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1

Opracowanie inteligentnej płyty chłodniczej w ramach systemu chłodzenia wielkiego pieca

Berlliński Marek

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2025

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Vol. 92, nr 4

8--10

PL

Celem tego projektu jest przedstawienie wyników badań przemysłowych i prac rozwojowych, które doprowadziły do stworzenia innowacyjnej płyty chłodniczej dla wielkich pieców. Ta inteligentna strefa chłodzenia jest w stanie automatycznie dostosowywać intensywność chłodzenia w odpowiedzi na zmieniające się warunki pracy pieca. Proces jej opracowania opierał się na zaawansowanych metodach obliczeniowych, w tym na modelowaniu 3D i CFD, a także na modelu procesu wielkiego pieca z wykorzystaniem sieci neuronowych.

EN

The goal of this project is to showcase the outcomes of industrial research and experimental development that led to the creation of an innovative cooling stave for blast furnaces. This intelligent cooling stave can automatically adjust its cooling power in response to the changing operational conditions of the furnace. The development process relied on advanced computational methods, including 3D and CFD modeling, as well as a neural network model to simulate the blast furnace process.

2

CFD based design of blast furnace gas cleaning cyclone separator

Ryfa Arkadiusz, Tokarski Mieszko, Adamczyk Wojciech, Klimanek Adam, Bargiel Paweł, Białecki Ryszard, Kocot Michał, Niesler Marian, Kania Harald, Stecko Janusz, Czaplicka Marianna

Archives of Thermodynamics

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2025

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Vol. 46, no. 3

163--174

EN

The paper focuses on the design of the geometry and operational parameters of a cyclone separator. Its main objective is to identify a combination of dimensional and flow parameters that enables the efficient capture of large particles containing carbon and iron, while allowing particles rich in zinc and lead to pass through. The cyclone separator is intended to separate dust with a high content of valuable materials so that it can be reprocessed in a blast furnace. A computational fluid dynamics model, previously validated against similar datasets, is employed to support the design process. Three different geometries and inlet velocities ranging from 2 m/s to 12 m/s were tested to determine the most effective configuration. Depending on the selected parameters, the overall separation efficiency varied between 46% and 93%. Specifically, the system achieved separation efficiencies of 60–95% for carbon, 38–90% for iron, and 14–67% for zinc. The final design reached an overall efficiency of 86.5%, successfully separating over 90% of carbon, more than 80% of iron, as well as 45% of zinc and 55% of lead.

3

Possibilities of reducing greenhouse gas emissions in the steel industry

Mokrzycki Eugeniusz, Gawlik Lidia

Advances in Science and Technology. Research Journal

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2025

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Vol. 19, no. 11

489--501

EN

Steel is a key raw material for many sectors of the economy, including construction, transport and the machinery industry. In 2023, 71 countries produced 1.89 billion tons of steel, and its consumption amounted to 1.763 billion tons. At the same time, the steel industry is responsible for about 7% of global greenhouse gas emissions and 11% of CO₂ emissions. The dominant production technology is the blast furnace process (BF-BOF), which requires the use of coal, and the less emission-intensive electric arc furnace (EAF) method, which uses scrap and electricity. The growing demand for steel forces the search for low-emission production methods. Currently, research focuses on the intelligent use of coal (e.g. PCI method) and CO₂ capture technologies (CCUS), but their full commercialization requires further development. This paper attempts to assess the technological maturity of modern (low emission) steel production methods and the possibilities of their effective application. The idea of decarbonization requires avoiding coal. It is believed that ultimately the best method will be direct reduction of iron ore with hydrogen. To achieve the required effect of decarbonization of the production process, the most important method of steel production will be the use of hydrogen obtained from renewable energy sources.

4

A new hybrid approach based on probability distribution and an improved machine learning for multivariate risk assessment

Azzedine Abdelhakim, Nouri Fatma Zohra, Bouhouche Salah

Diagnostyka

|

2024

|

Vol. 25, No. 1

art. no. 2024113

EN

A highly complex dynamic non-linear reactor is the blast furnace iron manufacturing system. It has possible dangers, including carbon monoxide, wide variety of chemical reactions, fire, high pressure and explosion, noise, split and fall, hot metal sparks, hit etc. To ensure a secure working, organizations must take the required measures to manage the risks and their effects. The approach for risk assessment discussed in this research attempts to increase blast furnace safety performance and reduce workers injuries. This approach uses probability distribution and an improved machine learning techniques such as radial basis function artificial neural networks (RBANN). The novelty here is to calculate a multivariate risk using a proposed method, namely exponential smoothing combined with radial basis function artificial neural networks (ES-RBANN). To identify their limits, the results of a research comparing conventional and novel techniques are confirmed using real data collected from the steel production operations ArcelorMittal-Annaba, Algeria.

5

CFD-DEM simulation of raceway size and mechanical characteristics of industrial scale blast furnace

Gao Yuzhen, Chan Choon Kit

Polish Journal of Chemical Technology

|

2023

|

Vol. 25, nr 3

71--78

EN

The raceway plays a crucial role in ensuring the stable functioning of the ironmaking blast furnace. It is the key site where the chemical reaction of coke combustion takes place, providing the necessary heat and reducing gas for the upper iron ore reduction process. Consequently, the size of the raceway serves as an essential indicator of the blast furnace’s operational condition. In this study, a mathematical model for the raceway of an industrial-scale blast furnace was established. Extensive innovation investigations were conducted to explore the characteristics pertaining to the raceway’s size. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that both the particle size and the inlet velocity exert significant influences on the raceway dimensions. Specifically, the height of the raceway is predominantly affected by the particle size, whereas the inlet velocity predominantly influences the depth of the raceway.

6

Determination of an axial gas cyclone separator cut-off point by CFD numerical modeling

Ryfa Arkadiusz, Tokarski Mieszko, Adamczyk Wojciech, Klimanek Adam, Bargiel Paweł, Białecki Ryszard, Kocot Michał, Niesler Marian, Kania Harald, Stecko Janusz, Czaplicka Marianna

Archives of Thermodynamics

|

2023

|

Vol. 44, no. 4

535--562

EN

This paper deals with the numerical simulation of a pilot-scale axial cyclone separator. The main purpose of this paper is to develop a numerical model that is able to foresee the cyclone separator cut-off point. This is crucial in blast furnace gas installation to capture large particles containing carbon and iron, while allowing smaller particles such as zinc and lead to pass through. The cut-off point must be designed to give a sufficiently high zinc and lead content in the sludge created after the second cleaning stage. This allows the sludge to become a commercial product. To design this cut-off point, an investigation of the influence of inlet gas velocity, temperature, and the angle of guiding vanes at the inlet was done. The developed CFD model was validated against experimental data on the fractional efficiency of the cyclone separator. The results were in good agreement with the experimental data for all parameters tested. The behavior of the particles inside the cyclone was also physically correct.

7

Determination of conditions for maximum dezincification of a mixture of ferrous materials in the sintering process based on numerical calculations using the FactSage thermochemical program

Szypuła Ireneusz, Różański Piotr, Stecko Janusz, Niesler Marian

Journal of Metallic Materials

|

2022

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Vol. 74, no. 3-4

61--74

EN

Multi-million tons of sludge produced as a result of wet dedusting of blast furnace and converter gases have been deposited in landfills across the country. These materials are also created on an ongoing basis. Due to the high iron content, their potential as a ferrous raw material is significant. Unfortunately, in addition to components which are desirable from the point of view of metallurgical processes such as Fe, C and CO, they also contain many harmful elements such as Zn, Pb, Na and K. The article describes the sources and form of Zn found in post-production waste of steelworks and the methods of removing zinc from ferrous waste materials. The optimal conditions for zinc removal during the sintering process of galvanised ferrous materials were identified using thermochemical calculations carried out with the FactSage computer program.

PL

Na terenie kraju na składowiskach zdeponowano wielomilionowe ilości ton szlamów powstałych w wyniku mokrego odpylania gazów wielkopiecowych i konwertorowych. Materiały te powstają także na bieżąco. Z uwagi na dużą zawartość żelaza ich potencjał jako surowca żelazonośnego jest znaczący. Niestety oprócz pożądanych składników z punktu widzenia procesów metalurgicznych Fe, C, CO, zawierają one także wiele pierwiastków szkodliwych takich jak: Zn, Pb, Na, K. W artykule opisano źródła pochodzenia i postać Zn występującego w odpadach poprodukcyjnych hut oraz metody usuwania cynku z odpadowych materiałów żelazonośnych. Dokonano identyfikacji optymalnych warunków usuwania cynku w czasie procesu spiekania zacynkowanych materiałów żelazonośnych, dokonując obliczeń termochemicznych przy użyciu programu komputerowego FactSage.

8

Badania diagnostyczne torowiska jazdy mostów przeładunkowych w systemie zasilania wielkiego pieca

Ładecki Bogusław

Badania Nieniszczące i Diagnostyka

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2022

|

1-4

15--20

PL

Dążenie do neutralności klimatycznej, a co za tym idzie do ograniczenia emisji CO2 jest przyczyną znacznego wzrostu kosztów produkcji stali. Wskutek ograniczonych nakładów finansowych na naprawy i modernizacje następuje istotne zużycie infrastruktury przemysłu hutniczego w Polsce. W następstwie powyższego, utrzymanie w zadowalającym stanie technicznych niektórych obiektów technicznych związanych z produkcją stali rodzi szereg problemów eksploatacyjnych. W niniejszej publikacji przedstawiono kompleksowy program badań diagnostycznych, którym podda no torowisko jazdy mostów przeładunkowych w systemie zasilania Wielkiego Pieca zastosowany w jednej z polskich hut. W pracy omówiono wyniki przeprowadzonych kontroli i badań nieniszczących torowisk, belek, oraz podpór wraz z geodezyjnymi pomiarami geometrii torowiska. Uzyskane wyniki badań, w połączeniu z wynikami pomiarów trwałych deformacji torowiska, stanowiły podstawę do zaprojektowania odpowiednich wzmocnień, oraz przeprowadzenia rekonstrukcji rozważanego torowiska jazdy mostów przeładunkowych.

EN

Striving for climate neutrality, and thus for reducing CO2 emissions, is the reason for a significant increase in the cost of steel production. As a result of limited financial outlays on repairs and modernisation, there is a significant wear and tear on the infrastructure of the metallurgical industry in Poland. As a consequence of the above, the maintenance in a satisfactory technical condition of certain technical facilities related to the production of steel raises a number of operational problems. This publication presents a comprehensive program of diagnostic tests, which was subjected to the track of transshipment bridges in the Blast Furnace power supply system used in one of the Polish steelworks. The paper discusses the results of inspections and non-destructive tests of tracks, beams, and supports along with geodetic measurements of track geometry. The obtained test results, combined with the results of measurements of permanent deformation of the track, were the basis for designing appropriate reinforcements and reconstructing the considered track of transshipment bridges.

9

Evolutionary data driven modelling and many objective optimization of non linear noisy data in the blast furnace iron making process

Mahanta Bashista Kumar, Chakraborti Nirupam

Computer Methods in Materials Science

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2021

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Vol. 21, No. 3

163--175

EN

Optimization of process parameters in modern blast furnace operation, where both control and accessing large data set with multiple variables and objectives is a challenging task. To handle such non-linear and noisy data set deep learning techniques have been used in recent time. In this study an evolutionary deep neural network algorithm (EvoDN2) has been applied to derive a data driven model for blast furnace. The optimal front generated from deep neural network is compared against the optimal models developed from bi-objective genetic programming algorithm (BioGP) and evolutionary neural network (EvoNN). The optimization process is applied to all the training models by using constraint based reference vector evolutionary algorithm (cRVEA).

10

Environment and Risks of Iron Production

Besta Petr, Kozel Roman, Janovská Kamila, Vilamová Šárka, Foltan Drahomir, Piecha Marian

Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska

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2020

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Tom 22, cz. 1

181--195

EN

Iron production is one of the production processes that create a large number of negative externalities towards their surroundings. Iron production is based on the use of a wide range of production operations, which include not only the blast furnace process but also the treatment and processing of ores, sintering, pelletizing and processing of metallurgical waste and its possible storage. All parts of the blast furnace process can have a negative impact on the environment. Within the individual parts of the blast furnace plant, a number of pollutants are produced which negatively affect the environment. They can have both solid and gaseous states. In the case of solid emissions, it is airborne dust, and the gaseous form represents pollutants in the form of sulphur, nitrogen or carbon oxides. From the point of view of the blast furnace plant structure itself, blast furnace, agglomeration processes, palletization processes or the processing of waste from production can be classified as emission points. The article deals with the classification of basic impacts of blast furnace production on the environment. It analyses in detail the negative externalities in ore sintering. It also deals with the analysis of research, which was focused on the degree of reduction of iron oxides ore. The efficiency of the reduction process is crucial in terms of resource use, but also the overall amount of negative externalities. The research was carried out in the environment of a selected iron producer in the Czech Republic.

11

Possibilities of reducing the consumption of standardized coke in blast furnace by the use of other fuels

Pustějovská Pavlína, Kardas Edyta, Jursová Simona, Brožova Silvie

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2020

|

Vol. 87, nr 7-8

202--204

EN

Economics of production of pig iron is decisive for the competitiveness of the steel production. Repeated fluctuations in both inputs and outputs increasingly affect the economics, competitiveness and viability of metallurgical enterprises. The one of the ways to reduce costs is to reduce the specific consumption of coke. The paper presents the possibility of replacement the expensive metallurgical coke by other alternative fuels including coal dust, which is currently used in integrated steelworks in both the Czech Republic and Poland. Another option to reduce the cost of blast furnace coke is to replace it with a nut coke in sinter layer in the blast furnace burden. The paper presents the results of an attempt to apply this fuel in a metallurgical plant in the Czech Republic.

PL

Ekonomika produkcji surówki wielkopiecowej jest dominującym czynnikiem konkurencyjności w produkcji stali. Powtarzające się wielokrotnie wahania strumieni wejściowych i wyjściowych w bardzo dużym stopniu wpływają na ekonomikę, konkurencyjność i rentowność przedsiębiorstw metalurgicznych. Jednym ze sposobów obniżenia kosztów produkcji jest zmniejszenie zużycia koksu wielkopiecowego. W artykule przedstawiono możliwości zastąpienia kosztownego koksu wielkopiecowego innymi paliwami zastępczymi, w tym pyłem węglowym, co jest obecnie stosowane w hutach żelaza o pełnym cyklu produkcyjnym zarówno w Republice Czeskiej, jak i w Polsce. Inną możliwością obniżenia kosztów koksu wielkopiecowego jest zastąpienie go przez koks orzech w warstwie spieku w namiarze wielkopiecowym. W artykule przedstawiono wyniki próby zastosowania tego paliwa w zakładzie metalurgicznym w Republice Czeskiej.

12

Ecological and economic benefits and safety of the use of coal gas in industry

Pustějovská Pavlína, Byrtus Vojtěch, Jursová Simona, Kardas Edyta

System Safety : Human - Technical Facility - Environment

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2019

|

Vol. 1, nr 1

378--383

EN

Possibilities of use of degassing and carbon gas in industry. Degassing gas represents a waste during coal mining so far and this issue is not effectively solved in Ostrava region up till now Ecological aspects, safety, economic aspects. Coal deposits represent a special case in which the deposit is both a source of coal and reservoir of gas. For the thing is that, in the process of coalification of plant residue, coal bed gas came into being of which the main component is methane. Gas from mining degassing can be used as a substitute fuel for the blowing of blast furnaces. This would not only make it possible to reduce the specific consumption of coke, but also contribute to a better blast furnace. An economic effect is also negligible if we characterize degassing gas as waste gas.

13

Analiza wybranych wskaźników efektywności pracy wielkiego pieca

Kardas E.

Systemy Wspomagania w Inżynierii Produkcji

|

2018

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Vol. 7, iss. 3

217--227

PL

W artykule dokonano analizy wybranych wskaźników służących do oceny efektywności pracy wielkiego pieca. Wybrano takie wskaźniki, które pozwoliły ocenić efektywność wykorzystania czasu urządzenia oraz ilości otrzymywanego produktu gotowego. Analiza została przeprowadzona dla jednego z wielkich pieców działających w Polsce, a swym zakresem objęła jeden rok kalendarzowy. Dokonano również analizy czynników wpływających na obniżenie efektywności urządzenia.

EN

The analysis of selected indicators of blast furnace operation efficiency was presented in the paper. Indicators, that were selected, allowed to access the efficiency of operating time of blast furnace and the quantity of production. The analysis was carried out for one of blast furnaces operating in Poland and covered one calendar year. Then, the analysis of factors influencing the reduction of efficiency of blast furnace was made.

14

Określenie emisji procesowych w wielkim piecu

Bernasowski M., Stachura R., Klimczyk A.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

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2018

|

Vol. 85, nr 4

133--135

PL

W artykule przedstawiono metodę obliczenia emisji dwutlenku węgla w procesie wielkopiecowym. W zależności od podziału zachodzących zjawisk na chemiczne i cieplne oraz obliczenia zapotrzebowania na węgiel cząsteczkowy jest łatwiej określić tzw. emisje procesowe w powstających w wielkim piecu, od których nie są pobierane opłaty przez Unię Europejską.

EN

The paper presents a method for calculating the carbon dioxide emission at the blast furnace process. Depending on the phenomena division into chemical and thermal and calculation of the demand for molecular carbon, it is easier to determine the process emissions in blast furnace, which are not charged by the European Union.

15

Historia wielkiego pieca nr 2 na tle rozwoju Zakładu Metalurgicznego w Dąbrowie Górniczej

Konstanciak A., Kalamat Z.

Hutnik, Wiadomości Hutnicze

|

2018

|

Vol. 85, nr 11

374--376

PL

Przedstawiono historię powstawania Huty, a w szczególności trzech wielkich pieców. Opisano zapobiegawczy remont urządzenia nr 2 przeprowadzony w sierpniu 2018 roku. Trwał on 45 dni. Prace modernizacyjne prowadzono w zakładzie nakładem ok. 1 mln PLN. Firma stale poszukuje nowych rozwiązań technologicznych i rozwiązań koncepcyjnych, dzięki którym produkty i komponenty, używane na co dzień są coraz bardziej energooszczędne.

EN

The history of the formation of Steel Plant and in particular three blast furnaces was presented. The preventive renovation of the No. 2 device carried out in August 2018 was described. It lasted 45 days. Modernization works were carried out at the plant which cost approx. 1 mln PLN. The company is constantly looking for new technological and conceptual solutions, thanks to which the products and components used every day are becoming more and more energy-efficient.

16

Analiza termodynamiczna wykorzystania egzergii gazu wielkopiecowego w turbinie odzyskowej suchej i mokrej

Nyżnyk Łukasz

Archiwum Instytutu Techniki Cieplnej

|

2018

|

Vol. 4

107--126

PL

Proces wielkopiecowy jest wciąż technologią dominującą w światowej produkcji stali, dlatego szczególnie istotne jest prowadzenie prac mających na celu zmniejszenie jego energochłonności jak i sprawienie by był on bardziej przyjazny dla środowiska naturalnego. W niniejszym projekcie inżynierskim przedstawiono algorytm oraz wyniki obliczeń, które dotyczączą dwóch wariantów wykorzystania egzergii produkowanego gazu wielkopiecowego-turbiny odzyskowej suchej (w układzie z mokrą oczyszczalnią gazu i palnikiem strumienicowym) oraz mokrej. Następnie porównano obie technologie m.in. z uwagi na bezpośrednią korzyść wynikającącą z instalacji turbozespołów (produkcja energii elektrycznej) oraz korzyści ekologiczne (zmniejszenie emisji CO2). Wyniki obliczeń świadczą o tym, że zastosowanie obu technologii wpływa na oszczędność energii chemicznej w krajowej gospodarce energetycznej oraz zmniejszenie emisji CO2 względem kondensacyjnej elektrowni odniesienia, której sprawności wytwarzania energii elektryczneji przesyłu energii założono. Dokładna analiza obu przypadków znajduje się w Rozdziale 4.

EN

Blast furnace processis still most popular steel production method in the world, so it is important to make itless energy-intensive an dless harmful for environment. This thesis shows algorithm and results of calculations for both variants of blast furnace gasexergy usage–dry recovery turbine (layout with wet gas cleaning system and ejector burner) and wet recovery turbine. Both technologies were compared for the direct benefit of turbine (electricity generation) and ecological benefits (reductionof CO2 emission). The results of the calculations show that the use of both technologies affects the energy savings of the national energy economy and the reduction of CO2 emissions relative to the condensing power plant which efficiency of electricity generation and transmission were assumed. More complex analysisis showed in Chapter 4.

17

Reduction Kinetics Behavior of FeO-CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 Molten Slag Using Solid-Carbon

Gao Q., Shen Y., Wei G., Shen F.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2018

|

Vol. 63, iss. 1

257--263

EN

Reduction of FeO-bearing molten slag using solid-carbon, existing in primary slag of blast furnace (BF), consumes much BF energy. It is also a limit for BF efficiency. In this paper, reduction kinetics behavior of FeO-CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 molten slag (primary slag of BF) was investigated, and the restrictive step of the reaction was identified. It has been found that the reduction process of FeO-CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3 BF slag using solid-carbon is a second-order reaction. And the reduction process is controlled by both diffusion of FeO and gasification reaction of carbon in molten slag. The apparent activation energy of reaction is 342.37 kJ/mol, the diffusion activation energy of FeO in molten slag is 355 kJ/mol, and the gasification reaction activation energy of carbon is 152.98 kJ/mol. Additionally, it is also concluded that reduction rate is influenced by temperature (T), mass fraction of FeO (w(FeO)), and basicity (R) of the slag. Moreover, a reduction model of this slag system was established and verified by a series of experiments.

18

3D Model Study of Radial Distribution of Powder Holdup in the Descending Packed Bed of Metallurgical Shaft Furnaces

Panic B.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2018

|

Vol. 63, iss. 2

999--1002

EN

The principle of work of many metallurgical shaft furnaces is based on the flow of reaction gas through the descending packed bed composed of metallurgical materials. Hot gases flow up the shaft furnace through the column of materials, give their heat to the descending charge materials. At the same time due to their reducing nature they interact chemically, causing the reduction of oxides inside the charge. In real conditions, during the course of the process, the powder is generated, the source of which is the batch materials or it is introduced into the as part of the process procedure. The powder in the form of thin slurry is carried by the stream of flowing gas. Such multiphase flow might considerably affect the permeability of the charge due to the local holdup of powder. The holdup of solid phase in packed beds of metallurgical shaft furnaces leads to radial changes in bed porosity. Radial changes in bed porosity uneven gas flow along the radius of the reactor and negatively affect the course and efficiency of the process. The article describes the model studies on radial distribution of carbon powder holdup in the packed bed composed of metallurgical materials. The powder was divided into fractions – "static" and "dynamic". Large diversity of carbon powder distribution was observed in the function of the radius of reactor in relation to the bed type, apparent velocity of gas carrying powder and the level of bed height.

19

Inverse methods in corrosion research and materials degradation

Filipek R., Szyszkiewicz-Warzecha K.

Ochrona przed Korozją

|

2017

|

nr 11

358--363

EN

Applications of inverse methods in corrosion research and materials degradation are demonstrated. Two examples concern corrosion of reinforcement in concrete structures and one concerns a blast furnace. In the first example, a diffusion model and diffusion with reactions model are used to determine a chloride diffusion coefficient in concrete which can be applied to predict the lifetime of a building construction. In the second example, determination of corrosion state based on solution of inverse problems defined for transient response (galvanostatic pulse method) is shown. Finally, it is demonstrated how the inverse problem of the heat transport can be used to estimate degradation of refractory material being in contact with molten metal based on temperature readings in selected locations of the blast furnace.

PL

Przedstawiono zastosowania metody odwrotnej w badaniach nad korozją i degradacją materiałów. Dwa przykłady dotyczą korozji zbrojenia stalowego w konstrukcjach żelbetowych, a jeden dotyczy wielkiego pieca. W pierwszym przykładzie, model dyfuzyjny oraz dyfuzyjno- reakcyjny zostały użyte do wyznaczenia współczynnika dyfuzji chlorków betonie, który następnie może być wykorzystany w celu oszacowania czasu użytkowania konstrukcji budowlanej. W drugim przykładzie oszacowanie stanu procesu korozyjnego dokonano na podstawie rozwiązania problem odwrotnego zdefiniowanego dla czasowej odpowiedzi potencjałowej (metoda impulsu galwanostatycznego). Ostatni przykład demonstruje jak metoda odwrotna może być wykorzystana do problemu transport ciepła w celu oceny degradacji wyłożenia ogniotrwałego będącego w kontakcie ze stopionym metalem w oparciu o odczyty temperatury wielkiego pieca w wybranych punktach.

20

3D Model Studies on the Effect of Bed and Powder Type Upon Radial Static Pressure and Powder Distribution in Metallurgical Shaft Furnaces

Panic B.

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

|

2017

|

Vol. 62, iss. 3

1449--1452

EN

The flow of gases in metallurgical shaft furnaces has a decisive influence on the course and process efficiency. Radial changes in porosity of the bed cause uneven flow of gas along the radius of the reactor, which sometimes is deliberate and intentional. However, holdup of solid particles in descending packed beds of metallurgical shaft furnaces can lead to unintentional changes in porosity of the bed along the radial reactor. Unintentional changes in porosity often disrupt the flow of gas causing poor performance of the furnace. Such disruptions of flow may occur in the blast furnace due to high level of powder content in gas caused by large amount of coal dust/powder insufflated as fuel substitute. The paper describes the model test results of radial distribution of static pressure and powder hold up within metallurgical reactor. The measurements were carried out with the use of 3D physical model of two-phase flow gas-powder in the moving (descending) packed bed. Sinter or blast furnace pellets were used as packed bed while carbon powder or iron powder were used as the powder. Wide diversity within both static pressure distribution and powder distribution along the radius of the reactor were observed once the change in the type of powder occurred.