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Ślady katastrof kamiennych budowli romańskich : analiza przyczyn na przykładach z Polski południowej

Bromowicz Jan, Figarska-Warchoł Beata, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2026

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Vol. 74, nr 1

38--47

EN

Based on the results of archaeological work on Cathedral Hill in Chelm and in the Regia region of Wiślica, evidence of construction disasters was found. Traces of such disasters were also identified in the Romanesque walls of the Opatów Collegiate Church and various buildings in Kraków. Identification of the rocks, analysis of their physical and mechanical properties, and information on the subsoil of the destroyed structures revealed that the disasters in Chełm and Wiślica were likely caused by loose subsoil and the lack of weather resistance of the rock; used. In Opatów, the disaster was likely caused by a flaw in the tower ’s construction, whereas in Kraków, the cause appears to have been the shallow foundations of the first stone walls.

2

Kamienie w murach bliźniaczych kościołów romańskich w Jędrzejowie i Prandocinie

Bromowicz Jan, Figarska-Warchoł Beata, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2025

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Vol. 73, nr 1

50--56

EN

Detailed macroscopic and microscopic observations made of the wall faces showed that grey and grey-brown calcareous sandstones were used in both churches. They are not very compact, but porous and display similar petrographic compositions (sublithic arenites). In the church in Jędrzejów they are only fine-grained, whereas in the church in Prandocin they are also medium- and coarse-grained. Analysis of the dimensions of the stone blocks indicates that the sandstones have different bedding in the sampled places, which, together with the different grain sizes, allows us to determine the origin of the stone from different exposures. In the case of Prandocin, these were probably outcrops of Badenian sandstone, located about 7 km to the NE in Nasiechowice, and in the case ofJędrzejów, exposures of sandstone of the same age, located 17 km to the E in Korytnica. The physical and mechanical properties of the sandstones are very favourable and represent an optimal choice among the possible rocks fund within a radius of 25 km from the buildings.

3

Estimating the ultimate limit state of masonry structures from component‑level criteria

Myszor Mariusz, Szabowicz Hubert, Kawa Marek

Materiały Budowlane

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2025

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nr 9

115--121

EN

The article presents the application of Finite Element Limit Analysis (FELA) for assessing the strength of masonry structures. The limit state is determined using both upper and lower bound estimates. The analyses are restricted to a two‑dimensional plane stress problem. The results are presented as limit surfaces corresponding to various orientations of the principal stress axes relative to the masonry material directions. The study shows that the proposed approach to the macroscopic formulation of a masonry strength criterion is computationally efficient compared to conventional Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations. Moreover, it can be effectively employed for defining failure criteria in other classes of composite materials.

PL

W artykule zaprezentowano wykorzystanie analizy granicznej z dyskretyzacją elementami skończonymi do wyznaczania wytrzymałości konstrukcji murowej. Stan graniczny określono w postaci oszacowań: górnego i dolnego. Analizy ograniczono do zadania 2D w płaskim stanie naprężenia. Wyniki zostały zaprezentowane w postaci powierzchni granicznych w przypadku różnych kątów odchylenia osi naprężeń głównych od kierunków materiałowych muru. Wykazano, że zaproponowane podejście do sformułowania makroskopowego kryterium wytrzymałości muru jest efektywne obliczeniowo w porównaniu z analizą metodą elementów skończonych (MES) i może być z powodzeniem stosowane do tego celu.

4

Ocena wyzwań związanych z ocieplaniem budynków zabytkowych

Godziński Wojciech

Przegląd Budowlany

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2024

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R. 95, nr 6

163--166

PL

W kontekście europejskich miast, wsi i osad budynki historyczne są nie tylko ikonami architektury, ale także żywymi świadectwami dziedzictwa kulturowego kontynentu. Stanowią one znaczną część zasobów budowlanych, z około 35% budynków w Unii Europejskiej mających ponad 50 lat, a niemal trzy czwarte z nich nie spełnia obecnych norm efektywności energetycznej. Niniejszy artykuł naukowy koncentruje się na analizie wyzwań związanych z modernizacją energetyczną tych obiektów. Autor omawia główne problemy napotykane podczas realizacji projektów modernizacyjnych i proponuje potencjalne rozwiązania mające na celu poprawę efektywności energetycznej przy jednoczesnym zachowaniu wartości historycznych i estetycznych tych znaczących budowli. Artykuł ma na celu zwrócenie uwagi na skalę przedsięwzięcia oraz na złożoność zadań stojących przed decydentami i wykonawcami prac remontowych.

EN

In the context of European cities, towns, and villages, historic buildings are not only architectural icons but also vibrant testimonies of the continent’s cultural heritage. They constitute a significant part of the building stock, with about 35% of buildings in the European Union being over 50 years old, and nearly three-quarters of them not meeting current energy efficiency standards. This scholarly article focuses on analyzing the challenges associated with the energy renovation of these structures. The author discusses the main problems encountered during the implementation of renovation projects and proposes potential solutions aimed at improving energy efficiency while preserving the historical and aesthetic values of these significant buildings. The article aims to draw attention to the scale of the undertaking and the complexity of the tasks facing decision-makers and contractors involved in renovation works.

5

Researching of reinforcements of masonry arches fragments subjected to compressive force

Biernacki Jan, Drobiec Łukasz

Materiały Budowlane

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2024

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nr 11

20--25

EN

The aim of the presented research was to determine the effect of reinforcement on the behavior of compressed masonry arches. Three research serieswere tested: unreinforced models and reinforced with a reinforced concrete rib and the FRCM (Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix) system. In each series, two models were tested. The research was conducted at the Faculty of Civil Engineering of the Silesian University of Technology.

PL

Celem prezentowanych badań było określenie wpływu wzmocnienia na zachowanie ściskanych łuków murowanych. Przeprowadzono badania trzech serii modeli: niewzmocnionych oraz wzmocnionych żebrem żelbetowym i systemem FRCM (ang. Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Matrix). W każdej serii badano dwa modele. Badania realizowano na Wydziale Budownictwa Politechniki Śląskiej.

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Performance of partially grouted reinforced masonry walls with bed‑joint reinforcement: parametric and optimization investigation

Faridmehr Iman, Nehdi Moncef L., Nejad Ali Farokhi, Valerievich Kiyanets Aleksandr

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2024

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Vol. 24, no. 1

art. no. e2, 2024

EN

Post-seismic assessments have indicated that the responses of masonry walls to seismic forces may be classified into two key categories: in-plane global mechanisms and out-of-plane cyclical actions occurring orthogonally to the wall. The initial phase of this investigation scrutinized the widely accepted shear strength models for in-plane shear resistance, Vn, of reinforced masonry (RM) walls. Subsequently, using a dataset comprising 78 samples of fully grouted hollow concrete block (HCB) RM walls, a detailed examination of the sensitivity of experimental shear strength, , to geometric, mechanical, and reinforcement characteristics of the wall was undertaken. The study's second phase entailed a parametric evaluation using finite element analysis to appraise the sensitivity of lateral drift to wall geometry and bed-joint reinforcement attributes. The third phase of the research introduced an informational model for estimating the lateral drift of partially grouted RM walls, incorporating BJ and vertical reinforcement. The model was established utilizing data from 44 full-scale in-plane cyclic tests on clay brick walls and 32 tests on HCB walls. The investigation further presented a multi-objective optimization methodology to ascertain the optimal vertical and BJR ratios, ρv and ρBJ. A graphical user interface and an accompanying empirical equation were also devised to simplify the analysis and design process for reinforced masonry walls, obviating the need for lengthy analyses. Increasing the BJR size from 6 to 8 mm resulted in a 30% increase in for specimens with six BJR rows, while increasing the number of BJR rows from six to ten led to 16% rise in , as demonstrated by numerical modeling validated against experimental tests.The findings of the study highlight a notable dependence of the lateral drift capacity of reinforced masonry walls on wall geometry and ρBJ ratio. These revelations provide invaluable insights for designing earthquake-resistant masonry edifices and formulating rehabilitation strategies for existing masonry structures deficient in seismic resilience.

7

Towards alternative strategies for the post-disaster recovery of cultural heritage sites: a case study of the Basilica of St. Benedict in Norcia, Italy

Rizzi Paola, Porębska Anna, Rogulska Aleksandra

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2023

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Nr 73

48--56

EN

This article discusses the recovery and reconstruction of architectural and urban heritage sites damaged by natural disasters, such as earthquakes, and man-made disasters, such as armed conflicts. Analyzing the differences in the approach to the accessibility of public spaces, attention is drawn to the potentially negative consequences of the long timespans of decision-making processes. Since restoring the social dimension of the latter through temporary and semi-temporary measures can have a positive impact on social, psychological and economic recovery, alternative scenarios for pre-reconstruction interventions in the area of St. Benedict Church in Norcia, Italy, that collapsed during the 2016 Amatrice–Visso–Norcia seismic sequence, are proposed. The paper offers some insight on the potential advantages of saving places instead of saving only structures and contributes to the discussion regarding the post-disaster reconstruction of architectural heritage sites.

PL

Niniejszy artykuł omawia rewaloryzację i odbudowę zabytków architektury i urbanistyki zniszczonych przez klęski żywiołowe takie jak trzęsienia ziemi oraz katastrofy takie jak konflikty zbrojne. Poprzez analizę różnic w podejściach do dostępności przestrzeni publicznych zwraca się uwagę na potencjalnie negatywne skutki długotrwałych procesów decyzyjnych. Ponieważ odnowa wymiaru społecznego tego ostatniego poprzez tymczasowe i na wpół tymczasowe środki może mieć pozytywny wpływ na społeczną, psychologiczną i ekonomiczną odbudowę, zaproponowano alternatywne scenariusze przedrekonstrukcyjnych interwencji na obszarze Bazyliki św. Benedyka w Nursji we Włoszech, która zawaliła się podczas sekwencji sejsmicznej Amatrice-Visso-Nursja. Artykuł wzbogaca wiedzę na temat potencjalnych korzyści z ratowania miejsc, zamiast ratowania jedynie obiektów, i stanowi przyczynek do dyskusji o odbudowie zabytków po klęskach żywiołowych i katastrofach.

8

Skały w romańskich murach Małopolski

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 11

567--575

EN

Early medieval Małopolska (Lesser Poland) covered regions with diverse geologi¬cal structures and, therefore, various rocks of different suitability for the construction, shown up on the surface. Masonry skills of historical builders changed with time. So did their preferences in choosing the rocks and stones of mechanical properties optimal for the stone- masonry techniques of the time and mechanical resistance. Below, we present the rocks that were chosen by the stonemasons, usually foreign, to build what were often the first stone buildings there. We present the preferences and skills of contemporary builders, changing over time, regarding the proper selection of rocks with the desired properties, ensuring sufficient resistance to destruction while allowing the use of an appropriate method of stone processing. An inventory of stones in the available fragments of the walls was made, and their structural and textual features and petrographic composition were identified. Measurements of the size of stone elements in the faces of the walls were also made. Based on the analysis of the geological structure of the building's surroundings, the most probable sources of origin of the rocks used and, if possible, their basic physical and mechanical properties are provided. The order was established in which different rocks were used to obtain the desired effects. It depended on the possibility of obtaining them in particular regions. It was shown that the distance of the construction site from the out¬crops of the rocks used did not exceed 25 km. Examples of the use of different rock properties in various architectural solutions are given.

9

Historia zapisana w kamieniu romańskiej kolegiaty pw. św. Marcina w Opatowie

Magiera Janusz, Bromowicz Jan

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2023

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Vol. 71, nr 1

12--18

EN

Romanesque collegiate church in Opatów (south-eastern Poland) belongs to the best-preserved Early Mediaeval edifices in Poland. Its date of origin, founder, architects and history are still unclear despite numerous investigations carried out since the beginning of the 19 th century. It is clear that local sandstones were used in the construction of the impressive church. Present investigations resulted in the inventory of the stones used as a building material: their petrography, size of blocks and strange holes and striae on some of their surfaces. Dominant sandstones have different colours: white-greyish or grey-brownish. They are built of very fine-grained, well sorted quartz with siliceous-clayey binder. All sandstone blocks have similar heights (most frequent average 34–38 cm), but different lengths. Longer (up to 62 cm) are placed in the oldest parts of the edifice, shorter (up to 48 cm) form younger fragments and might have been reused after destruction of previous undefined buildups. The sandstones represent Lower Jurassic sediments exposed currently on the slopes of the Opatówka River valley in Podole, some 5 km NE of Opatów. Only a few sherry (reddish) sandstone blocks found in various parts of the walls are probably replacements during post-Romanesque reconstructions. They represent Lower Triassic sandstone from Lipowa, 3 km NE of Opatów. Lancetoidal grooves, 5–20 cm long, and hemispherical holes of 1–4 cm in diameter are apparently of anthropogenic origin (apotropaic marks); however, their purpose is unclear. It is supposed that the grooves are traces of tool sharpening or grinding, while the holes are places where sandy or dusty material was acquired for magical or medical purposes.

10

Entrance to the field of cordwood masonry Pre-scientific overview of technique and aspects

Bakker René J.

Architecturae et Artibus

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2023

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Vol. 15, no. 1

22--39

EN

Scattered information about cordwood masonry was gathered from different sources such as books, professional articles, popular articles and websites. Historical cordwood masonry construction techniques and newer cordwood masonry construction techniques were included. Current teachings of ecological construction practices were added, and private and professional individuals’ knowledge. Three main cordwood wall types were evaluated and the wall type - single log with centered insulation space - was found to be optimal. Spruce (Picea abies) was identified as the best suited tree species in Norway. Mixing of clay based mortar was explained. Load bearing can be done with post framework, or the cordwood walls themselves can be load bearing. Solutions for stabilising corners were found. It is optional to clad the house or leave it unclad. Momentums for future scientific research were pointed out, such as finding thermal transmittance U (W/m2K) for woods and mortars, and understanding humidity transportation efficiency in different types of wood with/without cladding. Unanswered questions were set forth. This is a pre-scientific literature study.

11

Kamienie i znaki apotropaiczne w murach romańskich kościołów w Siewierzu i Mokrsku Dolnym

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2022

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Vol. 70, nr 2

91--99

EN

Sacral edifices, in particular churches, no matter an epoch, were created of the most imposing and durable building material, mostly stone, available in the area or imported. Identification of the stone is crucial for conservation and reconstruction. However, in many cases, it is not done properly. Thorough mineral and geological studies on the stones and their provenance are thus strongly advisable. Romanesque churches in Siewierz and Mokrsko have recently been subject to such studies. They are located in different geological regions, which obviously reflected in different stones used for their construction. Church in Siewierz (founded probably at the beginningof the twelfth century) was constructed mainly of well-shaped regular blocks of local “Diplopora” dolomite (Middle Triassic). Only a few (out of a few hundred) blocks represent sandstone. Their provenance is unclear (Carboniferous or Lower Triassic sandstones that occur SW of Siewierz?). Church in Mokrsko (erected probably in the first quarter of the thirteenth century) was originally built of also well-shaped regular blocks of limestone and sandstone. They are: very typical for the area Pińczów (“Lithotamnium”), limestone (Neogene), and Upper Triassic sandstone. The former shows up on the surface a few km E of Mokrsko, the latter occurs ca 10 NE of the site. The distribution of the stones and sizes of the blocks shows some regularity. Bigger and of more uniform size blocks were used in the parts of the buildings located closer to the high altar, it is in the apse of the church in Siewierz and the presbytery in Mokrsko. It seems clearly connected with special attention paid to those parts of the temples. Moreover, resistant sandstone was used more frequently than soft limestone in lower parts of the walls in Mokrsko, more exposed to the action of water raised from the ground. Numerous caverns, holes, and crevices have been spotted on external surfaces of the dolomitic and sandstone blocks. Caverns in the dolomites (in Siewierz) developed naturally, while those in the sandstones (in Mokrsko) have obvious anthropogenic provenance. They are interpreted widely in the literature as apotropaic marks. Here it seems that excavation of stone sand and dust for magic consumption by humans or livestock or(and) ignition of holy fire could be reasons for the scratching and drilling.

12

Identyfikacja wytrzymałości murów w obiektach mostowych na podstawie badań odwiertów rdzeniowych pobranych z konstrukcji

Matysek Piotr

Inżynieria i Budownictwo

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2022

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R. 78, nr 7-8

314--318

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę oceny wytrzymałości murów w mostach na podstawie badań próbek rdzeniowych pobranych z konstrukcji obiektów. Podano praktyczne wskazówki dotyczące przygotowania i realizacji badań próbek rdzeniowych o różnych średnicach, sposób analizy wyników badań oraz przykłady zastosowań metody w badaniach obiektów mostowych zrealizowanych w różnych krajach.

EN

In the paper, a method of assessing the masonry strength in arch bridges on the basis of tests of core samples extracted from the structures was presented. Practical guidelines for the preparation and implementation of tests on various diameter core samples, the method of analysis of test results and examples of the method’s application were given.

13

Sytuacja i kierunki rozwoju autoklawizowanego betonu komórkowego w Europie

Turski Robert, Rogala Wojciech

Cement Wapno Beton

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2022

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R. 27, nr 3

154--165

PL

W artykule przedstawiono aktualną sytuację branży produkującej autoklawizowany beton komórkowy oraz kierunki rozwoju. Przedstawiono mapę drogową dla branży do osiągnięcia zeroemisyjnej produkcji i cyklu życia produktu do 2050 roku oraz omówiono rodzaje emisji dwutlenku węgla przy produkcji betonu komórkowego i sposoby na ich ograniczenie. W artykule omówiono także metody zwiększające konkurencyjność branży produkującej ABK oraz aktualne i przyszłe wykorzystanie cyfryzacji i mechanizacji prac na budowie.

EN

The article presents the current situation of the industry manufacturing autoclaved aerated concrete and the possibilities for further development. It presents a roadmap for the industry to achieve net-zero-emission during production and life cycle till 2050, and discusses the sources of carbon dioxide emissions in the production of AAC and methods, which can be taken to reduce them. The article also discusses ways to increase the competitiveness of the AAC manufacturing industry as well as current and future ways of using digitisation and mechanisation on construction sites.

14

Multi-scale modelling of brick masonry using a numerical homogenisation technique and an artificial neural network

Urbański Aleksander, Ligęza Szymon, Drabczyk Marcin

Archives of Civil Engineering

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2022

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Vol. 68, nr 4

179--197

EN

A new method of creating constitutive model of masonry is reported in this work. The model is not an explicit orthotropic elastic-plastic one, but with an artificial neural network (ANN) giving an implicit constitutive function. It relates the new state of generalised stresses Σn+1 with the old state Σn and with an increment of generalised strains ΔE (plane-stress conditions are assumed). The first step is to run a strain- controlled homogenisation, repeatedly, on a three-dimensional finite element model of a periodic cell, with elastic-plastic models (Drucker-Prager) of the components; thus a set of paths is created in (Σ, ΔE) space. From these paths, a set of patterns is formed to train the ANN. A description of how to prepare these data and a discussion on ANN training issues are presented. Finally, the procedure based on trained ANN is put into a finite-element code as a constitutive function. This enables the analysis of arbitrarily large masonry systems. The approach is verified by comparing the results of the developed model basing on ANN with a direct (single-scale) one, which showed acceptable accuracy.

PL

W pracy przedstawiono sposób tworzenia makro-modelu konstytutywnego muru ceglanego. Przyjmuje się założenia płaskiego stanu naprężenia. Tworzony model nie jest modelem ortotropowym sprężysto-plastycznym, ale jest zbudowany jako sztuczna sieć neuronowa (SSN) dająca niejawną funkcję konstytutywną. Wiąże ona nowy stan naprężeń uogólnionych (sił membranowych) Σn+1 z poprzednim stanem Σn oraz przyrostem odkształceń uogólnionych ΔE. Forma tak utworzonego makro-modelu konstytutywnego jest zgodna z analizą przyrostową problemu statyki w przypadku nieliniowości materiałowych. Składniki muru (cegła i zaprawa) są opisane modelami sprężysto-plastycznymi Druckera-Pragera. Parametry materiałowe składników muru oraz geometria komórki powtarzalnej stanowią dane wejściowe, służące budowie makro-modelu muru.

15

The consolidation project of Vicente Lampérez after the demolition of the Archiepiscopal Palace of Burgos Cathedral

Mora Moreno Ignacio, Mora Alonso-Munoyerro Susana

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2021

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Nr 68S

83--90

EN

The 1914 demolition of the Archbishop’s Palace, which was built in the thirteenth century, on the sets of Burgos Cathedral, a World Heritage Site, is currently a topical issue due to the cathedral’s 800ᵗʰ anniversary being celebrated in 2021. In the light of the debate surrounding the proposal of a new door for the main facade by Antonio López, UNESCO has warned it may withdraw its protection. A similar controversy took place a century earlier, and it would be good to learn from Lampérez’s consolidation. Chief Architect of the Cathedral Vicente Lampérez y Romea had to collect all attempts on the demolition that had taken place since the mid-nineteenth century, according to defenders, embellishing the Cathedral and getting new perspectives of the monument; joining the restoration criteria; dealing with major problems of the consolidation and the emergence of important elements that modified the project. It demonstrated how Lampérez avoided and corrected initial errors, introduced new criteria in the history of restoration, resulting in a better understanding of the behavior of the masonry.

PL

W roku 2021 obchodzono 800-rocznicę rozpoczęcia budowy katedry w Burgos, obiektu znajdującego się na Liście Światowego Dziedzictwa UNESCO. Przy tej okazji doszło do kontrowersji wokół wymiany drzwi w głównej elewacji. Projekt, który zaproponował Antonio López, spowodował pojawienie się groźby usunięcia zabytku z prestiżowej listy. Do sporu doszło również w 1914, kiedy Vicente Lampérez y Romea, kierujący restauracją katedry, zaproponował wyburzenie XIII-wiecznego pałacu arcybiskupiego, stojącego w jej sąsiedztwie. Według jego zwolenników, zabieg ten uczynił świątynię piękniejszą i umożliwił odsłonięcie jej monumentalnej bryły. Lampérez starał się łączyć kryteria konserwatorskie z potrzebą estetycznego i widokowego scalenia detali tak, by uzyskać ekspozycję dającą jednoznaczne przekonanie o znaczeniu i wartości katedry. Architekt musiał udokumentować wszelkie zmiany, jakie zaszły w otoczeniu, by przekonać oponentów o celowości swego pomysłu. Obecny spór o drzwi katedry jest reminiscencją tamtego, kolejną próbą określenia stopnia nasycenia obiektu zabytkowego nowymi elementami, które – choć śmiałe – mają za zadanie scalać, znajdując w kreacji uzupełnienie dla konserwacji.

16

From digital surveying to heritage analysis on the example of a Baroque Church: a proposal for structural strengthening and monitoring

Bednarz Łukasz J., Drygała Izabela J., Gentilini Cristina, Jasieńko Jerzy, Dulińska Joanna M., Kuśnierz Kazimierz

Wiadomości Konserwatorskie

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2021

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Nr 65

147--156

EN

The paper presents digital surveying (orthophotogrammetry, 3D laser scanning), modeling, static numerical analysis and a proposal of reinforcement and SHM (structural health monitoring) of a historic Baroque church. The authors describe a comprehensive analysis of the structural condition of the building, including: a survey of the building using photographs taken manually and via UAV flyover to perform orthophotogrammetry, and a laser scanner to create a 3D point cloud. Destructive and nondestructive material testing and structural calculations were performed. The scope of the analysis presented provided insight into the state of preservation of the church and helped in making the right decision on further action—in construction and conservation. The paper also proposes a methodology for strengthening and structural health monitoring for this type of historical buildings.

PL

Artykuł przedstawia cyfrową inwentaryzację (przy wykorzystaniu ortofogrametrii i skaningu laserowego 3D), modelowanie, numeryczną analizę statyczną i propozycję wzmocnienia i monitoringu stanu konstrukcyjnego (SHM) zabytkowego kościoła barokowego. Przedstawiono kompleksową analizę stanu konstrukcyjnego budynku, która obejmowała: inwentaryzację obiektu przy użyciu fotografii wykonanych ręcznie i poprzez nalot dronem, przy wykorzystaniu ortofotogrametrii oraz skanera laserowego, aby otrzymać trójwymiarową chmurę punktów. Przeprowadzono też inwazyjne i nieinwazyjne badania materiałowe oraz obliczenia konstrukcyjne. Analizy dostarczyły wiedzy na temat stanu zachowania kościoła i pomogły podjąć odpowiednią decyzję w zakresie działań budowlanych i konserwatorskich. Artykuł zawiera również propozycję metodologii wzmacniania i monitorowania stanu budynków zabytkowych tego typu.

17

Kamień podkrakowskich budowli romańskich

Bromowicz Jan, Magiera Janusz

Przegląd Geologiczny

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2021

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Vol. 69, nr 2

103--108

EN

Three objects were studied within a project aimed at investigation of stones used in the Romanesque edifices in the vicinity of Kraków, and continued since 2019. These are the churches in Dziekanowice (21 km SE of Kraków) and in Czchów (58 km SE of Kraków), and a clergy house in Morawica (13 W of the Kraków city centre). The church in Dziekanowice is relatively completely and well preserved, while the only Romanesque remnants of the church in Czchów are those reused in the Gothic church. It is a clergy house in Morawica (a former castle), whose walls contain Romanesque fragments. Two former edifices are built of the Istebna sandstone (Upper Cretaceous-Paleogene), quarried from the local flysch bedrock. Fine-grained, grey-yellowish stone dominates. It is soft and easily workable due to argillaceous binder (matrix). The stone blocks are precisely shaped and well fitted. Romanesque remnants of the clergy house in Morawica are con- structed predominantly of limestone, also of local origin. Only a fragment of the NW wall is built of the Istebna sandstone. This fragment is probably a part of the butress supporting the NW wall. The study shows that stonemasons and builders of that time had good skills of selecting and applying proper stone blocks for particular purposes. Blocks used in load-bearing structures were exceptionally well shaped and fitted. On the other hand, those skills varied. The frieze from the Romanesque church in Czchów is rather primitive. The size of limestone blocks used in the clergy house in Morawica is strikingly similar to those of various Romanesque edifices in Kraków. It seems, therefore, that those blocks could have been quarried and shaped in quarries located in the city, where the masonry “industry” was well developed. Larger, irregular blocks, used as foundations and filler in the “opus emplectum” type walls were probably quarried on site. Moreover, stones used in more eminent edifices (churches, castles) were probably more carefully selected. The Morawica castle (clergy house) and many churches in Kraków were built of limestone blocks without cherts.

18

In-plane flexural response of self-centering masonry walls (SMWs)

Hassanli Reza

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2021

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Vol. 21, no. 2

370--391

EN

This paper reports on a comprehensive research on the performance of self-centering masonry walls (SMWs). A summary of an experimental study is presented. Finite element (FE) study was performed and verified against experimental results to predict the behaviour of SMWs. Using the verified FE modelling; Phase I of a parametric study was conducted aiming at developing a refined approach to better predict the ultimate capacity of SMWs. Subsequently, an equation was derived to estimate the length of the plastic hinge, which was then incorporated into an analytical method to determine the force–displacement behaviour of SMWs. In the analytical approach, displacement compatibility rather than strain compatibility was considered assuming the rocking mechanism of SMWs. Using experimental results; it was shown that the analytical approach could be used to effectively predict the force–displacement response of SMWs. The verified analytical method was then used to carry out Phase II of the parametric study, resulting in developing a new equation to estimate the depth of neutral axis depth. Using this new equation and plastic hinge expression developed in Phase I of the parametric study, a simplified expression was proposed to determine the flexural capacity of SMWs. Using both laboratory tests and numerical modelling analysis, it was indicated that both of the proposed refined and simplified method could significantly improve the strength prediction of SMWs.

19

Zaprawa murarska z dodatkiem popiołu lotnego

Seshu D. R., Murthy N. R. D.

Cement Wapno Beton

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2020

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R. 25, nr 1

45--51

PL

Zbadano wpływ popiołu lotnego zastępującego cement na wytrzymałość zaprawy murarskiej. Uzyskane wyniki wykazały, że częściowe zastąpienie cementu popiołem lotnym w zaprawie o dużej zawartości cementu jest możliwe nawet do 40%, bez niekorzystnego wpływu na właściwości zaprawy. Natomiast taki zamiennik cementu może mieć negatywny wpływ na wytrzymałość zaprawy o małej zawartości cementu, a substytucję cementu w takich zaprawach należy ograniczyć. Zatem zastępowanie cementu popiołem lotnym w tym przypadku może nie być opłacalne. Zastosowanie cegieł o dużej wytrzymałości pozwala na użycie mieszanek, w których cement można zastąpić popiołem lotnym w znacznym stopniu, zarówno w mieszankach o dużej zawartości cementu jak i mniejszej. Co najmniej 20% cementu można zastąpić popiołem lotnym. Zastosowanie cegieł o dużej wytrzymałości, w połączeniu ze spoiwem o dużej zawartości cementu sprawia, że cement można zastąpić popiołem lotnym w maksymalnym stopniu, bez negatywnego wpływu na wytrzymałość muru. W tym przypadku zawartość popiołu lotnego zastępującego cement może wynosić około 40%. Zastosowanie popiołu lotnego w zaprawie murarskiej ma bardzo korzystny wpływ na środowisko, z uwagi na ponowne wykorzystanie tego odpadu.

EN

The influence of cement replacement by fly ash in brick masonry strength was experimentally verified in the paper. The obtained results have shown that the replacement in rich in cement mortars is possible up to 40%, without unfavorable effect on mortars properties. However, this replacement can have unfavorable influence on mortar strength in the case of leaner cement mortars and the replacement in these mortars must be limited and hence the fly ash addition may not be useful. The use of high strength bricks allows the use of mortar mixes with higher level of cement replacement by fly ash as well as in rich and lean mixes. A minimum 20% of cement can be replaced by fly ash. The use of high strength bricks in combination with rich mortar mixes the cement can be replaced with fly ash to the maximum extent, without affecting the strength of brick masonry. In this case the replacement can be about 40 %. The application of fly ash in masonry has a very favorable effect on environment because it is a useful developed of this waste.

20

Numerical simulation of elastic wave propagation in masonry compared with acoustic emission experimental results

Livitsanos G., Shetty N., Verstrynge E., Wevers M., Van Hemelrijck D., Aggelis D. G.

Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering

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2020

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Vol. 20, no. 1

236--246

EN

It has been shown in acoustic emission literature that the distance between a possible cracking event and a receiver is affecting the signal parameters providing a wrong image of the real fracture characteristics. In this study, lab-scale experimental tests on masonry components are performed in order to determine the disturbance of the acoustic emission wave properties and verify the experimental observations via numerical wave propagation analysis. The investigation is extended to different geometries including “couplets,” “triplets” and masonry walls. The simulations allow to understand, verify and predict the acoustic emission signal properties alterations in many different types of masonry experiments as well as the correct characterization of the fracture mode.