanadium pentoxide nanoparticles (V2O5 NPs). The gained NPs were characterized using XRD, FT-IR, EDS, DLS, SEM and TEM techniques. Subsequently, the toxic effects of V2O5 NPs on the model green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris were evaluated. According to the obtained results, V2O5 NPs caused a significant reduction in cell number and biomass production of algae in a dose and time dependent manner. Moreover, flow cytometric analysis confirmed a reduction in the quantity of living cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed plasmolysis and deformation of the cells after exposure to nanoparticles. The photosynthetic pigments and phenolics content exhibited a decrease in comparison with the control sample. Although, non-enzymatic antioxidant system in C. vulgaris displayed an average action, antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) showed a dose dependent increasing trend. These intercellular reactions designated the activation of the antioxidant defense system in response to the induced oxidative stress by V2O5 NPs.

14

Complicated family relationships, or about taxonomic problems in the family Pyrenomonadaceae (Cryptophyceae)

Solarska Magdalena, Adamski Michał, Piątek Jolanta

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2023

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Vol. 52, No. 3

299--306

EN

Cryptophytes, to which the Pyrenomonadaceae family belongs, are interesting organisms that occur almost allover the world and they are an important element of trophic chains in many ecosystems. The development of research methods and techniques, including electron microscopy and molecular studies, allowed for a better understanding of taxonomic relationships in this group of organisms. The Pyrenomonadaceae family currently includes three genera: Rhodomonas, Rhinomonas, and Storeatula, but their validityis being debated in the light of the latest data. The state of knowledge and the problems faced in the taxonomic revision of this family of cryptophytes are summarized in this article.

15

The impact of water quality on the availability of phytoplankton and growth of Litopenaeus vannamei

Musa Muhammad, Thoyibah Auliarifka A., Puspitaningtyas Dyah A., Arsad Sulastri, Mahmudi Mohammad, Lusiana Evellin D., Maftuch Maftuch, Huda Agus S.

Journal of Water and Land Development

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2023

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no. 56

127--135

EN

This research analysed the availability of phytoplankton and the growth rate of Vannamei shrimp in relation to water quality changes. The research was carried out in February-March 2021 for a half cycle of shrimp cultivation in two ponds of the Brackish Water Fish Culture Probolinggo Laboratory in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. The research used a descriptive method and included a survey. Sampling was made every two weeks for two months. Nine parameters were measured and ten shrimps were taken for a specific growth rate (SGR) measurement once per sampling. Data were analysed using the principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Secondary data of water quality were added for the PCA. The results show that the phytoplankton found in the first pond consisted of Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, and Cyanophyta, whereas the phytoplankton in the other pond included Chlorophyta, Chrysophyta, Cyanophyta, and Dinophyta. The abundance of phytoplankton ranged from 12-80∙103 cell∙cm-3, which indicated eutrophic waters. The PCA demonstrated that pH, nitrate, and total organic matter (TOM) significantly influenced phytoplankton abundance in the pond. In addition, water quality parameters, such as temperature, transparency, salinity, nitrite and phosphate levels, were tolerable in both ponds for the growth of shrimps. However, the level of pH was lower than the aquaculture quality standard, whereas those of nitrate, ammonia, and TOM were higher. The growth rate of Vannamei shrimp increased by 0.76–7.34%∙day-1.

16

Analysis of the Impact of Stormwater Systems on Receiving Waters Based on the Analysis of Algal Community Structure

Kozłowska Aleksandra, Wojtaś Edyta, Piłat-Rożek Magdalena, Cybulski Michał, Łagód Grzegorz

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

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Vol. 24, nr 9

139--147

EN

One of the important ways to prevent permanent environmental pollution is to constantly monitor its quality, which can be performed in several ways. The present bioindication study analyzed the level of diversity and abundance of biofilm microorganism communities, which illustrate the state of the studied aquatic environment, enabling to determine its quality. The impact of stormwater discharge on the receiver at particular points was evaluated on the basis of the reaction of selected microorganisms or their groups to the substances appearing in the watercourse. The study of indicator organisms gives information about the waters of a given body of water without expensive hydrochemical tests and without causing a burden on the environment during the production as well as disposal of reagents that are consumed in many classical physicochemical analyses. On the basis of selected algal species, the Shannon index and McArthur index were calculated, and the effect of storm sewer discharge on the communities of indicator organisms was determined. The best visible impact of storm sewer discharge was seen on the basis of the entire study cycle in relation to the median of the McArthur index.

17

Nowa metoda oceny czasu trwałości zabezpieczenia przeciwgrzybowego i przeciwglonowego tynków na elewacjach zewnętrznych

Szulc Justyna, Komar Michał, Gutarowska Beata

Izolacje

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2023

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T. 28, nr 11/12

60--65

PL

Zmiany estetyczne na elewacjach budynków są najczęściej spowodowane rozwojem grzybów i glonów. Mikroorganizmy te wywołują zjawisko biodeterioracji, czyli biologicznego niszczenia materiałów. W przypadku tynków zewnętrznych zabezpieczonych biocydami, które ograniczają wzrost mikroorganizmów, ważne jest określenie czasu oporności materiałów budowlanych na porastanie przez glony i grzyby. Dotychczas nie opracowano wystandaryzowanych metod badania trwałości zabezpieczenia przeciwgrzybowego i przeciwglonowego tynków na elewacjach zewnętrznych. Ważne jest, aby takie metody uwzględniały aspekty środowiskowe związane ze zmianą właściwości biocydów w trakcie użytkowania materiałów budowlanych w warunkach rzeczywistych. W artykule przedstawiono nową metodę oceny czasu trwałości zabezpieczenia przeciwgrzybowego i przeciwglonowego tynków budowlanych, która uwzględnia aspekty oświetlenia, wypłukiwania biocydów wodą, obecności materii organicznej na powłokach oraz gęstości komórek i rodzaju mikroorganizmów osiadających na elewacjach. Przedstawiono także perspektywy rozwoju metody w oparciu o zastosowanie cyfrowych metod analizy obrazu do oceny wizualnej stopnia porośnięcia próbek przez mikroorganizmy.

EN

Aesthetic changes on building facades are most commonly caused by the development of fungi and algae. These microorganisms induce the phenomenon of biodeterioration, which is the biological degradation of materials. In the case of external plasters protected with biocides, which limit the growth of microorganisms, it is important to determine the resistance time of building materials to colonization by algae and fungi. So far, standardized methods for testing the durability of antifungal and algicidal protection of plasters on external facades have not been developed. It is important that such methods take into account environmental aspects related to the change in the properties of biocides during the use of building materials in real conditions. The article presents a new method for assessing the durability of antifungal and algicidal protection of building plasters, which considers aspects such as lighting, leaching of biocides with water, the presence of organic matter on coatings, as well as the density of cells and the type of microorganisms settling on facades. The article also presents the prospects for the development of the method based on the application of digital image analysis methods to visually assess the degree of colonization of samples by microorganisms.

18

Evaluation of the middle course of the Oder River contamination

Wolska Małgorzata, Urbańska-Kozłowska Halina

Instal

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2023

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nr 12

129--133

EN

Studies of water quality changes in the Oder River in its middle course near the city of Wroclaw, mainly concerning the content of organic substances, were conducted between the years 2017-2022. Over the period of five years, no significant worsening of the Oder River water quality has been observed with respect to the total organic carbon content, however, an increase in the concentrations of specific organic contaminants from the PFAS group was observed. An intense seasonal algae growth was found in spring and late summer, and the number of algae has increased with time. Diatoms are the most abundant algae type. Water from the Oder River contains large amounts of biogens (nitrates and phosphates), which promote microorganism growth in water.

PL

Badania zmian jakości wody Odry prowadzone były w środkowym jej biegu koło Wrocławia w latach 2017-2022. W okresie badań nie stwierdzono istotnych zmian zawartości substancji organicznych zarówno w zakresie ogólnego węgla organicznego, jak też analizowanych mikrozanieczyszczeń. W Odrze stwierdzono zakwit glonów w okresie wiosennym i późnego lata, a liczebność mikroorganizmów rosła w kolejnych latach, wśród których dominowały Okrzemki. Stwierdzona duża zawartość substancji biogennych w wodzie mogła przyczyniać się do rozwoju mikroorganizmów, w tym glonów.

19

The use of algae to remove copper and lead from industrial wastewater

Cygnarowska Katarzyna

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2023

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Vol. 49, no. 1

85--93

EN

The aim of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of the removal of Cu and Pb ions by algae. The experiments were carried out in the presence of two algal populations: a pure culture of Raphidocelis subcapitata, and a mixed chlorophyta population. The research involved a model study, experiments in the presence of wastewater from the manufacture of batteries, and the study of process kinetics. The wastewater pH was 4.0, and the initial concentrations of metal ions in the wastewater were 95.4 mg/L for Pb and 48.3 mg/L for Cu, respectively. The maximum sorption capacity of the pure Raphidocelis subcapitata culture was 14.8 mg/g d.m. for Pb, corresponding to the removal of 72% of lead, and 6.1 mg/g d.m. for Cu, corresponding to the removal of 43% of copper from the wastewater. The best ion sorption efficiency in the case of the mixed chlorophyta population was 7.0 mg/g d.m. for Pb, i.e., 61% removal of lead, and 12.8 mg/g d.m. for Cu, i.e., 69% removal of copper ions from the wastewater. The optimum duration of the process was found to be 1 hour, since the majority of biomass samples reached the maximum saturation after that time. On the basis of the obtained results (Lagergren models), it was found that the dominant mechanism of the process was chemisorption.

20

Removal of Hydrocarbons from Wastewater by Chlorella vulgaris and Observation of the Biochemical Effects on the Algae

Al-Janabi Amerah Imran Hussein, Naje Ahmed Samir

Ecological Engineering & Environmental Technology

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2023

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Vol. 24, iss. 9

96--103

EN

The current study aimed to use the biological treatment (Phycoremediation) for sewage water, where the green alga Chlorella vulgaris was used in the treatment process and to improve water quality by removing some of the pollutants contained in the water, the most important of which are hydrocarbon pollutants, and to note the changes in the biochemical properties of the algae, such as the SOD enzyme and CAT enzyme and total chlorophyll before and after the treatment process. The treatment process took place between wastewater and green algae when the latter reached a stable stage to ensure its high treatment capacity and the best possible life span. Where the measurements were made for the characteristics of the treated water in addition to the biochemical measurements of the algae on the 4th and 8th day of the biological treatment. A study of the growth curve of C. vulgaris showed that the growth phase started on day 6, reached stability on day 12, then reached the death phase on day 19, and continued to decline until the death of the alga. The results of the study showed the value of what was contained in the wastewater before the treatment process, as it was as follows: total hydrocarbons (5.38 mg/l), as for the biochemical properties of algae before exposure to wastewater, they were as follows: superoxide dismutase enzyme (1.2197 U/mg), catalase enzyme (0.6023 U/mg), total chlorophyll (6.1503 mg/g). After the wastewater treatment process was completed, the high ability of green algae to remove hydrocarbon pollutants from the water was shown, at a rate of 72.3–64.5%, respectively. The results of the study showed the effect of sewage water on some physiological characteristics of algae, as it showed an increase in the activity of SOD after 4 days of treatment to reach 1.33 U/mg, while the activity decreased on the 8th day to reach 1.289 U/mg, as for the CAT enzyme It appeared in the same way as the previous enzyme, as its effectiveness increased after 4 days of treatment to reach 0.6916 U/mg, and decreased on the last day to reach 0.5476 U/mg, while with regard to the value of chlorophyll, the value of chlorophyll a decreased to reach 1.9473 mg/g in the last day, while on the contrary, the value of chlorophyll b increased to reach 4.5369 mg/g in the last day, while for total chlorophyll its value increased to reach 6.4842 mg/g in the last day.