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1

The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Navigation Safety in Case of GNSS Signal Fading or Interference

Chrzan Marcin

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

589--597

EN

Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) play a key role in modern navigation and transportation service delivery. Today it is difficult to imagine the daily operation of land, sea or air transportation without the positioning and timing provided by satellite systems [6, 8, 11]. In civil aviation, GNSS provides precision landing approaches and support for safety systems, in maritime navigation it enables open sea course determination and maneuvering, and on land it directs vehicle navigation and synchronization of telecommunications networks. Many of these applications are so-called PNT (Positioning, Navigation and Timing) systems, where uninterrupted and accurate position and timing information is critical to safe operations [8]. Unfortunately, satellite systems have recently become the target of hacking attacks. This paper will present AI methods for detecting GNSS anomalies, the role of inertial systems as an independent navigation source, and position correction techniques (e.g., using Kalman filters) supported by intelligent algorithms. An overview of current research and experiments in this field will also be presented, as well as conclusions on the effectiveness and development prospects of the technologies discussed.

2

Selected Operational Problems and Challenges for the Unmanned Aircraft Systems

Fellner Andrzej, Fellner Radosław

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

569--575

EN

Scientific and technological developments mean that Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) play a key role in industry, business, science and education and rescue. This is due to ongoing research, the implementation of the results of deployment projects, and the plans and forecasts of international organisations. In the literature, there are three main groups of factors determining the development of technology in the aviation sector: user/user expectations, technical capabilities, legal basis. The cooperation of actors integrates the aviation environment and creates an interdisciplinary jigsaw of systems: navigation, air traffic management, safety, communication, flexibility and efficiency and airspace capacity, surveillance and radiolocation. As a result of experiments and the operational use of unmanned systems, e.g. during rescue and firefighting operations in the Biebrza National Park in 2020, it was found that the prerequisite for the safe and precise performance of a task by an UAS is the initial and direct navigational preparation. The experience gained and conclusions made it possible to develop a concept of navigational preparation for UAS. The above issues integrating the approach of security studies and safety engineering disciplines are presented in the article.

3

Is It Permissible to Use GPS Data to Avoid Collisions?

Felski Andrzej, Jaskólski Krzysztof

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

347--354

EN

Automatic Radar with Plotting Aids is the basic means of preventing collisions at sea for many years. However, the use of the radar on a moving vessel requires image stabilization, which has been at least for the last 50 years solved by coupling with the gyrocompass and the log. In the present century, the widespread use of Global Navigation Satellite System receivers has led to the common practice of interconnecting this receiver with many other systems on ships. This is often also the case for radar, although GNSS gives information about movement related to the ground, whereas the International Maritime Organization recommends using parameters relating to water. The mandatory and widespread equipping ships with the Automatic Identification System means that this system is increasingly used in the process of collision avoidance, but also with the use of ground-referenced data. The aim of the paper is to investigate whether this is acceptable and what are the limits of this practice. This question becomes increasingly important in the context of the growing number of unmanned vessels. Not all, especially small autonomous surface vehicles will be equipped with radar and may also use AIS transmissions in collision avoidance algorithms. Studies have shown that this may pose a risk of collision. At low ship speeds, if the current speed exceeds 5 knots and the direction of the current significantly deviates from the course of one of the ships, there is a risk that the planned maneuver will not be carried out. This may mean that the closest approach distance will be significantly different from the planned one.

4

An Assessment of Long-term Spatial Agnosticism of GNSS Positioning Degradation Risks Due to Ionospheric Conditions

Sikirica Nenad, Hedji Ivan, Mikša Marko, Brčić David, Ciriković Enes, Filjar Renato

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 1

85--89

EN

The Global Navigations Satellite Systems (GNSS) have been evolved into an essential infrastructure of modern civilisation, a public goods, and enabler of rapidly growing number of technology and socio-economic applications. However, GNSS applications often lack fundamental details on GNSS Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT services performance to define and determine their Quality of Service (QoS). The lack of alignment with the core GNSS PNT deprives GNSS applications of assessing the risks of the GNSS PNT utilisation, thus leaving GNSS applications unable to prepare alternatives and mitigate the causes of GNSS PNT performance disruptions. Here we contributed to solution of the problem with the introduction and long-term performance assessment of the risk model of ionospheric-caused GNSS positioning degradation. Called the Probability of Occurrence (PoO), our team defined the risk model of GNSS positioning degradation caused by ionospheric conditions based on the long term observations of occurrences of degraded GNSS positioning performance. In the process of the GNSS risk model validation, the long-term PoO risk models are developed using the annual 2014 stationary GNSS horizontal positioning error observations derived from the GNSS pseudoranges collected at the International GNSS Service (IGS) reference stations situated in polar (Iqaluit, Canada) and sub-equatorial regions (Darwin, Australia). Two GNSS risk models are compared for similarity using statistical methods of Hausdorff distance and Cramér–von Mises statistical test. Research results show that two GNSS risk models are spatially agnostic, since no significant difference in two long-term GNSS risk models is found. The research results supports the conclusion of generality of the PoO GNSS risk model, and its ability to serve GNSS applications developers, operators, and users in determination of the QoS of particular GNSS applications.

5

A Novel Network RTK Technique for Mobile Platforms: Extending High-Precision Positioning to Offshore Environments

Chen Wu, Ding Junsheng, Wang Yuyan, Mi Xiaolong, Liu Tong

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2025

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Vol. 19 No. 2

371--380

EN

Network Real-Time Kinematic (NRTK) positioning, as the most mature real-time high-precision positioning technology, is widely recognized for its centimetre-level accuracy, operational efficiency, and extensive application potential. However, conventional NRTK systems rely on reference stations anchored to bedrock-based infrastructure, limiting their coverage to terrestrial areas within Continuous Operating Reference Station (CORS) networks. This architectural limitation renders conventional NRTK inapplicable for offshore and marine environments. To overcome this geographical constraint, we propose an innovative NRTK framework for mobile platforms featuring (1) simultaneous estimation of atmospheric delays and baseline dynamics to get precise relative coordinate movements, (2) the regularization method is applied to de-correlate the positional and atmospheric parameters and the regularization coefficients are optimized by mean square error minimization, and (3) integration of Precise Point Positioning (PPP) at a main base station to maintain an absolute position reference for the network. Experimental validation using Hong Kong's terrestrial CORS network demonstrates that the proposed marine-adapted system achieves positioning accuracy comparable to conventional bedrock-based NRTK, with three-dimensional (ENU) errors measuring (2.90, 3.22, 4.32) cm and (2.90, 2.88, 6.70) cm in two operational scenarios. This methodological advancement enables the deployment of buoy-based NRTK systems in marine environments, with significant implications for maritime applications including port traffic management, fishing fleet navigation, and offshore resource exploration. By extending NRTK's operational domain beyond terrestrial boundaries, our technique not only enhances positioning reliability for marine operations but also creates new paradigms for oceanic resource management.

6

Tropospheric water vapor retrievals by Ground-Based GNSS in Africa: A systematic review

Tine Moustapha Gning, Bosser Pierre, Ndiaye Mapathé

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2025

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Vol. 119

71--84

EN

Tropospheric water vapor is a complex parameter due to its spatial and temporal variability, but it is essential for meteorology and study of climate. Faced with high operating costs and traditional low resolutions, Ground-Based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is increasingly used for tropospheric water vapor retrieval. From databases and several query strings, this study examines in different ways the evidence-based studies of water vapor retrieval from African Ground-Based GNSS using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocol and specific criteria. 30 articles of empirical studies published between 2000 and June 2024 were analysed in depth vis-a-vis research questions. This Systematic Review (SR) includes a mapping of the selected literature, highlighting the distribution and focus of research efforts across Africa. This SR provides new insights by consolidating the evidence on the various approaches used with African Ground Stations. Water vapor time series obtained from GNSS data show consistency with traditional data sources, particularly for seasonal and diurnal cycles. It also highlights the under-exploited potential of GNSS networks in Africa, limited by uneven geographical coverage and a lack of standardization of methodologies, despite significant progress in atmospheric studies, as well as it highlights the advanced techniques that are under-exploredand proposes future research directions, while calling for closer collaboration between scientists and decision-makers to improve access to GNSS data, promote network interoperability, and explore methodological approaches adapted to Africa's specific climatic conditions, in order to maximise the applications of GNSS techniques for water vapor retrieval.

7

Practical analysis of using PPPH and raPPPid for Precise Point Positioning in Europe

Saber Mohamed, El-Mewafi Mahmoud, Awad Ahmed

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2025

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Vol. 119

1--6

EN

Assessing the reliability of using open-source software packages for post-processing of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is essential since GNSS modernization has the potential to assist satellite navigation users. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of using two MATLAB-based programs, raPPPid and PPPH for precise point positioning in Europe. Data from 12 MGEX stations over two days were used, with one day dedicated to each of the 6 stations and a 30-second observation interval. The data were post processed by PPPH and raPPPid programs and a comparison was made to evaluate the results accuracy produced by each software and the ones acquired from MGEX stations. Convergence time was also estimated. By comparing the root mean square error (RMSE) values for North, East and Up directions estimated by PPPH and raPPPid, it was found that raPPPid gives more accurate results where the RMSE in N direction estimated by raPPPid varied from 0.5 cm to 1.9 cm; however, RMSE in N direction estimated by PPPH varied from 0.7 cm to 2.8 cm. RMSE in E direction estimated by raPPPid varied from 0.4 cm to 3.3 cm, but RMSE in E direction estimated by PPPH varied from 0.5 cm to 3.7 cm. RMSE in Up direction estimated by raPPPid varied from 0.8 cm to 5.2 cm, while RMSE in Up direction estimated by PPPH varied from 0.9 cm to 5.5 cm. 3D Positioning error was also estimated by both software and it was found that the 3D positioning error estimated by raPPPid varied from 0.2 cm to 2.2 cm, whereas the 3D positioning error estimated by PPPH varied from 0.9 cm to 4.1 cm. Finally, the average convergence time achieved by raPPPid was 16.5 minutes, while the average convergence time achieved by PPPH was 32 minutes.

8

Application of GNSS antenna vibration simulator to validation of dynamic displacement detection systems

Baryla Radosław

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2025

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Vol. 120

31--39

EN

A Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) antenna vibration simulator was developed to support the validation of dynamic position sensing systems. Based on a stepper motor mechanism, the device generates controlled reciprocating motion through a connecting rod, offering a simple and user-friendly design. Field experiments were conducted to assess its performance, with motion parameters - displacement, velocity, and acceleration - measured and compared against theoretical sinusoidal models. The simulator was employed to evaluate GNSS+Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) receivers and associated software designed for detecting and monitoring dynamic displacements. High-frequency GNSS data, collected under real-world conditions at the KGHM Cuprum R&D Centre in Lubin, Poland, were processed to extract antenna position time series and assess simulated motion accuracy. Fourier transform analysis of the displacement signals confirmed the simulator's effectiveness in replicating dynamic motion, demonstrating its suitability for testing GNSS-based displacement monitoring systems.

9

Study of Coordinate Time Series Using IPTA Method Based on the GNSS Data

Abdelhamid Mohamed, Olejarz Grzegorz, Borowski Łukasz, Postek Paweł, Krawczyk Artur, Maciuk Kamil

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 1, no. 1

281--284

EN

The paper presents the application of the Innovative Polygon Trend Analysis (IPTA) method to study the time series of coordinates from the reference stations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), using data sourced from the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL) between the years 2000 and 2024. The IPTA method can be applied for different time scales which may be daily, weekly, monthly, etc. periods. The purpose of this research is to investigate the existence of monthly seasonal correlation in the time series of coordinates of GNSS reference stations located in Europe. For this purpose, daily Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solutions of 247 GNSS permanent stations located in Central and West Europe were analysed. The research was conducted on time series based on the monthly average values of station coordinates. The analysis showed that a proportion of East, North, and Up components are affected by trends in general. As a result, the IPTA method might be adopted for 22% of the time series of East components, 9% of North components, and 45% of Up components. The study demonstrated that most GNSS stations in Europe exhibit seasonal correlation in the time series of coordinates, although the degree of this correlation varies depending on the component and location. These results highlight the potential of the IPTA method in the geospatial analysis of GNSS data and its utility in engineering applications.

PL

W artykule przedstawiono zastosowanie metody Innovative Polygon Trend Analysis (IPTA) do badania szeregów czasowych współrzędnych stacji referencyjnych Globalnego Systemu Nawigacji Satelitarnej (GNSS), przy użyciu danych pochodzących z Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL) w latach 2000–2024. Metoda IPTA może być stosowana dla różnych skal czasowych, które mogą być dobowe, tygodniowe, miesięczne itd. Celem tego badania jest badanie korelacji sezonowej w szeregach czasowych współrzędnych stacji referencyjnych GNSS zlokalizowanych w Europie w ujęciu miesięcznym. W tym celu przeanalizowano dobowe rozwiązania Precise Point Positioning (PPP) z 247 stacji GNSS zlokalizowanych w Europie Środkowej i Zachodniej. W rezultacie metoda IPTA może być stosowana jedynie dla 22% szeregów czasowych składowych E, 9% składowych N i 45% składowych U. Badanie wykazało, że większość stacji GNSS w Europie wykazuje korelację sezonową w szeregach czasowych współrzędnych, chociaż stopień tej korelacji różni się w zależności od typu składoweji oraz położenia stacji referencyjnej. Wyniki te podkreślają potencjał metody IPTA w analizie geoprzestrzennej danych GNSS i jej użyteczność w innych zastosowaniach inżynieryjnych.

10

Drilling Speed Monitoring Based on Integrated GNSS RTK/IMU Technology

Duong Trung Thanh, Nguyen Long Quoc, Pham Hoa Van

Inżynieria Mineralna

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2025

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Vol. 1, no. 1

179--184

EN

In the fields of blasting and geological exploration drilling, understanding the drilling speed at various times and depths is crucial. This speed can reveal valuable insights into the hardness and geomechanical properties of the soil and rock being drilled. The study at hand presents an innovative solution for determining and monitoring drilling speed through the integration of two advanced technologies: the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The IMU signals play a pivotal role in identifying the precise drilling times, while the GNSS-based elevation data are employed to obtain real-time measurements of drilling speed. By combining these technologies, the study aims to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of drilling operations. The experimental results are promising, indicating that the integrated GNSS RTK/IMU system can automatically monitor real-time drilling speed with remarkable precision, achieving millimeter-per-second accuracy. This approach not only improves the monitoring process but also provides a more detailed understanding of the subsurface conditions. The ability to accurately measure drilling speed in real-time allows for better decision-making and optimization of drilling strategies. Consequently, this integration of GNSS and IMU technologies represents a significant advancement in the field of geological exploration and blasting, offering a reliable and precise method for assessing the geomechanical properties of the soil and rock.

PL

W przypadku wierceń strzałowych lub geologicznych, prędkość wiercenia w różnych momentach i na różnych głębokościach może dostarczyć informacji o twardości i właściwościach geomechanicznych gleby i skały. W niniejszym badaniu przedstawiono rozwiązanie do określania i monitorowania prędkości wiercenia w oparciu o integrację Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) i Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). Podczas gdy sygnały IMU są wykorzystywane do identyfikacji czasu wiercenia, dane wysokościowe oparte na GNSS są wykorzystywane do uzyskiwania prędkości wiercenia w czasie rzeczywistym. Wyniki eksperymentów wskazują, że zintegrowany system GNSS RTK/IMU umożliwia automatyczne monitorowanie prędkości wiercenia w czasie rzeczywistym z dokładnością do milimetra na sekundę.

11

Optoelectronic support for Inertial Navigation Systems

Florczak Dawid, Mazurek Gustaw

International Journal of Electronics and Telecommunications

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2025

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Vol. 71, No. 4

30

EN

Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)-based in-ertial navigation units are widely utilized due to their low cost, small form factor, and low power consumption. However, they face critical limitations in high-speed rotating systems due to gyroscopic drift, saturation, and sensitivity to environmental conditions. This paper proposes a novel method for supporting inertial navigation by estimating angular velocity using ambient electromagnetic radiation detection, offering a drift-resilient and interference-immune solution.

12

Elevation only vs full PCC models - the impact on positioning

Dawidowicz Karol, Baryła Radosław

GIS Odyssey Journal

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2025

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Vol. 5, no. 1

213--226

EN

Antenna phase center corrections (PCC) are now mandatory for high-accuracy Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) applications. Such corrections are being created nowadays using an anechoic chamber or an outdoor robot calibration method. Based on these two methods, PCCs are created in the function of the zenith angle and azimuth of the incoming GNSS signal. However, some antennas still lack complete PCC as both approaches are time and money-consuming. In the case of some antennas, mostly low-cost ones, no real phase center location information is provided. For another group of antennas, so-called elevation-only PCC derived from relative outdoor calibration is available. Elevation-only PCC, after transformation, could be utilized together with full PCC models in common GNSS observation processing. In the publication, the authors analyzed the differences resulting from the use of elevation-only instead of full PCC models. Values of such differences can be treated as a bias introduced into the solution due to the use of simplified PCCs. The results obtained prove that in the analyzed case study, such biases are negligible and do not exceed 1 mm in any case.

13

Local tectonic stress regime in the Upper Silesian Coal Basin using primary geodetic data

Szczerbowski Zbigniew

Geology, Geophysics and Environment

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2025

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Vol. 51, no. 2

149--172

EN

Many papers have been devoted to the problematic tectonic stress regime of the Upper Silesian Coal Basin (USCB), particularly relating to the interrelation between the tremors triggered by mining activity and the natural seismicity in the rock mass. This problem is analysed here on the basis of geodetic data in light of the tectonic setting. The author determined the horizontal strain regime in the USCB area with the application of triangular arrays that are formed by a network of GPS/GNSS stations. The primary geodetic data used in this research are the coordinates recorded in time by the stations. They enabled the calculation of the easting and northing components of displacement velocity vector and their errors. 16 permanently installed GPS/GNSS stations are located into the study area and this set led to the construction of 23 different triangles, while the centroid of each triangle was extracted. For each centroid, the deformation parameters were determined: maximal horizontal extension, azimuth of maximal horizontal extension, minimal horizontal extension, maximal shear strain, and area strain. These results were applied to estimate the spatial distributions of the parameters. The distributions reveal that the central part of the study area (the Upper Silesian Trough) is under compression, and is surrounded by extension zones. In general, the distributions of strain estimates correspond to the tectonic pattern of the area. These findings provide a different perspective on former studies on tectonic stress by geological surveys and tectonic influence on seismicity in the USCB area. They confirm earlier assumptions about the occurrence of tectonic stress in the studied area. The determined deformation parameters and their spatial distribution provide an explanation for the occurrence of high-energy tremors in the USCB area.

14

Wykorzystanie bezzałogowych systemów powietrznych z użyciem technologii LiDAR

Wiśniewski Jakub, Kowal Maciej, Górski Krzysztof, Chojnacki Krystian, Odyja Mikołaj

Elektronika : konstrukcje, technologie, zastosowania

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2025

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Vol. 66, Nr 9

17--20

PL

W publikacji przedstawiono możliwości integracji technologii LiDAR z bezzałogowymi systemami powietrznymi (BSP) oraz korzyści płynące z takiego połączenia w kontekście działań militarnych, ratowniczych, geodezyjnych i środowiskowych. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono właściwościom systemów LiDAR, które za pośrednictwem wysokiej rozdzielczości i dokładności pomiarów umożliwiają tworzenie trójwymiarowych modeli terenu oraz analizy pokrycia terenu. Omówiono również konstrukcję zintegrowanych układów LiDAR-GNSS/IMU montowanych na BSP oraz konkretne przykłady ich zastosowań, takie jak tworzenie numerycznych modeli terenu, monitorowanie lasów czy szybka analiza obszarów dotkniętych katastrofami naturalnymi. Praca wskazuje na potencjał tej technologii w usprawnieniu procesów decyzyjnych oraz zwiększeniu efektywności działań w zróżnicowanych warunkach operacyjnych.

EN

This publication presents the possibilities of integrating LiDAR technology with unmanned aerial systems (BSP) and the benefits of such a combination in the context of military, rescue, surveying and environmental operations. Special attention was paid to the properties of LiDAR systems, which, through high resolution and accuracy of measurements, enable the creation of three-dimensional terrain models and land cover analysis. The design of integrated LiDAR-GNSS/IMU systems mounted on BSPs is also discussed, as well as specific examples of their applications, such as the creation of numerical terrain models, forest monitoring or rapid analysis of areas affected by natural disasters. The work shows the potential of this technology in improving decision-making processes and increasing the efficiency of operations in diverse operational conditions.

15

Statystical Analysis in Integration of Thermal Imaging and GNSS Satellite Measurements in Relation to Geological

Zygmunt Marek

Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports

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2025

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Vol. 35, no. 1

68--84

EN

Numerous publications have confirmed the important contribution of applying GNSS satellite measurements in geologically unstable areas to the displacement measurements of engineering objects. Along with linking GNSS measurements of benchmarks considered to be stable in the long term to the nearest reference stations at appropriate measurement intervals. So, it was possible to improve the accuracy of measurements of vertical and horizontal coordinates in the area of Szczecin, ushering in coordinate errors of less than 2 and 5 mm. For objects of strategic use such as natural gas tanks located in salt formations, however, these values are too high. The displacement of salt formations is 0.5 mm per year. Therefore, I decided to review existing measurement methods in two areas with different geological structures - Szczecin and Wroclaw NW and SW Poland - as numerous spectrums of SAR methods. As a different method, I present the advantages of the radiometric method with the prospect of performing surveys in the abovementioned areas. The publication focuses on statistical analyses, and GNSS and radiometric field measurements are in progress.

16

Development of an effective height system in irregular topographic environments: a case study in Kalush–Holyn deposit area

Hutsul Taras, Lysko Bogdan

Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation

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2025

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Vol. 74, no. 1

art. no. e63, 2025

EN

The relevance of this work lies in the need to improve height monitoring methods for neotectonics processes in areas with irregular topographic environments and to develop technological requirements to ensure the necessary accuracy and reliability of the results. The purpose of this study is to control subsidence in mining fields within technogenically stressed areas influenced by the Kalush–Holyn potash deposit and to develop a comprehensive methodology for monitoring the network of observation stations. The study includes highprecision measurements of ellipsoidal heights using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), determination of orthometric height differences based on high-precision geometric leveling, and application of orthometric corrections. At the junction points of the leveling networks, known data on the geological structure of underground layers, the distribution of earth masses, and the measured value of gravity have enabled the determination of orthometric corrections. The methodology employed in the study accounts for changes in the shape of the level surface on technogenic polygons and the heterogeneity of the gravity field. Adherence to the developed technological requirements allows for additional control of monitoring results and ensures an accuracy in height difference determination of no less than 1/1000000. The results of the study demonstrate that independent measurements of orthometric and ellipsoidal height differences facilitate a more precise investigation of geodynamic processes in technogenically stressed areas by calculating vertical line deviations. Thus, the proposed approach to monitoring neotectonics processes can be used to develop effective strategies for monitoring and managing environmental risks associated with geological hazards.

17

Dependence of seasonal phenomena in coordinate time series on GNSS antenna mounting height

Maciuk Kamil, Olejarz Grzegorz, Abdelhamid Mohamed, Bem Agata, Krawczyk Karol, Postek Paweł, Maciejewska Aleksandra

Advances in Geodesy and Geoinformation

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2025

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Vol. 74, no. 1

art. no. e60, 2025

EN

The purpose of this paper is analysing the correlation between the magnitude of the annual amplitude of seasonal changes in the coordinate components of GNSS reference stations and the height of the antenna mounting above the ground. For this purpose, the daily coordinate solutions of more than 500 GNSS reference stations that are part of the IGS (International GNSS Service) network were studied due to their distribution across the globe and long operating time, for some stations dating back to the 1990s. To minimize the impact of the tectonic plate movements authors adopted coordinates of reference stations inside each of the 21 tectonic plates. The coordinates in a topocentric reference frame were detrended in accordance with a linear model, with the objective of removing first-order trends. Subsequently, the seasonal yearly functions were calculated for each North, East and Up component. Finally, the amplitude of the seasonal factor for each station was determined. As a result of the analysis, the existence of annual amplitudes of coordinate changes was demonstrated for some of the stations, but no significant correlation between this phenomenon and the height of the GNSS antenna mounting was shown. In the case of the horizontal components, the majority of the station’s time series is characterized by the amplitude of seasonal function does not exceed 2.5–3 mm, and 5 mm for the vertical component.

18

Model of radio-communications platform supporting inland navigation

Lisaj A.

TransNav : International Journal on Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation

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2024

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Vol. 18 No. 2

383--386

EN

The article presents model of the Radio–communications Platform supporting Inland Navigation. The model of integrated satellite, analog and digital radio – communications systems has been presented. Individual blocks included in the module architecture has been developed. A communication model which integrates the Galileo system with Inland-AIS for the purpose of obtaining a reliable position in limited waters has been presented. The functional requirements of the Galileo Satellite System for integration with Inland-AIS in restricted areas was characterized. The integration of satellite systems was analysed in order to improve the compatibility of Communication Systems.

19

Positioning of Logistic Resources by the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for Securing Combat Operations

Augustyn Sławomir

Safety & Defense

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2024

|

1

8--13

EN

This publication presents the possible use of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) for securing logistics supply chains during combat operations. The study's main purpose is to present how positioning conducted by the GNSS can be an element of military logistics assets support in the logistics chain delivery process. To achieve the stated goal of the research, the following research problem has to be defined: How does the positioning of logistics assets by the (GNSS) affect the security of combat operations? Specific research problems were identified for the research problems: 1. What is the essence of using a satellite GNSS for military logistics? 2. What are the effects of using a satellite GNSS in securing combat operations? Participants in the research were experts responsible for implementing innovative technologies from the space industry into the GNSS, while the GNSS was the subject of the research. The research hypothesis set in this paper is as follows: The use of the GNSS as satellite system affects the efficiency of the optimization of the logistics supply chain, increased troop safety and increasing allied forces interoperability. An Ishikawa diagram and GNSS system reliability indicators were used to analyze of the specific problem in detail. This publication was based on doctrinal documents such as: "Doctrine of the Land Forces" DD-4.2, "Logistics Doctrine of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Poland" D-4 (B) version 2. For the purposes of analyzing the GNSS, information was drawn from "GNSS Technology and its Application in Implementation and Control Measurements" and a publication entitled "Air transport supported by Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in the social security aspect - SARS - Cov-2, Covid-19 pandemic". An additional analysis and evaluation of the logistics supply chain and making relevant conclusions that can influence the further development of this system.

20

A comparative analysis of the performance of various GNSS positioning concepts dedicated to precision agriculture

Kowalczyk Wiktoria Zofia, Hadas Tomasz

Reports on Geodesy and Geoinformatics

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2024

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Vol. 117

11--20

EN

Automated guidance systems for precision agriculture rely on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and correction services for high accuracy and precision in field operations. This study evaluates the performance of selected GNSS positioning services for precision agriculture in a field experiment. We use three correction services: SF1, SF3, and RTK, which apply varying positioning concepts, i.e., Wide Area Differential GNSS, Precise Point Positioning, and Real-Time Kinematics, respectively. The tractor is autonomously steered along multiple predefined paths located in open-sky areas as well as near the heavy tree cover. The reference route of the vehicle is determined by classical surveying. Tractor trajectories, a SF1 and SF3 corrections, are shifted from predefined straight paths, unlike in the case for RTK. Offsets of up to several decimeters are service- and area-specific, indicating an issue with the stability of the reference frame. Additionally, the varying performance of the correction services implies that environmental conditions limit the precision and accuracy of GNSS positioning in precision agriculture. The pass-to-pass analysis reveals that SF1 improves the declared accuracy, while SF3 is less reliable in obstructed areas. RTK remains a stable source for determining position. Under favorable conditions, the pass-to-pass accuracy at 95\% confidence level is better than 11.5 cm, 8.5 cm, and 4.5 cm for SF1, SF3, and RTK, respectively. In the worst-case scenario, the corresponding accuracies are: 25.5 cm, 65.5 cm, and 22.5 cm.