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1

Tkaniny gofrowane – właściwości i zastosowanie

Matusiak Małgorzata

Przegląd Włókienniczy - Włókno, Odzież, Skóra

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2025

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nr 2

35--39

PL

Tkaniny gofrowane są specyficzną grupą tkanin o unikatowych właściwościach i wzornictwie. Są one uznawane za materiały trójwymiarowe (3D lub 2D+). Tkaniny gofrowane są znane i stosowane od lat, choć istnieją ograniczenia w ich rozpowszechnieniu. Właściwości tkanin gofrowanych były przedmiotem wielu badań, jednak nie zostały one w pełni opisane zwłaszcza w literaturze polskojęzycznej. Celem niniejszej publikacji jest przybliżenie czytelnikom informacji na temat metod wytwarzania, zastosowania oraz wybranych właściwości tkanin gofrowanych w oparciu o przykładowe tkaniny gofrowane bawełniane. W artkule opisano właściwości strukturalne, mechaniczne i biofizyczne wybranych tkanin gofrowanych wytworzonych z osnowy bawełnianej przy zastosowaniu dwóch rodzajów przędz wątkowych: bawełnianej i bawełniano-poliestrowej.

EN

Seersucker woven fabrics are a specific group of fabrics with unique properties and design. They are considered as three-dimensional materials (3D or 2D+). Seersucker woven fabrics have been known and used for years, although there are limitations to their widespread use. The properties of seersucker woven fabrics have been the subject of many studies, but they have not been fully described, especially in Polish-language literature. The aim of this publication is to provide readers with information on the methods of production, application and selected properties of seersucker woven fabrics based on exemplary seersucker cotton fabrics. The article describes the structural, mechanical and biophysical properties of selected seersucker woven fabrics manufactured from a cotton warp using two types of weft yarns: cotton and cotton-polyester.

2

Towards a decision-making framework for successful ERP project implementation: a qualitative study

L'yarfi Hanane, Motaki Noureddine, Derrhi Mostafa, Lahlou Imane

Production Engineering Archives

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2025

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Vol. 31, Iss. 1

91--105

EN

Digital transformation has become a strategic imperative for businesses across industries in today's rapidly evolving technological landscape. At the heart of this transformation lies Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), a comprehensive software solution that integrates various aspects of a business to streamline operations, optimize resources, and enhance decision-making. The purpose of this study is to present the different fixed costs in ERP projects, develop a framework that includes the different dynamic cost elements and critical decisions during the whole ERP project lifecycle, and examine tangible benefits through various case studies from the literature. By thoroughly understanding the costs and key considerations for adoption, organizations can make informed decisions that lead to successful ERP implementations. This work was carried out through an analysis of literature reviews. The qualitative approach was chosen using focus group discussions followed by the Delphi method to conduct semi-structured interviews among eight industry experts to verify and validate the results. Based on this framework, the decision-makers can have a global picture of the different ERP project lifecycle phases, activities, and critical decisions that must be taken by the company and their options, as well as their related costs and key criteria to consider. The findings of this study will aid organiza-tions that implement ERP systems in gaining a better understanding of the costs and key considerations and in helping managers think about the various feasible and optimal ERP implementation options.

3

Stone Age 2.0 – revitalising the oldest ideas of masonry construction in the era of sustainable construction

Balcer-Zgraja Małgorzata

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 5

67--77

EN

The aim of the study is to organise knowledge about the properties of stone and its role in the built environment. Research has been conducted in the areas of: material properties, innovative solutions, and prospects for use in architecture. The popularity of raw aesthetics, the need to exhibit materiality, the physical experience of space in the era of the digital revolution is encouraging the revitalisation of stone in architecture, making this material an important element of sustainable construction.

PL

Celem artykułu jest uporządkowanie wiedzy o właściwościach kamienia i jego roli w środowisku zbudowanym. Przeprowadzono badania właściwości materiału, innowacyjnych rozwiązań oraz perspektyw zastosowania w architekturze. Popularność surowej estetyki, potrzeba eksponowania materialności, fizycznego doświadczania przestrzeni w erze rewolucji cyfrowej sprzyja rewitalizacji kamienia w architekturze, czyniąc z tego materiału istotny element budownictwa zrównoważonego.

4

Analysis of selected properties of cement composites based on polystyrene waste

Kuźmińska Elżbieta, Zakrzewski Mateusz, Domski Jacek

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 7

46--55

EN

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the type of polystyrene regranulate and the composition of the cement mixture on the mechanical properties of lightweight cementitious composites. Three types of regranulates were considered: a mixture of EPS/XPS (material A) and two variants of XPS (materials B and C), applied in three formulations (I–III), differing in their binder and waste sand content. Due to the limited number of global studies addressing the use of XPS regranulates in concrete mixtures, particular attention was given to their behavior within the cementitious matrix. The tests were conducted on cubic samples with a side length of 150 mm and cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 150 mm and a height of 300 mm, in accordance with PN-EN 12390-3. The best mechanical performance was achieved by composites containing XPS and sand. Mixtures incorporating material A exhibited lower strength and higher deformability. The results highlight the significant potential of XPS regranulate as a component of lightweight cementitious composites.

PL

Celem pracy prezentowanej w artykule była ocena wpływu rodzaju regranulatu polistyrenowego oraz składu mieszanki cementowej na właściwości mechaniczne lekkich kompozytów cementowych. Uwzględniono trzy typy regranulatów: mieszaninę EPS/XPS (materiał A) oraz dwa warianty XPS (materiały B i C), stosowane w trzech recepturach (I–III), różniących się zawartością spoiwa i piasku odpadowego. Ze względu na ograniczoną liczbę badań w literaturze światowej dotyczących zastosowania regranulatów XPS w mieszankach betonowych, szczególną uwagę poświęcono jego zachowaniu w kompozycie cementowym. Badania przeprowadzono na próbkach sześciennych o długości boku 150 mm oraz walcach o średnicy 150 mm i wysokości 300 mm, zgodnie z PN-EN 12390-3. Najlepsze parametry wytrzymałościowe osiągnęły kompozyty z XPS i dodatkiem piasku. Mieszanki z materiałem A wykazały niższą wytrzymałość i większą odkształcalność. Wyniki wskazują na istotny potencjał regranulatu XPS jako składnika lekkich kompozytów cementowych.

5

70 lat Komitetu Elektrotechniki Polskiej Akademii Nauk (1952-2022)

Łukaniszyn Marian, Grochowicz Barbara

Zeszyty Naukowe Wydziału Elektrotechniki i Automatyki Politechniki Gdańskiej

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2024

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nr 77

31--34

PL

Artykuł przedstawia historię powstania oraz działalność Komitetu Elektrotechniki Polskiej Akademii Nauk od momentu jego utworzenia w 1952 roku do czasow obecnych. Omowiono strukturę, skład osobowy, wydawane czasopisma, organizowane konferencje, działalność naukową, ekspercką i społeczną oraz cele jakie stawia wspołczesność.

EN

The article presents the history of the creation and activities of the Electrotechnical Committee of the Polish Academy of Sciences from its establishment in 1952 to the present. The structure, staff, published journals, conferences, scientific, experts and social activities as well as the goals of modern times were discussed.

6

Tribological Tests of Acrylic Teeth for Removable Dentures

Ryniewicz Wojciech, Bojko Łukasz, Pałka Paweł, Osada Piotr, Ryniewicz Anna

Tribologia

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2024

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nr 1

105--116

EN

The functionality of removable dentures is ensured by proper diagnostics and clinical modeling. No less important are the structural conditions and the biotribological and biomechanical context, which determine the wear resistance in the contact of opposing teeth and the contact of the denture plate with the stomatognathic system. The aim of the study is to evaluate acrylic teeth used in prosthetic reconstructions based on microstructural, micromechanical and tribological tests. Samples for testing were taken from teeth for removable dentures made by various manufacturers. Microstructural analyses were performed using an optical microscope and a scanning microscope. Microhardness and elasticity coefficient measurements were performed on the NHT device. Tribological tests were performed on a Roxana Machine Works tester using a friction node: ball – 3 discs made of the tested material. The conducted research allowed for the evaluation of the structural quality of acrylic teeth and the determination of the tribological interaction resulting from the contact of synthetic and natural teeth in the presence of artificial saliva.

PL

Funkcjonalność protez ruchomych zapewnia prawidłowa diagnostyka i modelowanie kliniczne. Nie mniej ważne są uwarunkowania strukturalne oraz kontekst biotribologiczny i biomechaniczny, które decydują o odporności na zużycie w kontakcie zębów przeciwstawnych oraz o kontakcie płyty protezy z układem stomatognatycznym. Celem opracowania jest ocena zębów akrylowych stosowanych w rekonstrukcjach protetycznych na podstawie badań mikrostrukturalnych, mikromechanicznych i tribologicznych. Próbki do badań pobierano z zębów do protez ruchomych wykonanych przez różnych producentów. Analizy mikrostrukturalne wykonano na mikroskopie optycznym i mikroskopie skaningowym. Pomiary mikrotwardości i współczynnika elastyczności przeprowadzono na urządzeniu NHT. Badania tribologiczne wykonano na maszynie Roksana Machine Works z zastosowaniem węzła tarcia: kula – 3 krążki z materiału badanego. Przeprowadzone badania pozwoliły na ocenę jakości strukturalnej zębów akrylowych oraz na wyznaczenie interakcji tribologicznej wynikającej z kontaktu zębów syntetycznych i naturalnych w obecności sztucznej śliny.

7

DOCOL 1100M welding in the construction of electric means of transport

Szczucka-Lasota Bożena, Gołombek Klaudiusz, Węgrzyn Tomasz, Łazarz Bogusław, Lukaszkowicz Krzysztof, Pereira Silva Abilio, Antczak-Jarząbska Romana

Transport Problems

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2024

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T. 19, z. 2

219--228

EN

Advanced high-strength steels are important for the automotive sector. Metal active gas (MAG) is the most popular method for joining grades of steel. The goal of the paper is to analyze the mechanical properties of the MAG welding joint made of high-strength DOCOL 1100M intended for the construction of electric vehicles. The manuscript shows a basic understanding of the properties of DOCOL joints. This type of material is characterized by a martensitic microstructure, which makes it difficult to make a proper joint. The tensile strength, metallographic structure, and type of non-metallic inclusions were analyzed as a function of the oxygen amount in the protective gas mixture. Investigations of oxide non-metallic inclusions were carried out using scanning electron microscopy. This article attempts to obtain high joint strength of the electric vehicle structure by controlling the average size of non-metallic inclusions in the weld, which is influenced by shielding gas in the MAG welding process. The solution has application potential for the automotive industry, especially for electric vehicles.

8

Korelacje struktura-właściwości szkła borokrzemianowego w porównaniu ze szkłem sodowo-wapniowo-krzemianowym

Brandt-Slowik Juliane

Świat Szkła

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2024

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R. 29, nr 1

26--29

9

Changes in the structure of the AK7 alloy in terms of modification

Romankiewicz Remigiusz

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2024

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Vol. 6, iss. 1

384--394

EN

On this work there was decided to verify the possibility of influence of micro additives of strontium and boron on structure of AlSi7Mg (EN-AC-42000) alloy with chemical composition according to PN-EN 1706. As the modifier there were used AlSr10 (0.3%) and AlTi5B1 (0.3%) master alloy, which were added separately and together. Changes in the structure of individual samples of the AK7 alloy were examined using a metallographic microscope. The chemical composition of complex intermetallic phases formed in the structure of the tested alloy was also examined. The most beneficial effect turned out to be the effect of strontium in the form of 0.3% AlSr10, ensuring a favourable conversion of lamellar silicon into the form of fine fibres. The presence of complex phases was observed in all test samples. Most often, these were phases with various needle shapes and variable Fe and Mn contents.

10

Study on laser welding of a copper material and stainless steel

Wang Renping

Przemysł Chemiczny

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2024

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T. 103, nr 9

963--967

EN

A com. fiber laser was used to weld Cu and stainless steel plates. The laser power was 2.2 kW, the welding speed 2.5 mm/s, the spot diam. about 0.5 mm, and the wire feeding speed 2-3.5 mm/s. Ar gas flow rate was 10 L/min. The weld produced was smooth and defect-free, the grain distribution was uniform and the mech. properties of the joint were high. The av. tensile strength of the welded joints was 984 MPa, and the av. yield strength of the joints was 351.4 MPa. The superior ity and potential of laser welding in dissimilar metal welding was evidenced.

PL

Do spawania płyt z miedzi i stali nierdzewnej użyto komercyjnego lasera światłowodowego. Moc lasera wynosiła 2,2 kW, prędkość spawania 2,5 mm/s, średnica plamki ok. 0,5 mm, prędkość podawania drutu 2-3,5 mm/s, a natężenie przepływu argonu 10 L/min. Uzyskana spoina była gładka i wolna od wad, rozkład ziarna był równomierny. Spoina miała dobre właściwości mechaniczne. Średnia wytrzymałość na rozciąganie spoin spawanych wynosiła 984 MPa, a średnia granica plastyczności spoin to 351,4 MPa. Udowodniono potencjał spawania laserowego w spawaniu różnych metali.

11

Mikrosieci – mikrosystemy energetyczne zasilające odbiorców energii. Stan aktualny i perspektywy rozwoju

Parol Mirosław

Przegląd Elektrotechniczny

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2024

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R. 100, nr 2

44--49

PL

Artykuł dotyczy ważnego zagadnienia, jakim są mikrosieci – mikrosystemy energetyczne służące do zasilania odbiorców energii. Najpierw opisano różnego rodzaju mikrosieci: mikrosieci AC, mikrosieci DC, hybrydowe mikrosieci AC/DC oraz wielonośnikowe mikrosieci energetyczne. Następnie scharakteryzowano dotychczasowe prace dotyczące mikrosieci w Zakładzie Sieci i Systemów Elektroenergetycznych PW oraz aktualne prace badawcze i wyzwania na przyszłość, a także perspektywy rozwoju mikrosieci. Artykuł zakończono podsumowaniem i sformułowaniem wniosków.

EN

The paper concerns important issue, what are microgrids – energy micro-systems serving for supply of energy receivers. First various kinds of microgrids: AC microgrids, DC microgrids, hybrid AC/DC microgrids, and multi-carrier energy microsystems have been characterized. Then up to now works concerning microgrids realized in Division of Electrical Power Network and Systems at Warsaw University of Technology, current scientific works, challenges to the future, and development perspectives of microgrids were characterized. At the end of the paper summary and conclusions have been included.

12

Badania zmian w strukturze płyt włóknisto-cementowych poddanych oddziaływaniom wybranych czynników eksploatacyjnych

Gorzelańczyk Tomasz

Przegląd Budowlany

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2024

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R. 95, nr 3

110--115

PL

W artykule przedstawiono wyniki badań wpływu zamrażania-rozmrażania oraz naświetlania promieniowaniem UV w komorze starzeniowej na strukturę płyt włóknisto-cementowych. W celu wykazania wpływu wyżej wymienionych czynników płyty w pierwszej kolejności przebadano z wykorzystaniem metody emisji akustycznej w próbie trójpunktowego zginania. Badania te wykazały wyraźny spadek liczby zarejestrowanych zdarzeń EA dla badanych płyt, szczególnie dla tych, które były poddane oddziaływaniu cykli zamrażania-rozmrażania w porównaniu z płytami referencyjnymi. Następnie w celu dokładniejszego zobrazowania zmian zachodzących w strukturze badanych płyt przeprowadzono badania z wykorzystaniem elektronowego mikroskopu skaningowego SEM.

EN

The article presents the results of research on the effect of cyclic freeze-thaw and UV irradiation on the structure of fibre-cement boards in an aging chamber. In order to demonstrate the impact of the above-mentioned factors, the panels were first tested using the acoustic emission method in the three-point bending test. These studies showed a clear decrease in the number of recorded EA events for the tested boards, especially for those that were subjected to freeze-thaw cycles compared to the reference boards. Then, in order to more accurately illustrate the changes occurring in the structure of the tested boards, tests were carried out using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).

13

PLA/PBAT blends for blown film extrusion

Ostrowska Justyna, Sadurski Waldemar, Paluch Magdalena, Dębowski Maciej, Wrona Olga, Sołtan Karolina, Tyński Piotr

Polimery

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2024

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Vol. 69, nr 7-8

420--429

EN

Films of biodegradable PLA/PBAT blends with PBAT content of 10–90 wt% were obtained by extrusion blowing. PLA/PBAT blends were characterized by FT-IR, DSC, TGA and SEM. Tensile properties and tear strength of the films were also determined. It was shown that despite thermodynamic immiscibility of PLA and PBAT, addition of PBAT in amounts above 50 wt% allows obtaining films with good functional properties. Optimal properties were obtained with PBAT content of 60 or 70 wt%. Tensile strength was 36.7–38.7 MPa, elongation at break 357–388% and tear strength 11–22 N/mm.

PL

Metodą wytłaczania z rozdmuchiwaniem otrzymano folie z biodegradowalnych mieszanin PLA/PBAT, w których zawartość PBAT wynosiła 10–90% mas. Mieszaniny PLA/PBAT scharakteryzowano za pomocą FT-IR, DSC, TGA i SEM. Określono również właściwości mechaniczne przy rozciąganiu i wytrzymałość na rozdzieranie folii. Wykazano, że pomimo termodynamicznej niemieszalności PLA i PBAT, dodatek PBAT w ilości powyżej 50% mas. umożliwia otrzymanie folii o dobrych właściwościach użytkowych. Optymalne właściwości uzyskano przy zawartości PBAT wynoszącej 60 lub 70% mas. Wytrzymałość na rozciąganie wynosiła 36,7–38,7 MPa, wydłużenie przy zerwaniu 357–388%, a wytrzymałość na rozdzieranie 11–22 N/mm.

14

Synergistic toughening and strengthening of an epoxy resin modified by simultaneous use of two different modifiers

Białkowska Anita, Suroń Patryk, Kucharczyk Wojciech, Hanulikova Barbora, Bakar Mohamed

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 3

art. no. e149176

EN

The present work investigates the effect of modifying an epoxy resin using two different modifiers. The mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated as a function of modifier type and content. The structure and morphology were also analyzed and related to the measured properties. Polyurethane (PUR) was used as a liquid modifier, while Cloisite Na+ and Nanomer I.28E are solid nanoparticles. Impact strength (IS) of hybrid nanocomposites based on 3.5 wt% PUR and 2 wt% Cloisite or 3.5 wt% PUR and 1 wt% Nanomer was maximally increased by 55% and 30%, respectively, as compared to the virgin epoxy matrix, exceeding that of the two epoxy/nanoparticle binaries but not that of the epoxy/PUR binary. Furthermore, a maximum increase in IS of approximately 20% as compared to the pristine matrix was obtained with the hybrid epoxy nanocomposite containing 0.5 wt% Cloisite and 1 wt% Nanomer, including a synergistic effect, due most likely to specific interactions between the nanoparticles and the epoxy matrix. The addition of polyurethane and nanoclays increased the thermal stability of epoxy composites significantly. However, DSC results showed that the addition of flexible polyurethane chains decreased the glass transition temperatures, while the softening point and the service temperature range of epoxy nanocomposites containing nanofillers were increased. FTIR analysis confirmed the occurrence of interaction between the epoxy matrix and added modifiers. All SEM micrographs showed significant roughness of the fracture surfaces with the formation of elongated platelets, explaining the increase in mechanical properties of the epoxy matrix.

15

Investigating the effect of electrospark alloying parameters on structure formation of modified nitrogen coatings

Haponova Oksana, Tarelnyk Viacheslav, Mościcki Tomasz, Tarelnyk Nataliia

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 5

art. no. e150802

EN

The quality parameters of surface layers synthesised using electrospark alloying (ESA) technology were analysed in this paper. The main focus was on the influence of equipment energy parameters on structure formation, specifically the effect of discharge energy and productivity. Microstructural analysis of the modified surface of C40 steel after nitriding by ESA using a paste containing nitrogen compounds injected into the interelectrode gap was conducted. The layer structure for all studied ESA parameters includes three areas: the upper “white layer”, the diffusion zone below it, and the substrate. The roughness of the surface is Ra ∼ 0.9 µm at low discharge energy Wp = 0.13 J and Ra ∼ 6 µm at Wp = 3.4 J. The microhardness, continuity, and surface roughness of the layers varied with Wp. The influence of ESA productivity on the structure was studied. The thickness of the hardened layer and the diffusion zone, as well as the microhardness and continuity, are affected by reduced productivity. For the same discharge energy, the thickness of the hardened layer increases by 10-18% with a decrease in productivity compared to the classical mode. Studies have shown that productivity loss has a positive effect on the quality characteristics of the coatings produced by the ESA process.

16

Analysis of mechanical properties and structure of samples filled with continuous glass fiber produced in composite filament fabrication technology

Marciniak Dawid, Sykutera Dariusz, Czyżewski Piotr

Bulletin of the Polish Academy of Sciences. Technical Sciences

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2024

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Vol. 72, nr 2

art. no. e148841

EN

The purpose of the study was to evaluate selected mechanical properties and structural characteristics of samples manufactured using composite filament fabrication (CFF) technology from Onyx material, whichwas filled with continuous glass fiber. Selected mechanical properties were correlated with the density of the resulting composite to determine the specific strength of the fabricated parts. The test specimens were manufactured on a Mark Two Enterprise machine (Markforged, USA) using composite filament fabrication (CFF) technology. The material used was polyamide 6.6 with a 20% short carbon fiber content with the trade name Onyx. Continuous glass fiber was used to reinforce the fabrication. The density of the manufactured samples was determined using a hydrostatic method. Methanol was used as the liquid. By determining the density of the samples, it was possible to estimate through appropriate calculations what specific strength and specific modulus the obtained composites would have. Determination of tensile and flexural strengths was carried out in accordance with ISO 527-1:2012 and ISO 178:2003. Determination of the impact tensile strength of the samples was carried out in accordance with ISO 8256, the beams were tested using the A method. Due to the high impact tensile strength, two 1 mm notches with an angle of 45°were made on the specimens. The image of the sample structure obtained by the CFF method was recorded using a CT scanner. A thermogravimetric test (TG) of the Onyx matrix material was carried out. The samples were tested approximately 72 hours after fabrication. Filling the samples with continuous glass fiber above 50% leads to a slight increase in impact resistance. The density of the composite increased by only 16% relative to the reference samples, resulting in a 389% increase in the maximum average flexural strength. Despite significant discontinuities in the structure of the produced composite, it was possible to record an increase in tensile strength and Young’s modulus by 606% and 370%, respectively.

17

Magnetocaloric effect description and principle of operation

Kutynia Karolina

Archives of Engineering Knowledge

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2024

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T. 10, Nr 1

88--92

EN

The following article is an explanation of the phenomenon of magnetocaloric phenomenon, which describes the principle of refrigerants in modern magnetic refrigerators. The magnetocaloric effect occurs over a wide temperature range from low to high temperatures. MCE is observed in various materials such as transition metals, rare earth elements, Laves phases, manganites, La(Fe,Si)13 alloys, full and half Heusler alloys and MM'X alloys. The principle of magnetic chillers is also described.

18

Study on the relationship between structure and properties of electro-hydraulic positioning actuators

Li Qiang, Uzunov Oleksandr

Archive of Mechanical Engineering

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2024

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LXXI, nr 1

87--107

EN

In this work, a novel perspective is proposed to develop schematics solutions for electro-hydraulic positioning actuators. The basis of the design approach has been established, which includes: a set of possible desired properties of actuators; a series of defined typical positioning methods; variants of schematic structures; a quantitative assessment method for specific properties based on influencing factors; the quantitative relationship between the structure and properties of actuators, as well as the method for overall evaluation of the actuator’s performance based on the total score. The results obtained can serve as the basis for an effective design approach, which allows for reducing the number of iteration cycles while developing new electro-hydraulic positioning actuator schematic solutions.

19

Structural integrity of three dimensional printed carbon fiber composites/nanocomposites for aeronautical components—current scenarios and opportunities

Kausar Ayesha

Advances in Materials Science

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2024

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Vol. 24, nr 4(82)

67--97

EN

This state-of-the-art innovatory overview essentially debates practical worth of three-dimensional printed composites/nanocomposites (especially carbon fiber designs) for aerospace sector. Recently, three-dimensional printing (additive manufacturing) has competently transpired for designing high performance space structures. The manuscript systematically frameworks fundamentals of three-dimensional printing approach, ensuing high-tech aeronautical carbon fiber composites/nanocomposite systems, and space components/structural applications. Amongst carbonaceous fillers, short/continuous carbon fibers were inspected as outperforming reinforcements for aerospace. Additionally, surface modified/composited carbon fibers with nanocarbons (carbon nanotube, graphene) have been reported. Accordingly, polyamide, poly(lactic acid), poly(ether ether ketone), epoxies, etc. have been documented as substantial thermoplastic/thermosetting matrices. Ensuing radical polymer/carbon fiber or polymer/carbon fiber/nanocarbon hybrids have benefits regarding low-cost manufacturing, structural precision, complex geometries, high efficiency, least structural defects/voids, superior tensile and shear strength/modulus, compression strength, interlaminar strength, wear properties, thermo-dimensional constancy, and heat stability features, under extreme space environments. Consequently, cutting-edge three-dimensional printed carbon fiber hybrids offered myriad of promising opportunities for mechanically robust (nozzle wearing, strengthened wing spar/ribs, resilient rotating components, interlaminar strength/dimensional stability) and high temperature stable (cryogenic fuel storage, lower earth orbital stability, thermal-dimensional steadiness, thermal conductivity) for aerospace modules. Henceforth, three-dimensional printing owns enormous engineering potential to meet aeronautical manufacturing demands by overcoming challenges of traditional techniques.

20

Pickering emulsion polymerization of styrene towards alfa-functionalized polystyrene latex: parameters and process conditions

Tercki Dariusz, Orlińska Beata, Słotwińska Dominika, Sajdak Marcin

Polimery

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2023

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Vol. 68, nr 4

206--214

EN

Polymerization conditions in the Pickering emulsion of colloidal silica-stabilized polystyrene latex were optimized. The influence of process conditions on various parameters, including particle size and distribution was investigated. Monomodal particles distribution was obtained by conducting the process at a temperature of 80°C in a slightly acidic environment (pH = 5), while maintaining fast monomer conversion. It has been shown that the amount of stabilizer used in the polymerization process affects the rate of polymerization, therefore the temperature of the process should be adjusted to the amount of colloidal silica used in the process.

PL

Zoptymalizowano warunki polimeryzacji w emulsji Pickeringa lateksów polistyrenowych stabilizowanych krzemionką koloidalną. Zbadano wpływ warunków procesu na m.in wielkość i rozkład cząstek. Monomodalny rozkład cząstek uzyskano prowadząc proces w temperaturze 80°C w środowisku lekko kwaśnym (pH = 5), przy zachowaniu szybkiej konwersji monomeru. Wykazano, że ilość stabilizatora użytego w procesie polimeryzacji wpływa na szybkość polimeryzacji, dlatego też temperatura procesu powinna być dostosowana do ilości używanej w procesie krzemionki koloidalnej.