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1

Zautomatyzowana kontrola jakości wkładów ceramicznych za pomocą systemów wizyjnych i głębokich sieci neuronowych

Dębniak Rafał, Łęczek Wiktor, Wójcik Jakub

Pomiary Automatyka Robotyka

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2026

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R. 30, nr 1

127--134

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano modułowy, zautomatyzowany system inspekcji wkładów ceramicznych stosowanych w procesie filtracji spalin DPF i GPF. System integruje skanowanie 3D oparte na świetle strukturalnym oraz obrazowanie 2D z wykorzystaniem optyki telecentrycznej. Zastosowane hybrydowe algorytmy detekcji, łączące głębokie sieci neuronowe z klasycznymi metodami przetwarzania obrazu, umożliwiają identyfikację zamknięcia komórek wkładu ceramicznego oraz wad powierzchni. Przekształcenie chmur punktów do reprezentacji 2D pozwala na efektywne wykorzystanie konwolucyjnych sieci neuronowych, upraszcza proces oznaczania wad na obrazach oraz redukuje wymagania obliczeniowe. Przeprowadzone testy potwierdziły skuteczność detekcji przy zachowaniu krótkich czasów inspekcji, zgodnych z wymaganiami środowiska przemysłowego. Modułowa architektura oraz pełna automatyzacja procesu inspekcyjnego umożliwiają elastyczną adaptację systemu do zróżnicowanych linii produkcyjnych.

EN

The article presents a modular, automated inspection system for ceramic inserts used in DPF and GPF filters. The system integrates 3D scanning based on structured light with 2D imaging using telecentric optics. The applied hybrid detection algorithms, combining deep neural networks with classical image processing methods, enable the identification of cell blockage within the ceramic insert as well as defects on its external surface. Converting point clouds into 2D representations allows for the effective use of convolutional neural networks, simplifies the defect labeling process on images, and reduces computational requirements. The conducted tests confirmed high detection accuracy while maintaining short inspection times consistent with industrial constraints. The modular architecture and full automation of the inspection process enable flexible adaptation of the system to diverse production lines.

2

Analysis of biodegradable additives in marine fuels and their effect on toxic exhaust emissions

Zadrąg Ryszard, Socik Paweł, Zacharewicz Marcin, Bogdanowicz Artur, Sigiel Norbert

Combustion Engines

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2026

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R. 65, nr 2

71--81

EN

This study investigates the influence of biodegradable additives, specifically butyl alcohol, ethyl alcohol, and demineralized water, on the emission of toxic compounds from marine diesel engines. Experiments were conducted using a Sulzer 6AL20/24 engine fueled with conventional diesel and two fuel blends containing alcohols and water. Emissions of NOₓ, CO, CO₂, and O₂ were measured and analyzed via statistical modeling. Results indicate that component fuels can reduce NOₓ emissions by up to 7.5%, mainly due to the cooling effect of water in the fuel mixture. However, effects on CO emissions were less consistent, varying with engine load and fuel composition. CO₂ emissions remained similar across fuels, while the presence of oxygenated compounds influenced oxygen levels. The findings support the potential of biodegradable fuel additives in reducing marine engine emissions. However, further studies are necessary to optimize combustion and meet environmental regulations.

3

Analysis of the possibility of using exhaust gas composition in the diagnosis of a diesel engine

Puzdrowska Patrycja, Nowicka Wiktoria

Scientific Journal of Gdynia Maritime University

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2025

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nr 134

40--55

EN

The article analyzes the impact of malfunctions in compression-ignition engine systems on exhaust composition and cycle parameters. A naturally aspirated, single-cylinder, four-stroke Farymann Diesel D10 engine was studied, with simulated common failures. The research included laboratory experiments and computer simulations using DIESEL-RK, a tool for optimizing engine processes and thermodynamic cycles. Malfunctions in the injection and intake systems altered the exhaust temperature, pressure rise, and maximum combustion pressure. Changes in exhaust composition were noted, especially in the nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO): intake throttling reduced these concentrations, while a lower injector opening pressure increased them. Laboratory and simulation results were cross-validated, ensuring reliability and providing a comprehensive analysis of the engine's condition.

4

Selected emissivity assessment issues for electric and hybrid vehicles

Pryciński Piotr

Combustion Engines

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2025

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R. 64, nr 3

27--35

EN

This paper presents selected issues concerning the assessment of the emissivity of electric and hybrid vehicles, referred to as zero- or low-emission vehicles. This paper proposes an analytical method to determine air pollutant emissions generated by road electric vehicles and presents the results of air pollutant emissions measurements of hybrid vehicles obtained during real driving emissions tests (RDE). Air pollutant emissions measurements for hybrid vehicles were corrected for electricity consumption during operation and the pollutant emissions arising from electricity generation. The paper discusses the issue of air pollutant emissions of electric vehicles in relation to the changing sources of electricity generation in Poland over the past decade. It also presents the dynamics of change of in-use and newly registered electric and hybrid vehicles in Poland between 2022 and 2023. The aim of this paper is to compare the emissivity of electric vehicles, as well as hybrid vehicles, using the analytical method proposed in the paper to determine air pollutant emissions generated by electric vehicles.

5

Results repeatability evaluation of exhaust emission data obtained in laboratory WLTC test conditions using stationary and PEMS analysers

Wojciechowski Hubert, Merkisz Jerzy

Combustion Engines

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2025

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R. 64, nr 3

154--161

EN

The article presents an assessment of the repeatability of exhaust emission results in the WLTC test using two types of measurement systems: stationary laboratory analysers and a PEMS. The tests were conducted in laboratory conditions at BOSMAL Institute of Automotive Research and Development on a passenger car with a gasoline engine on a chassis dynamometer. The assessment included CO2, CO, NOx, THC emissions, and the particle number in each phase of the WLTC test and in the entire test. The coefficient of variation was used to assess the repeatability. The results showed greater repeatability of measurements in the case of laboratory analysers, especially for CO2 and CO. The PEMS system showed greater variability, especially in the dynamic test phases. Despite this, the results validation confirmed the compliance of the PEMS system with regulatory requirements. The article emphasizes the importance of the precision of exhaust emission tests in the context of measurement technologies development and the implementation of more restrictive emission standards, and it indicates CO2 as the most stable parameter for both systems.

6

Evaluation of RDE exhaust emission indicators of Euro 6 passenger cars using classical and window averaging methods

Pielecha Jacek, Skobiej Kinga, Sieroń Marek

Combustion Engines

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2025

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R. 64, nr 4

103--113

EN

The article presents a comparison of exhaust emission results obtained in on-road tests using the latest legislative proposals relating to passenger cars. The results were analyzed with reference to the classical method (considering all measurement data) and the measurement window averaging method, also referred to in the literature as the EMROAD method. In this approach, measurement windows are defined (based on carbon dioxide emission data from the WLTC test), and the corresponding on-road emissions are determined for the RDE test. The study included Euro 6c vehicles equipped with gasoline engines and diesel engines. The gasoline engines featured direct fuel injection, while the diesel vehicle was equipped with a particulate filter and a selective catalytic reduction system to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions. In on-road tests, the correction factors depended on the applied technical solutions. For direct-injection gasoline engines in the Euro 6 class, the values remained below 1. A characteristic feature was that the correction factors were higher in the urban part of the test and lower for the entire RDE cycle. A different pattern was observed for diesel vehicles: in on-road tests, the correction factors were higher for the entire test than for the urban part of the RDE test. The conducted research and the determined emission indices made it possible to evaluate the environmental performance of vehicles from different emission classes and, at the same time, to provide a basis for proactive measures aimed at reducing selected pollutants from passenger cars.

7

Characteristics of pollutants emitted by motor vehicles and their impact on the environment and engine operation

Dziubak Tadeusz, Ślęzak Marcin

Combustion Engines

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2025

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R. 64, nr 1

37--55

EN

Gaseous and solid pollutants (dusts) of the atmospheric air are presented. The properties of dusts are given and dusts are subdivided according to various criteria. The sources and characteristics of artificial (anthropogenic) and natural pollutants of ambient air are given. It was shown that the main source of artificial pollution, apart from industry, is motorization. The internal combustion engines of cars are a source of gaseous and particulate pollutants, whose emissions have been significantly reduced. The originality of the article consists in carrying out an extensive literature analysis and demonstrating that the emission of ‘non-motor’ pollutants in the form of dust from the wear of brake friction linings and discs, clutches and from the wear of tire and road treads, as well as mineral dust lifted from the ground, is currently a greater threat to human health and the environment than engine emissions. The effects of road transport particulate emissions and mineral dust, the primary component of road dust, on human health, vegetation and the performance of engine and vehicle systems are presented.

8

Assessment of differences in elemental concentrations in particulate matter from road surfaces near and outside noise barriers in Poland

Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Penkała Magdalena, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja Kornelia, Bihałowicz Joanna, Błaszczak Barbara

Archives of Environmental Protection

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 1

92--102

EN

Road infrastructure has negative environmental effects, such as noise, vibration, disruption of ecosystem services, and pollution. Noise barriers are used to reduce air pollution and absorb sound waves, but studies have shown that they can impact pollutant concentrations. A study conducted in Poland analyzed the composition of dust collected from roads with and without noise barriers and road exits. The dust was tested using an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, and the results were analyzed statistically. The study found that road dust collected in areas without barriers had significantly higher levels of certain elements, such as calcium, chromium, copper, nickel, lead, sulfur, and zirconium. In contrast, dust collected from areas with noise barriers had lower pollutant levels. These findings highlight the effectiveness of noise barriers in reducing pollution levels in areas adjacent to roads.

9

Problemy przy oznaczaniu węgla elementarnego (EC) z zastosowaniem analizatora termooptycznego

Skibicki Artur, Tuszyński Tomasz, Wysocka Magdalena, Kocela-Jagiełko Aneta

Laboratorium - Przegląd Ogólnopolski

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2024

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nr 3

45--48

PL

Wprowadzenie do stosowania wymagań krajowych dotyczących konieczności określenia na stanowiskach pracy stopnia narażenia na spaliny emitowane z silników Diesla mierzonych jako węgiel elementarny spowodowało rozpoczęcie prac przez Centralne Laboratorium Pomiarowo- Badawcze Sp. z o. o. w zakresie zarówno wdrożenia metody oznaczania węgla elementarnego przy użyciu analizatora termooptycznego, jak również prac w zakresie doboru wyposażenia do prawidłowego i efektywnego pobieraina próbek, szczególnie w trudnym środowisku pracy, jakim są kopalnie węgla kamiennego. W niniejszym artykule przedstawiono krótko problemy i wyzwania, z jakimi spotkaliśmy się w trakcie prowadzonych prac.

EN

National requirements regarding the need to deterine occupational exposure to exhaust fumes emitted from diesel engines measured as elemental carbon were the reason why Centralne Laboratorium Pomiarowo- Badawcze Sp. z o. o. (Central Measurement and Research Laboratory Ltd.) intiated works to implement a method for determining elemental carbon using a thermo-optical analyser as well as to work on selecting equipment for proper and efficient sampling, especially in a difficlt working environment, such as coal mines. This article biefly outlines the problems and challenges we encountered during our work.

10

New technologies in combustion chambers of aircraft turbine engines

Kozakiewicz Adam, Ludwiczak Aleksandra

Journal of KONBiN

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2024

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Vol. 54, iss. 2

1--16

EN

The paper presents the projected emissions of combustion components over the next few years. The basic tasks that a modern combustion chamber must fulfill were defined. The process of hydrocarbon combustion in the theoretical and actual cases was analyzed. The assessment evaluates the effect of engine operating parameters such as rotational speed, thrust, temperature downstream the compressor and combustion on the formation of toxic combustion components. The paper also presents alternative fuels, i.a. sustainable aviation fuels - SAF. Alternative methods of powering aircraft engines, such as hydrogen or nuclear propulsion, were presented. An analysis on the latest combustion chamber design systems that allow to reduce the amount of exhaust gasses emitted into the atmosphere was conducted.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono przewidywane emisje składników spalania na przestrzeni najbliższych lat. Określono podstawowe zadania, jakie musi spełniać współczesna komora spalania. Przeanalizowano proces spalania węglowodorów w przypadku teoretycznym oraz rzeczywistym. Dokonano oceny wpływu parametrów eksploatacyjnych silnika, takich jak prędkość obrotowa, ciąg, temperatura za sprężarką i temperatura spalania, na powstawanie toksycznych składników spalania. Przedstawiono paliwa niekonwencjonalne, m.in. zrównoważone paliwa lotnicze – SAF. Zaprezentowano alternatywne metody zasilania silników lotniczych, jakimi są wodór czy napęd jądrowy. Dokonano analizy najnowszych układów konstrukcyjnych komór spalania, dzięki którym możliwe jest zmniejszenie ilości spalin emitowanych do atmosfery.

11

The use of dimethyl ether (DME) solution in compression ignition engine

Smolec Rafał, Karpiuk Wojciech, Bajerlein Maciej, Waligórski Marek, Kril Paweł

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 3

123--128

EN

The development of compression ignition combustion engines is focused on meeting many challenges, mainly related to growing ecological requirements. Currently, however, due to technological barriers, meeting them is very difficult and requires the use of additional exhaust gas treatment systems. The use of injection of a diesel and gas solution seems to be very promising. The article presents the results of engine tests involving the use of a solution of diesel fuel and dimethyl ether. The tests were performed on a single-cylinder research engine equipped with a common rail fuel system. The obtained results suggest that the use of the solution has a positive effect on the process of creating the fuel-air mixture, resulting in a reduction in the concentration of HC and CO while increasing the share of NOx, suggesting an improvement in the combustion process, as evidenced by the limiting injection dose.

12

Analysis of the prospects for hydrogen-fuelled internal combustion engines

Stępień Zbigniew

Combustion Engines

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2024

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R. 63, nr 2

32--41

EN

Hydrogen, as a zero-emission fuel, makes it possible to build a piston combustion engine that can be qualified as a drive for a "Zero Emission Vehicles", in terms of CO2 emissions. Thus, a hydrogen-powered piston combustion engine may be a future transitional technology for powertrains, especially in trucks and off-road vehicles, competitive with both electric drives and fuel cells. The article presents a multi-directional analysis of the prospects for the development and dissemination of hydrogen-powered internal combustion piston engines in motor vehicles. The current interest of the automotive industry in hydrogen-powered internal combustion engines, the current state of their development and the challenges that need to be overcome were presented. Various conditions that will determine their future in Europe were also indicated.

13

Study on the environmental benefits of truck parking space for trucks waiting to enter freight terminal -A case study of Gangchen Logistics Park

Fu Zhongning, Yan Yunzhu, Yue Jintian

Archives of Transport

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2024

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Vol. 71, iss. 3

7--23

EN

The gathering effect of trucks at freight terminals and the high emission characteristics of trucks themselves lead to long-term truck queues and serious environmental pollution problems at freight terminals. Repeated stopping and following trucks aggravate the environmental pollution in the terminal. This paper proposes a scheme to plan truck parking spaces during waiting for trucks to enter the freight terminal in order to reduce the repeated stopping of trucks and to quantify the environmental benefits of truck parking spaces in the process. The truck admission process was simulated using the Visual Simulator (VISSIM). The simulation output provided vehicle operating data that was converted into operating mode distribution data using the Python calculation module. Then, the model parameters, including the operating mode distribution, were entered into the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) to calculate the simulation scenario. Gangchen Logistics Park, for example, statistics of the park's 10 months of freight data, the design of freight volume gradually increased by 11 groups of admission simulation experiments, the simulation learned that the park queuing significant, more than 90% probability of queuing, queuing up to a maximum of 203 vehicles, the average queue of 61 vehicles. Then according to the actual road conditions in the park, add a parking lot in the VISSIM simulation. Signal sensing is realized by calling the COM interface of VISSIM through Python to guide the vehicles to park in order and enter the park. Eleven sets of simulation control experiments after designing and planning parking spaces are designed to calculate the pollutant emissions for each simulation scenario separately. The analysis of the emission measurement results shows that the emissions of CO, HC, NOX, and PM10 can be reduced by 1.90%, 7.90%, 9.42%, and 10.55% at the average level of the park's cargo volume. At the park's maximum cargo volume, it is possible to reduce HC, NOX, and PM10 emissions by about one-third. Truck parking space in the truck waiting to drive into the freight terminal process has obvious environmental benefits, queuing significant freight terminals should be reasonably planned truck parking spaces to reduce the freight terminal exhaust emissions pollution.

14

Assessment of the Environmental Costs of Rail Buses in Poland Based on Research in Real Operating Conditions

Kamińska Michalina, Urbański Patryk

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2024

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Vol. 18, no. 7

215--228

EN

The article analyzes the environmental costs of Diesel Multiple Unit and Diesel Railcars operated in Poland. It consisted in determining the annual cost of gases and particulate matter emitted into the ambient air by the analyzed rolling stock. For this purpose, tests were carried out on the emission of harmful exhaust gases from a railbus equipped with the most commonly used drive system. The vehicle had two identical compression ignition engines meeting the Stage IIIB standard with a displacement of 12.8 dm3. Maximum power of the engine was 390 kW at a rotational speed of 1,800 rpm and a maximum torque of 2,200 Nm at 1,300 rpm. In order to measure harmful exhaust compounds, tests were carried out in real operating conditions using Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS) equipment. The tests carried out showed that the rail vehicle did not meet the approval limits for nitrogen oxides (real value – 2.43 g/kWh, emission standard – 2.0 g/kWh). In the next stage, the annual emissions of rail buses operating in Poland were estimated. For this purpose, data from the Office of Rail Transport on the number of vehicles registered in the country and the average distance traveled by the vehicles were used. The data obtained indicate that the vast majority (over 98%) of environmental costs are costs related to carbon dioxide emitted into the atmosphere.

15

Elemental Composition of the Ultrafine Fraction of Road Dust in the Vicinity of Motorways and Expressways in Poland – Asphalt Versus Concrete Surfaces

Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Penkała Magdalena, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Ogrodnik Paweł, Walczak Agata, Iwanicka Natalia

Journal of Ecological Engineering

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2023

|

Vol. 24, nr 11

82--90

EN

Air pollution in the vicinity of roads is a complex and growing problem. In urbanised areas, there are many sources of dust emissions, but one of the main ones is road traffic. Investigating and assessing the physical and chemical properties of road dust and, more specifically, dust collected from surface courses is one way of providing an opportunity not only to identify the contribution of the emitters concerned to the formation of dust air pollution in the vicinity of roads but above all the environmental risks associated with traffic emissions. The study aimed to analyse the elemental composition of dust with a fraction <0.1 mm, collected from asphalt and concrete roads characterised by the highest technical and service parameters in Poland. The samples were analysed using a Shimadzu EDX 7000 energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer, then the results were statistically analysed using the t-Welch test, and the enrichment factors EF were determined. It was shown that road dust with a grain size of less than 0.1 mm collected from asphalt surface course was extremely highly enriched in Cu, Cr, Pb and S, while that from the concrete surface course was enriched in Zn and Zr, indicating a strong anthropogenic origin of these elements; exhaust gases were identified as their source. Irrespective of the type of surface course, very high dust enrichment occurs for Ca, Mn, Ni, S, Ti and Y. These elements may originate from the abrasion process of vehicle tyres. For road dust collected from both road types, the most similar EF values were found for Fe, K, Mn, Si, Sr and Ti. The source of these elements is most likely the roadside soil. It follows that the type of road surface is not the main determinant of the composition of road dust with a fraction <0.1 mm.

16

Synthetic automotive fuels

Stępień Zbigniew

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 1

78--90

EN

The article explains the differences between synthetic fuels of first and second generation. The potential of e-fuels to reduce GHG emissions was indicated. The application requirements that synthetic fuels need to meet in order to be used for powering internal combustion engines have been described. The possibility of using synthetic fuels as "drop-in" fuels, in blends with conventional petroleum-derived fuels as well as by themselves was discussed. E-fuels developed and optimized to power compression ignition and spark ignition engines were characterized. The possibilities of synthetic fuels to reduce emissions of regulated and unregulated exhaust components and to improve the work and operational parameters of the engine were also analyzed using the research carried out so far as basis. At the end of the article, forecasts for synthetic fuels development and applications were presented in the form of a SWOT analysis.

17

Research and analysis of the operation of vehicles with various propulsion systems, including costs and CO2 emissions

Lasota Michał, Zabielska Aleksandra, Jacyna Marianna, Żak Jolanta

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 4

3--13

EN

The article analyzes and evaluates costs, transport time and CO2 emissions by selected vans. The research was carried out on the example of three models of Iveco Daily vehicles powered by: diesel oil, electricity and compressed natural gas (CNG). The result of the research presented in the article is the determination of the operating costs of vehicles powered by various energy sources and the level of CO2 emissions. The comparative analysis was carried out on real data for the established transport task. Vehicles with engines powered by compressed natural gas are characterized by the highest savings in terms of transport costs. As the authors pointed out, this may be due to the fact that this type of engines, despite the low interest of buyers at the moment, may gain much more popularity in the future. On the other hand, in relation to vehicles with electric motors, the cost of transport is the highest, which means that this type of technology is ineffective in relation to long-distance transport.

18

Empirical study of the effect of the air filter on the performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine

Dziubak Tadeusz, Karczewski Mirosław, Dziobek Ilona

Combustion Engines

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2023

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R. 62, nr 2

94--111

EN

The results of an experimental study of the effect of the pressure drop of the air filter pf on the operating parameters and exhaust emissions of a modern CI internal combustion engine of a truck equipped with an electronically controlled power system are presented. The tests were carried out for an air filter with a clean filter cartridge Δpf0 = 0.58 kPa and with a cartridge contaminated after a service mileage (about 50 thousand km) ΔpfD = 2.024 kPa. In each test, engine performance, exhaust emissions and relative change in emissions were determined: CO, NOx, HC, CO2, H2O. It was found that an increase in the filter resistance pf causes a decrease in the filling degree by 12%, engine useful power by almost 10%, exhaust gas temperature by a maximum of 30oC and an increase in specific fuel consumption by almost 5%. Air filter resistance has no significant effect on NOx emissions and HC concentration. There is a reduction in H2O emissions by up to 7%, CO by up to 13% and CO2 by up to 4%, and an increase in oxygen emissions by 15%, depending on operating conditions.

19

Health hazard related to fine road dust in Poland

Penkała Magdalena, Bihałowicz Jan Stefan, Rogula-Kozłowska Wioletta, Rogula-Kopiec Patrycja, Klik Barbara, Bihałowicz Joanna, Lewicka Sylwia, Olszowski Tomasz, Majewski Grzegorz

Chemistry-Didactics-Ecology-Metrology

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2023

|

R. 28, NR 1-2

79--92

EN

Air pollution emissions from road vehicles majorly contribute to particulate pollution. This poses significant threats to the environment and human health. Road dust contains various potentially toxic elements, which, when exposed to humans, can lead to severe illnesses such as asthma, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. This study assessed adult health risks through accidental ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact associated with heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in road dust (with a fraction size < 0.1 mm). The analysis covers areas between sound-absorbing screens (S), in open spaces without screens (F), and at highway/express exits (E) with different surfaces: asphalt (A) and concrete (C). Results indicate the highest health risk levels are associated with Zn in road dust in S and E areas, indicating its potential negative impact on human health. When comparing results for all metals, road dust collected from A surfaces might pose a greater health risk than C surfaces. The carcinogenic risk for Cr and Ni found in road dust collected from A and C surfaces at points S, F, and E is medium. The most significant carcinogenic risk (medium-high) is associated with Cr in road dust from A surfaces in the F area, whereas the lowest risk (low-medium) for both A and C surfaces is linked to Ni exposure in the S point. The contributions of Cr and Ni highlight the need to reduce emissions of these elements in areas surrounding heavily trafficked roads.

20

Diagnostyka ogniw paliwowych

Gaweł Łukasz

Chemia Przemysłowa

|

2023

|

Nr 2

73--76

PL

Rosnące zapotrzebowanie na zieloną energię elektryczną, ograniczenia związane z normami emisji spalin, większa świadomość ekologiczna społeczeństwa czy rozwój dolin wodorowych determinują fakt, że ogniwa paliwowe typu PEM stanowić będą ważne źródło energii elektrycznej w niedalekiej przyszłości.